R410A/R404A/R407C在T型翅内螺纹水平管外的降膜蒸发换热研究

为分析R410A、R404A、R407C在T型翅内螺纹水平强化管外降膜蒸发的换热特性,分别在变喷淋密度(0. 047～0. 113 kg/(m·s))、变蒸发温度(0～16℃)以及变热流密度(10～40 k W/m~2)条件下进行了实验,采用"Wilson"图解法以及热阻分离法进行实验数据处理,得到了3种制冷工质在管外降膜蒸发时的换热特性。结果表明:随着喷淋密度的增加,R410A、R404A和R407C 3种制冷工质的管外降膜蒸发传热系数先增加后减少,存在最佳喷淋密度,分别为0. 092、0. 088和0. 095 kg/(m·s);随着蒸发温度的升高,R410A和R404A的管外降膜蒸发传热系数先减小后增大,而R407C的管外降膜蒸发传热系数则一直在增大,但均小于R410A和R404A;随着热流密度的增加,3种制冷工质的管外降膜蒸发传热系数也随之增大,其中,R410A的换热性能最好,R404A次之,R407C最差。通过传热分析以及实验数据拟合,得到了3种制冷剂的降膜蒸发传热关联式。     

环形布膜器垂直管内R113降膜蒸发换热特性数值研究

通过建立垂直管内降膜蒸发物理数学模型,对环形插头型布膜器管内R113的气液两相逆流降膜蒸发换热特性进行二维非稳态数值研究,分析了管内液膜流动分布以及壁面温度和液膜表面温度分布,对比了加热前后液膜厚度的变化.结果表明:随着降膜蒸发过程的进行,液膜下端开始出现液滴飞溅,且不断向上端发展;R113在管内降膜蒸发过程中壁面温度和液膜表面温度沿流动方向逐渐升高,气相温度变化趋势则相反;从壁面到管中心,温度沿径向逐步降低,在近壁面1mm前后其分布趋势相反;加热后液膜厚度明显减小,且下游液膜厚度变得相对均匀.     

水平强化管管外R407C降膜蒸发换热特性实验研究

搭建降膜蒸发实验台,对水平布置的强化管单管外的降膜蒸发换热特性进行了实验研究。实验强化管外径为19 mm,有效长度为2 500 mm。实验采用一种新型布液器,布液采用滴淋方式,以R407C为管外降膜蒸发工质,与管内热水进行热交换,分别在变蒸发管管内流速(1、1.5、2、2.5、3m/s)、变喷淋量(0.08~0.16 kg/(m·s))、变蒸发温度(2.5~16℃)和变热流密度(15~40 k W/m~2)的情况下进行实验,得到了R407C在管外降膜蒸发时的特性:随着热流密度的增加,传热系数不断增大;随着喷淋量的增加,传热系数先增大后减小,降膜蒸发存在一个最佳喷淋量;随着蒸发温度的升高,传热系数不断增大。同时分析了强化传热的原理。     

复间冷系统凝汽器管内换热的数值模拟与优化

对电站空冷凝汽器管壳式换热管内氨进行汽液两相流蒸发沸腾的数值模拟,将换热器简化为研究单根水平换热管,分析了不同管壁温度、液氨进口流速、入口温度对沸腾传热性能的影响。确定最优管壁温度、进口流速、入口温度的组合形式。结果表明:壁面温度为302.96K、进口流速为0.1m/s、入口温度为278.15K时换热管的换热效果最佳。     

锥形分布器下竖直圆管降膜的数值模拟

通过建立竖直圆管内降膜蒸发的物理模型,对锥形分布器管内的气液两相逆流的换热特性进行二维CFD数值模拟,采用VOF方法捕捉两相流的流动界面,分析了管壁上液膜的膜态、膜厚、速度和温度分布。结果表明:液膜的膜态和温度分布与喷淋量紧密相关,随着喷淋量的增大液膜的稳定性逐渐增加,在喷淋量为1.48 kg/(m·s)时液膜的稳定性最好,液膜表面温度逐渐降低;液膜的降膜膜态分布分为上端的稳定段和下端的震荡段;2 000Re10 000时,管壁的平均传热系数呈现逐渐增大的趋势;膜厚的模拟值与Nussult和Brauer的理论计算值吻合较好。     

