高负荷涡轮机流动特性及变工况性能数值研究

为了研究某高负荷涡轮机流动特点及变工况工作特性,采用商业软件对涡轮机整级进行了数值计算,研究了涡轮机内部流场的流动特点,分析了变工况时的效率及功率变化趋势。研究结果表明,喷嘴内流动达到超音速,并有斜激波产生,动叶流道内有激波产生,造成附面层分离,产生较大的损失。同时,由于局部进气的原因,动叶叶栅内气流参数分布很不均匀,不同叶片的气动力矩相差很大。非设计工况下,落压比和转速的变化会引起涡轮机效率的显著下降。     

某型多级轴流压气机三维CFD流场分析及气动优化

以某11级轴流压气机为研究对象,通过三维计算软件对某型压气机整机建模及流场进行了数值模拟,分别计算了设计工况、变工况及改变导叶安装角等工况的特性,得到了压气机流量－压比特性曲线、流量－效率特性曲线,与压气机的性能试验数据进行了对比,其误差在可允许范围内.同时对压气机的每一级的数据行了分析,总结了该压气机的气动设计规律.通过流场分析得到出口导叶的流场分布不合理的结论,并通过对其母型机的流场分析,提出了改进的方案.这些工作对压气机的设计开发提供了宝贵经验.     

基于NURBS曲线的离心透平叶型设计

针对离心透平的环列叶栅叶型,采用四段三次NURBS曲线(非均匀有理B样条曲线),分别对前缘圆弧、尾缘圆弧、叶背、叶盆进行参数化表达,环列叶栅叶型的设计自由度为14个,可灵活进行局部调整。采用高精度流场模拟方法,基于优选法,获得气动性能较高的设计参数。结果表明上述方法简单易行,优选出的离心透平级设计工况及变工况气动性能都得到了显著提升,与已有文献相比,单排静叶总压损失系数降低18.85%,整级轮周效率提高4.08%,动叶叶片数也减少17个。     

雷诺数对微透平性能影响的数值模拟

在研究厘米级微型向心透平工作特性和结构特点的基础上,设计了7～8 kW级的厘米级微型向心透平。通过放大或缩小已设计的厘米级微透平来改变雷诺数,采用CFX软件对不同雷诺数的微透平在绝热情况下的特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明:雷诺数对静压的影响主要发生在动叶,且集中在动叶的前缘和吸力面。雷诺数减小使得马赫数分布图中尾迹相应变厚,且透平级的总总效率随着雷诺数减小而有所降低。     

基于数值优化的跨音速压气机动叶三维设计

实验验证了三维粘性流场求解程序,然后采用基于梯度法的数值优化程序对跨音压气机动叶积叠线进行优化设计,得到了弯掠结合的三维叶片,并对其进行了数值模拟及详细的流场分析.结果表明采用弯掠的三维动叶可以有效的改变叶片排内三维激波结构,降低尾迹损失,显著提高动叶的整体绝热效率,并使动叶具有更加良好的变工况性能.     

可变截面涡轮增压器特性及其匹配的试验研究

本文对向心式透平变截面无叶蜗壳的特性和变截面涡轮增压器与发动机的匹配试验进行了分析研究。结果表明:改变无叶蜗壳通道截面积,能够调节蜗壳出口流场参数,扩展其变工况运行范围,从而有效地改善了车用发动机的低速扭矩储备和高速过度增压的现象,扩展了发动机的可用转速范围,改善了发动机的动力性能。     

汽轮机湿蒸汽级叶顶间隙泄漏流动的数值研究

以某大型汽轮机低压缸末级为研究对象,对不同进口流量下的动叶叶顶间隙泄漏流动进行了数值模拟,分析了其流场特性以及流量大小对泄漏损失的影响.结果表明:动叶压力面与吸力面都存在着明显的分离流动.在压力面处,随着进口流量的减小,分离流体产生的位置从60％叶高处变化至45％叶高处;在吸力面处,叶片根部形成了与分离流体旋向相反的通...     

