两级循环蒸发ORC系统深度回收燃煤锅炉烟气余热的研究

针对燃煤锅炉排烟温度低且含有会产生低温腐蚀成分的特点,提出了一种更适合于回收燃煤锅炉排烟余热的两级循环蒸发有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统.以R123为工质,结合国内某燃煤锅炉尾部排烟参数,建立了该两级循环蒸发ORC系统的热力模型和经济模型,并进行计算分析,与传统一级蒸发ORC系统进行比较.结果表明:就热力性能而言,两级循环蒸发ORC系统的净做功量、净回收效率高于一级蒸发ORC系统,相应的换热面积也更大;就经济性而言,两级循环蒸发ORC系统的发电成本高,但设计使用年限内,年均净收益更丰厚,性价比更高.     

基于有机朗肯循环的燃气轮机余热发电系统优化设计

采用有机朗肯循环(ORC)技术回收燃气轮机排烟余热进行发电,是回收低温余热资源的一种非常适合的方案。拟基于ORC系统对某电厂的燃气轮机余热发电系统进行优化设计,在此基础上引入准三角循环系统,并对两种系统进行计算、分析和比较。综合热效率、炯效率和排烟温度等指标分析,准三角循环系统的整体性能优于ORC系统。     

不同工质对内置换热器有机朗肯循环系统热性能的影响

有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)可实现中低温热能的有效利用,但其热利用效率仍可进一步提高,而内置换热器的使用可有效提高循环的热利用效率。因此,文章构建了内置换热器ORC系统的热力学模型。研究了当蒸发温度变化时,R600,R601a,R236ea,R245fa,R245ca,R123,R600a,R114和R142b对内置换热器ORC系统性能的影响,并比较了内置换热器ORC系统与传统ORC系统的净输出功率和热效率。结果表明:在最优蒸发温度下,采用R236ea的内置换热器ORC系统净输出功率大于其余工质,为32.40 kW,其比第二最大净输出功率R600a系统相对增大1.16%;采用R601a的内置换热器ORC系统的热效率最大。内置换热器ORC系统的最大净输出功率及热效率均较传统ORC系统显著增大。     

基于定热源的两种有机朗肯循环系统的经济性分析

为了分析热源条件约束下两种有机朗肯循环系统的热力性能和经济性的差异,文章根据热力学理论,选取3种工质分别建立无内回热式有机朗肯循环系统和内回热式有机朗肯循环系统的热力模型和经济性模型。通过计算比较了两种系统的热力性能和经济性,并分析了排烟温度对系统经济性的影响。分析结果表明:当采用相同工质的两种系统的净功率相等时,所对应的排烟温度为等效排烟温度;当排烟温度高于等效排烟温度时,IORC系统的净功率高于ORC系统;当工质相同时,IORC系统的投资成本高于ORC系统,IORC系统的净功率高于ORC系统,且二者的差值较小,导致IORC系统的电力生产成本较高,经济性较低;排烟温度不受约束时,采用R123的ORC系统经济性最佳;当排烟温度不高于75℃时,采用R245fa的ORC系统经济性最佳。     

超临界二氧化碳布雷顿/有机朗肯循环联合系统的热力学特性

针对再压缩式超临界二氧化碳布雷顿发电循环(S-CO_2),将有机朗肯循环(ORC)作为底循环用于回收系统余热,建立了S-CO_2/ORC联合循环。采用Aspen Plus建立分析模型,根据顶循环余热温度范围和安全环保要求,选取R245fa作为ORC系统工质,分析透平进口温度、透平进口压力及分流比对循环效率的影响,并通过分析耗能设备的功率变化找到影响系统效率变化的因素。结果表明:通过顶循环低温余热的回收利用,系统热效率提高4%以上;增大透平进口温度可提高顶循环的热效率,但对底循环热效率的影响较小;随着顶循环透平进口压力的增大,顶循环热效率增加而底循环热效率下降;在透平入口温度680℃、入口压力280 MPa的条件下,存在最优的再压缩循环分流比0.66使得联合循环热效率最高;使用ORC底循环回收顶循环余热,最高可以将系统热效率从50.3%提高到53.7%,联合系统可以获得6.7%的效率提升。     