垂直下降管内液膜沸腾蒸发及相界面波动研究

采用数值模拟的方法对垂直下降管内液膜沸腾蒸发流动和传热特性进行研究。分析入口雷诺数Re和热流密度的耦合作用对液膜流动和传热的影响,结果表明:壁面生成的汽泡呈现液滴状;大汽泡表面分割、脱离出小汽泡;汽泡生成、脱离强化了沸腾传热效率;热流密度越大,液膜表面的稳定性越差;Re的提高能够增强相界面稳定性;降膜沸腾传热方式的不同对传热系数影响很大;在计算工况范围内,绘制出传热模态分布图,为工程应用提供基础。     

分离式热管小螺旋管蒸发段换热特性的实验研究

将小螺旋管应用于分离式热管的蒸发段。通过采用玻璃管和不锈钢管模拟分离式热管的蒸发段,对不同充液率和热流密度下,小螺旋管管内流体的流动与换热特性进行了实验研究。通过可视化实验观察小螺旋管蒸发段管内流型,初步分析热流密度和充液率对流型转换的影响,讨论壁温分布与管内两相流流型的关系。提出螺旋管内的脉冲震荡和二次回流使得管内流体的紊动强化,从而使平均换热系数和临界热流密度得以提高,不会产生壁温飞升,具有较好安全性的结论。     

水平管外降膜蒸发传热实验研究

以水为工质,对直径为19 mm的铝黄铜管外降膜蒸发传热过程进行实验研究。实验通过测量管表面和饱和蒸气温度,计算得到平均和局部传热系数。由实验数据分析喷淋密度、蒸发温度、热流密度、管间距等参数对管外平均传热系数的影响,并与直径25.4 mm铝黄铜管降膜蒸发传热系数进行比较,讨论局部传热系数随周向角度的变化。结果表明,在实验范围内,管外平均传热系数随温度的升高而增大,随喷淋密度的增大先增大,后略微下降。小管径管的降膜蒸发传热系数大于大管径管的传热系数。     

海水淡化系统水平管降膜蒸发器传热系数研究

针对海水淡化系统水平管降膜蒸发器,总结和分析管内冷凝侧与管外蒸发侧的换热系数关联式,比较管内径、入口蒸汽流速、蒸汽冷凝温度、出口蒸汽干度对管内蒸汽冷凝侧换热系数的影响;研究传热温差以及喷淋密度对管外蒸发侧换热系数的影响。结合不同的污垢系数,进行了总传热系数的影响因素分析,为海水淡化系统的工程设计提供依据。     

水平螺旋槽管壁面二元混合液体升膜形成的试验研究

对二元液体混合物在蒸发状态下水平螺旋槽管管外壁面形成升膜进行了试验研究．实测了水平螺旋槽管壁面二元混合液体升膜的速度场和表面温度场,分析了水平螺旋槽管壁面热流密度和流体性质对壁面液膜特性的影响。结果表明：同一升膜工质,螺旋槽管的热流密度越大．液膜的爬升速度越大;流体性质对升膜的流动特性和温度分布特性有显著的影响,酒精溶液的浓度越高．液膜的流动性越好,表面总体温度越低,换热系数越小。     

水平管降膜蒸发器传热传质实验研究

水平管降膜蒸发器因传质传热系数高而被广泛应用于淡化水处理中。搭建了水平管降膜蒸发传热实验台,通过对实验结果的归纳,得到了水平管降膜蒸发器的蒸发量随喷淋密度、蒸发温度、热通量的变化规律及热量利用率随蒸发温度的变化规律。结果表明,热通量范围不同时,蒸发量随喷淋密度的变化规律不同;蒸发量随热通量的增大而增大,随蒸发温度的增大而增大;热量利用率随蒸发温度的增大而增大。     

低温地热双循环式发电系统横管喷淋降膜蒸发器传热性能实验研究

以R245fa为工质,搭建有机朗肯循环（ORC）发电系统横管喷淋降膜蒸发器传热测试平台,研究有机工质喷淋密度,地热水初温及流率等因素对管外换热系数的影响。实验结果表明：随着有机工质喷淋密度、地热水初温、地热水流率的增大,传热系数均先增大后减小。最后,根据实验结果,对现有横管喷淋降膜蒸发器的管外传热系数经验公式的参数进行修正。     

Mathematical simulation of lithium bromide solution laminar falling film evaporation in vertical tube