小容积流量下汽轮机末级流场涡流结构特性分析

采用计算流体动力学软件CFX对汽轮机在小容积流量下的末级流场进行了数值模拟计算,分析了动叶不同截面流线特征,得到根部回流和动静顶部涡流的结构特征。结果表明:汽轮机末级在30%设计工况下动叶根部出现回流,动叶压力面出现附面层分离流。20%设计工况下末级达到鼓风工况,动静顶部出现涡流。且每种涡流的发展方向并不相同。为分析小容积流量下末级的安全性奠定了基础。     

用于发电系统的局部进气跨声速涡轮气动设计和优化

为了解决高速机载涡轮发电系统效率较低的问题,通过一维计算和三维数值模拟相结合的方法,对以拉法尔喷管作为静叶、三维叶片作为动叶的局部进气跨声速涡轮级进行了研究。在对原型涡轮级流场分析后,通过ISIGHT优化软件集成NX,NUMECA和ANSYS等模块,采用多岛遗传算法,以喷管扩张角、扩张部分长度、周向排布角度以及动叶叶片进口几何角、出口几何角和轴向弦长作为优化变量对涡轮级进行了优化设计。最终得到给定设计工况下的最优几何参数。优化结果表明：优化得到的涡轮级功率达到了74 530 W,效率达到了79.60%,较原型提升了5.1%。     

非设计工况下有机工质向心透平性能数值研究

为了研究某向心透平在非设计工况下的运行特性,保证向心透平高效经济地运行,运用计算流体力学软件进行数值模拟,并且采用Peng-Robinson状态方程计算有机工质真实气体特性,分析了不同转速,进口总温和出口压力对向心透平性能的影响。结果表明,有机工质向心透平性能受变工况的影响较大,控制好合理的进出口参数和转速水平对透平的高效运行至关重要;相对于其它变量,转速对透平效率的影响最大,进口总温最小;在设计工况下,转速、进口总温和出口压力对透平效率的影响相对较小,同时保持了较高的透平效率。     

Development of an axial-type fan with an optimization method

An axial-type fan that operates at a relative total pressure of 671 Pa and a static pressure of 560 Pa with a flowrate of 416.6 m³/min is developed using an optimization technique based on the gradient method. Prior to the optimization of the fan blade, a three-dimensional axial-type fan blade is designed based on the free-vortex method along the radial direction. Twelve design variables are applied to the optimization of the rotor blade, and one design variable is selected for optimizing a stator which is located behind the rotor to support a fandriving motor. The total and static pressure are applied to the restriction condition with the operating flowrate on the design point, and the efficiency is chosen as the response variable to be maximized. Through these procedures, an initial axial-fan blade designed by the free vortex method is modified to increase the efficiency with a satisfactory operating condition. The optimized fan is tested and compared with the performance obtained with the same class fan to figure out the optimization effect. The test results show that the optimized fan not only satisfies the restriction conditions but also operates at the same efficiency even though the tip clearance of the optimized fan is greater than 30%. The experimental and numerical tests show that this optimization method can improve the efficiency and operating pressures on axial-type fans.     

Development of an axial-type fan with an optimization method

An axial-type fan that operates at a relative total pressure of 671Pa and a static pressure of 560Pa with a flowrate of 416.6m³/min is developed using an optimization technique based on the gradient method. Prior to the optimization of the fan blade, a three-dimensional axial-type fan blade is designed based on the free-vortex method along the radial direction. Twelve design variables are applied to the optimization of the rotor blade, and one design variable is selected for optimizing a stator which is located behind the rotor to support a fan-driving motor. The total and static pressure are applied to the restriction condition with the operating flowrate on the design point, and the efficiency is chosen as the response variable to be maximized. Through these procedures, an initial axial-fan blade designed by the free vortex method is modified to increase the efficiency with a satisfactory operating condition. The optimized fan is tested and compared with the performance obtained with the same class fan to figure out the optimization effect. The test results show that the optimized fan not only satisfies the restriction conditions but also operates at the same efficiency even though the tip clearance of the optimized fan is greater than 30%. The experimental and numerical tests show that this optimization method can improve the efficiency and operating pressures on axial-type fans.     

Application of high-turning bowed compressor stator to redesign of highly loaded fan stage

A redesign of a highly loaded fan stage by using high-turning bowed compressor stator was conducted. The original tandem stator was replaced by the highly loaded bowed stator which was applicable to highly subsonic flow conditions. 3D contouring technique and local modification of blade were applied to the design of the bowed blade in order to improve the aerodynamic performance and the matching of the rotor and stator blade rows. Performance curves at different rotating speeds and performances at different operating points for both the original fan stage and redesigned fan stage were obtained by numerical simulations. The results show that the highly loaded bowed stator can be used not only to improve the structure and the aerodynamic performances at various operating points of the compressor stage but also to provide high performances at off-design conditions. It is believed that the highly loaded bowed stator can advance the design of high-performance compressor.     