混合工质组分对ORC系统性能影响实验研究

针对低品位热能的特点,利用搭建的有机物朗肯循环(ORC)系统实验装置,对采用不同组分混合工质R600a/R601a的ORC系统性能进行实验研究,获得系统和部件特性随组分的变化规律。实验结果表明:随着混合工质中的R600a组分的增大膨胀比减小,下降幅度为38.4%,涡旋膨胀机效率受R600a组分变化的影响较小,在60%附近上下波动;净发电功率、工质吸热量和蒸发过程温度滑移量都随着R600a组分的增大先增大后减小,在R600a组分为0.4处,混合工质具有最大的净发电功率、吸热量和温度滑移量,净输出功率比纯R601a高出25%。这说明非等温相变特性可以使混合工质的吸热过程更好地与热源流体的放热过程相匹配,从而提高热能利用率,增加发电功率。     

R1234yf有机朗肯循环系统热力学性能研究

为提高有机朗肯循环（Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC）在中低温地热发电领域的效率,本文以R1234yf为工质,依据热力学第一定律与第二定律分析了系统单位质量热水净发电功率和系统?效率,并与目前应用广泛的R245fa工质进行了性能对比。研究结果表明,存在最佳蒸发温度和最佳冷凝温度,使得ORC发电系统单位质量热水净发电功率、?效率最大。对于热源温度为110℃ ~ 150℃的ORC发电系统,R1234yf对应的最大系统单位质量热水净发电功率和最大?效率均大于R245fa     

有机朗肯循环发电技术的余热利用研究进展

目前工业产生的余热量非常庞大,余热资源的合理利用必将对我国能源结构的改革起到很好的促进作用。有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电技术可以充分利用温度较低的余热资源,将热量转化为电能,是提高能源利用效率的有效途径之一。在研究大量文献资料的基础上,就余热利用以及相关的蒸发器性能等方面进行讨论。ORC具有结构简单、适用热源温度范围广、余热回收效率高等优点,ORC发电技术在节能减排进程中具有广阔的应用前景。     

针对不同工业余热温度的有机朗肯循环工质优选

基于工业余热回收领域的有机朗肯循环低温余热发电系统,利用MATLAB软件编程,针对不同余热温度,考虑外部冷热源对系统经济性影响,研究不同有机工质在单位净输出功率造价、热回收效率、输出功率、膨胀比和蒸发压力等方面的表现。结果表明:R134a、R245fa和R601a分别在余热温度100～124℃、124～130℃和130～240℃条件下,单位净输出功率造价最优;R134a、R152a、R142b和R141b分别在余热温度100～124℃、124～130℃、130～160℃和160～200℃条件下,输出功率和热回收效率均为最优;余热温度160℃以下时,采用11种工质的有机朗肯循环系统的膨胀比均在10以下,而余热温度160℃以上时,膨胀比迅速增大;在蒸发压力限定不大于2.5 MPa条件下,R134a适用的余热温度范围最小,为100～118℃,R113适用的余热温度范围最大,为100～240℃。     

660MW机组锅炉增设低温省煤器的经济性分析

排烟热损失是锅炉各项热损失中最大的一项,影响排烟热损失的主要因素是排烟温度。电站锅炉在尾部烟道加装低温省煤器,利用排烟余热加热凝结水,可以降低脱硫系统的入口烟温。以国内某660 MW超超临界机组为研究对象,用等效焓降法对低温省煤器的节能效果进行了计算分析。结果表明:投运低温省煤器后,发电煤耗降低2.33 g/k Wh,节能效果显著;与国内同类型采用回转再生式原烟气/净烟气换热器的机组相比,引风机比压能下降约1 000 Nm/kg,工况点也得到了明显改善。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.