For utilization of the residual heat of flue gas to drive the absorption chillers,a lithium-bromide
falling film in vertical tube type generator is presented.A mathematical model was developed to
simulate the heat and mass coupled problem of laminar falling film evaporation in vertical tube.In the
model,the factor of mass transfer was taken into account in heat transfer performance calculation.The
temperature and concentration fields were calculated.Some tests were conducted for the factors
such as Re number,heating flux,the inlet concentration and operating pressure which can affect the
heat and mass transfer performance in laminar falling film evaporation.The heat transfer performance is
enhanced with the increasing of heat flux.An increasing inlet concentration can weaken the heat
transfer performance.The operating pressure hardly affects on heat and mass transfer.The bigger inlet
Re number means weaker heat transfer effects and stronger mass transfer.The mass transfer
obviously restrains the heat transfer in the falling film solution.The relation between dimensionless
heat transfer coefficient and the inlet Re number is obtained.     

Cross Vapor Stream Effect on Falling Film Evaporation in Horizontal Tube Bundle Using R134a

The falling film evaporation of R134a with nucleate boiling outside a triangular-pitch (2-3-2-3) tube bundle is experimentally investigated, and the effects of saturation temperature, film flow rate and heat flux on heat transfer performance are studied. To study the effect of cross vapor stream on the falling film evaporation, a novel test section is designed, including the tube bundle, liquid and extra vapor distributors. The measurements without extra vapor are conducted at the saturation temperature of 6, 10 and 16°C, film Reynolds number of 220 to 2650, and heat flux of 20 to 60 kWm^?2. Cross vapor stream effect experiments are operated at three heat fluxes 20, 30, and 40 kWm^?2 and two film flow rates of 0.035 and 0.07 kgm^?1s^?1, and the vapor velocity at the smallest clearance in the tube bundle varies from 0 to 2.4 ms^?1. The results indicate that: film flow rate, heat flux and saturation temperature significantly influence the heat transfer; the cross vapor stream either promote or inhibit the falling film evaporation, depending on the tube position, film flow rate, heat flux and vapor velocity.     

功能表面降膜蒸发传热特性的实验研究

研究了处理表面镀铬铝管、PTFE铜管和纯铝氧化管水平管降膜蒸发传热，研究了喷淋密度、热流密度、管内蒸汽速度和管表面处理对降膜蒸发传热特性的影响。实验结果表明：在表面蒸发区，水平管降膜蒸发传热系数随热流密度的增加而提高，随喷淋密度增大先降低后升高，冷凝例传热系数基本保持不变。总传热系数对操作条件变化很不明显，表面阳极氧化膜使传热系数略有下降，但由于其优良的抗垢时蚀性能，非常有必要再进行深入地研究。     

Heat Transfer and Crisis Phenomena at the Film Flows of Freon Mixture over Vertical Structured Surfaces

Results on experimental investigation of heat transfer in the liquid films dichlorofluoromethane R21 and dichlorotetrafluoroethane R114 Freon mixture over the vertical tubes are presented. We have studied the film flow over the outer surface of tubes with 50-mm diameter and different configurations: smooth surface, horizontal ribs, and diamond-shape knurling. Heat transfer coefficients were measured under the conditions of evaporation and nucleate boiling together with wave characteristics of the falling film, binary mixture composition, and critical heat fluxes corresponding to dry spots formation. The film Reynolds number at the inlet to the test section was varied from 15 to 250. At evaporation regime the heat transfer coefficient for a smooth surface decreases classically with an increase of Reynolds number. Dependence of heat transfer coefficient on irrigation density for the surface with diamond-shape knurling is similar to dependence for the smooth surface with insignificant heat transfer intensification. The heat transfer coefficients at nucleate boiling for the studied structured surfaces are close to those obtained for the smooth tube. Development of critical phenomena is determined by regularities of dry spots formation typical for evaporation of the wavy liquid film.     