The effect of blockage on tidal turbine rotor design and performance

The performance-enhancing effects of closely packing tidal turbines in single row arrays (tidal fences) are evaluated in this computational study. Infinitely long tidal fences are simulated with a range of lateral rotor spacings using a blade element momentum method embedded in a Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes solver (RANS-BEM).First, a rotor design tool is applied to determine a hydrodynamically optimal rotor design for each lateral spacing. In the RANS-BEM method, the effect of blockage (the ratio of rotor swept area to channel cross-sectional area) on rotor optimization is accounted for. Increased blockage is found to result in increased optimal solidity and decreased optimal pitch. Next, each rotor design is simulated in its design spacing as well as several off-design spacings. The resulting power coefficient is largest when the rotor optimized for the highest blockage case operates in the array with the closest lateral spacing. Further, although a rotor's performance is improved through operation at a blockage higher than its design point, it still exhibits inferior performance relative to a rotor designed for that higher blockage. The results indicate that blockage must be considered in the rotor design process if the optimal rotor efficiency for a given spacing is to be achieved.     

模拟退火算法在三维气动优化设计中的应用

首先对所开发的模拟退火算法进行函数验证,然后与实验设计、三维流场求解程序、二次多项式响应面近似模型结合,提出了一套省时的气动优化设计体系。应用该优化方法对跨音压气机动叶以绝热效率最大为目标进行气动优化设计,优化后叶片绝热效率提高约1.58%,并且具有良好的变工况性能。结果表明了所开发优化设计体系省时、高效的特点。     

Unsteady flow condition of contra-rotating small-sized axial fan

Small-sized axial fans are used as air cooler for electric equipments.But there is a strong demand for higher power of fans according to the increase of quantity of heat from electric devices.Therefore,higher rotational speed design is conducted,although,it causes the deterioration of efficiency and the increase of noise.Then,the adoption of contra-rotating rotors for the small-sized axial fan is proposed for the improvement of performance.In the case of contra-rotating rotors,it is necessary to design the rotor considering the unsteady flow condition of each front and rear rotor.In the present paper,the fan performance of the contra-rotating small-sized axial fan with 100mm diameter at a designed and a partial flow rates is shown,and the unsteady flow conditions at the inlet and the outlet of each front and rear rotor are clarified with unsteady numerical results.Furthermore,the relation between the performance and the unsteady flow condition of the contra-rotating small-sized axial fan is discussed and the methods to improve the performance are considered.     

Application of high-turning bowed compressor stator to redesign of highly loaded fan stage

A redesign of a highly loaded fan stage by using high-turning bowed compressor stator was conducted. The original tandem stator was replaced by the highly loaded bowed stator which was applicable to highly subsonic flow conditions. 3D contouring technique and local modification of blade were applied to the design of the bowed blade in order to improve the aerodynamic performance and the matching of the rotor and stator blade rows. Performance curves at different rotating speeds and performances at different operating points for both the original fan stage and redesigned fan stage were obtained by numerical simulations. The results show that the highly loaded bowed stator can be used not only to improve the structure and the aerodynamic performances at various operating points of the compressor stage but also to provide high performances at off-design conditions. It is believed that the highly loaded bowed stator can advance the design of high-performance compressor. __________ Translated from Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2007, 28(1): 26–31 [译自: 推进技术]     

发电机冷却离心风机的三维数值分析

针对发电机冷却离心风机的特点,采用计算流体动力学的方法对其在设计工况时的整机内部流场进行了数值模拟,揭示了其内部流场的基本特征,重点探讨了在数值模拟过程中各种网格的优缺点及构建整台离心风机的几何实体和划分网格中的一些技巧。通过对数值计算结果然后处理,可以比较直观地得到风扇内部流动的一些重要特点,为进一步对风扇进行优化设计提供指导。     

变工况下高低齿迷宫密封泄漏特性及结构优化

高低齿迷宫密封是透平机械中抑制流体泄漏的关键部件。以某机组隔板密封为对象建立高低齿迷宫的计算流体力学(CFD)模型,研究由变工况引起的转子轴向偏移对密封泄漏特性的影响,并通过调整转子凸台宽度和密封腔高度对密封结构进行优化。结果表明:原始结构设计下,转子轴向偏移±3 mm内,泄漏量并未发生大幅度的上升;在-2~1.5 mm范围内泄漏量有所下降,说明在工况变动不大时,密封性能有所提高,但超出±3 mm的范围,泄漏量呈突增趋势;泄漏量分别随转子凸台宽度和密封腔高度呈二次非线性变化,存在一个最佳值使泄漏量达到最小,最佳凸台宽度和密封腔高度分别为5.13和7.5 mm;结构优化后密封泄漏量在正常工况及变工况下均小于原始结构,密封性能得到提高。