Numerical investigation of effective parameters of falling film evaporation in a vertical-tube evaporator

Wastewater treatment is one of the most effective solutions to manage the problem of water scarcity. Falling film evaporators are excellent technology in wastewater treatment plants. These wastewater evaporators provide high heat transfer, short residence time in the heating zone, and high-purity distilled water. In the present study, the mechanism of turbulent falling film evaporation in a vertical tube has been investigated. A model has been developed for symmetrical two-dimensional pure and saline water flow in a vertical tube under constant wall heat flux. The numerical simulation has been carried out by a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. The evaporation of saturated liquid film is simulated utilizing a two-phase volume of fluid method and Tanasawa phase-change model. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of water salinity, liquid Reynolds number, wall heat flux, and liquid film thickness on the two-phase heat transfer coefficient and vapor volume fraction. The numerical heat transfer coefficients are compared with the obtained results by Chen's empirical correlation. With a MAPE ≤ 11%, this study proves that the numerical method is highly effective at predicting the heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, the empirical coefficient of the Tanasawa model and the minimum thickness of the falling film are determined.     

Evaporative heat transfer characteristics of a water spray on micro-structured silicon surfaces

Experiments were performed to evaluate the evaporative heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling of water on plain and micro-structured silicon surfaces at very low spray mass fluxes. The textured surface is made of an array of square micro-studs. It was found that the Bond number of the microstructures is the primary factor responsible for the heat transfer enhancement of evaporative spray cooling on micro-structured silicon surface in the present study. A qualitative study of evaporation of a single water droplet on plain and textured silicon surface shows that the capillary force within the microstructures is effective in spreading the deposited liquid film, thus increasing the evaporation rates. Four distinct heat transfer regimes, which are the flooded, thin film, partial dryout, and dryout regimes, were identified for evaporative spray cooling on micro-structured silicon surfaces. The microstructures provided better cooling performance in the thin film and partial dryout regime and higher liquid film breakup heat flux, because more water was retained on the heat transfer surface due to the capillary force. Heat transfer coefficient and temperature stability deteriorated greatly once the liquid film breakup occurred. The liquid film breakup heat flux increases with the Bond number. Effects of surface material, system orientation and spray mass flux were also addressed in this study.     

Two-Phase Flow and Boiling Heat Transfer in Small-Diameter Tubes

For the development of a high-performance heat exchanger using small channels or minichannels for air-conditioning systems, it is necessary to clarify the characteristics of vapor‐liquid two-phase flow and heat transfer of refrigerants in small-diameter tubes. In this keynote paper, the related research works that have already been performed by the author and coworkers are introduced. Based on the observations and experiments of R410A flowing in small-diameter circular and noncircular tubes with hydraulic diameter of about 1 mm, the characteristics of vapor‐liquid two-phase flow pattern and boiling heat transfer were clarified. In low quality or mass flux and low heat flux condition, in which the flow was mainly slug, the “liquid film conduction evaporation” heat transfer peculiar to small-diameter tubes prevailed and exhibited considerably good heat transfer compared to nucleate boiling and forced convection evaporation heat transfer. The effects of the tube cross-sectional shape and flow direction on the heat transfer primarily appeared in the region of the “liquid film conduction evaporation” heat transfer. A new heat transfer correlation considering all of three contributions has been developed for small circular tubes.     

Effects of inlet conditions on film evaporation along an inclined plate

The evaporation of falling water liquid film in air flow is used in different solar energy applications as drying, distillation and desalination, and desiccant systems. The good understanding of the hydrodynamics and heat exchange in falling liquid film and gas flow, with interfacial heat and mass transfer, can be applied in improving solar systems performance. The solar system performance is dependent on the operating conditions, system conception and related to several physical parameters, where the effects of some of these parameters are not completely clarified. In the present numerical study, we examine the effects of inlet conditions on the evaporation processes along the gas–liquid interface. The liquid film streams over an inclined plate subjected to different thermal conditions. Liquid and gas flows are approached by two coupled laminar boundary-layers. The numerical solution is obtained by utilizing an implicit finite-difference box method. In this analysis an air–water system is considered and the coupled effects of inclination, inlet liquid mass flow rate and gas velocity are examined. The results show that, for imposed heat flux or uniform wall temperature, the effect of inclination is highly dependent on the liquid mass flow rate and gas velocity. An increase in the liquid mass flow rate causes an enhancement of the effect of inclination on the heat and mass transfer. The inclination affects the heat and mass transfer, especially at lower gas velocities. In the range of inclination angles of 0–10°, an increase in the inclination improves the evaporation by increasing the vapor mass flow rate. The maximum effect of inclination is nearly achieved at an inclination angle of 10°.