正交设计灰色模型在年电力负荷预测中的应用

基于正交设计和灰色系统理论．提出一种预测年电力负荷的新方法。采用新陈代谢技术和加权最小二乘参数辨识法对标准GM（1,1）模型进行改进。以背景值系数OL、建模所需数据个数m和加权参数q作为可控因素,根据专家经验设计了三因素三水平正交表。以平均绝对百分比误差为输出目标,通过信噪比分析,得出最优参数水平组合,并通过方差分析,进一步得出各可控因素对预测效果的影响程度。对2个电网的负荷进行预测,结果验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于正交试验的离心风机多因素优化设计研究

以某离心风机效率为优化目标,选定离心风机的4个关键参数:转速、叶轮直径、出口安装角、叶轮出口宽度,基于正交试验设计法,通过CFD数值仿真计算以及对计算结果的极差法分析,得出叶轮几何参数及转速的相对最优组合模型。组合模型计算结果表明,优化后风机达到设计要求。同时,优化组合模型风机静压效率可提高4.49%,全压效率提高6.94%。该研究方法适用于具有目标明确的风机改进设计,可快速精准获得优选方案。     

基于有限元数值模拟的深基坑支护桩优化设计

利用有限元方法对不同几何尺寸及变形参数下的某深基坑支护桩受力及变形特性进行了数值模拟,分析得出了深基坑开挖和支护过程中支护桩几何参数对该工程开挖变形的影响程度和灵敏性。最终确定了影响深基坑开挖与支护过程支护桩的主要设计参数,为同类地质条件下的相似基坑工程支护桩设计提供了参考的依据。     

扇形叶栅实验中可调导叶的应用研究

为了对压气机静叶开展扇形叶栅实验研究,设计了可调导叶来模拟静叶气流的速度和方向,并采用数值模拟和实验方法对该可调导叶的气动性能开展研究,分析了不同转角时导叶出口气流参数的分布规律。研究表明:数值模拟结果和实验结果可吻合较好;可以通过合理的导叶设计,以扇形叶栅实验代替压气机级实验来研究静子的性能和流场结构;实验中导叶间隙的影响使附面层增厚,使转角0°、+2°和+4°时,出口最高马赫数位置向中径处抬升至25%叶高处;而数值模拟对附面层变化考虑不足,出口最高马赫数位于15%叶高处。     

以减小压降为目标的导叶式分离器几何参数优化

为预测以下列参数为设计变量时压降的非线性变化:导叶的包弧长L、出口角α、排气管的直径D_e、内置深度S、筒体的直径D、高度H_c、排尘锥高度H_z及排尘口直径D_v,采用响应面参数优化法以减小压降为目标优化分离器。结果表明:利用响应面优化法可成功对多参数进行优化组合,优化后压降减小69.8%。设计范围内压降对各几何参数灵敏度存在差异,结合数值模拟可知,几何参数改变直接影响分离器内部强旋转流场的分布,最优的参数组合可减弱内部湍流运动强度与涡流能量损耗,使其具有较高的降损能力,起到减小压降的目的。     

基于TRNSYS的太阳能光热系统数值模拟和优化

文中利用TRNSYS模拟软件建立太阳能光热系统模型,并在理论计算和实测数据验证该模型的基础上,模拟了气象条件、集热器安装角度、集热器面积和水箱容积等因素的变化对水箱平均温度和集热系统效率的影响;设计正交实验,给出了集热器面积与水箱容积的最佳组合,在理论分析与实验模拟的基础上,提出了太阳能光热系统的优化.     

基于正交试验的涡流发生器传热特性结构数值分析

为进一步提高管壳式换热器壳程换热效率,设计了一种布置于壳程肋片上的仿生鸟喙式涡流发生器。采用ANSYS FLUENT软件结合田口正交试验模拟了矩形通道中鸟喙式涡流发生器的传热特性,分析了纵向高度、斜截角度、迎流攻角、入口距离、流向间距5种结构参数对强化传热和综合热性能的贡献率及最佳结构组合。流动通道为长方体,其长、宽、高分别为1 600,240和40 mm,温度为286.86 K的空气流体从入口以1.491~3.195 m/s的速度流入,通道底部为337.048 K的恒温换热面。结果表明：纵向高度对于强化换热特性的贡献率最高,达到4744%,最强换热效果组合的换热因子较空矩形通道提高了185.71%;迎流攻角对于综合热性能的贡献率最高,达到了总占比的31.35%,利用正交试验分析得到的最强组合较空通道的综合热性能提高了47.82%     

水轮机模式液力透平新型空间导叶的优化

多级水轮机模式液力透平级间导叶损失占总损失的30%～40%,为提高透平水力性能,以新型空间级间导叶为例,按水力原动机理论设计新型空间导叶作为一个两级水轮机模式液力透平的级间导叶。采用正交试验法,选取新型空间导叶隔板厚度、外缘直径、正导叶出口角和导叶数四个因素制定了L9（3⁴）正交方案,应用CFD对9种方案进行数值计算,找出了影响液力透平水力特性的主要因素及规律,并获得性能较优的导叶模型。结果显示,影响水轮机模式液力透平效率外特性的主次顺序为导叶外缘直径>隔板厚度>导叶数>正导叶出口角;对可利用水头外特性影响主次顺序为导叶外缘直径>导叶数>隔板厚度>正导叶出口角;以效率为优化目标时,最优组合的效率达到75.91%,比效率最高的方案提高了2.9%。以可利用水头为优化目标时,最优组合的可利用水头达到495.83 m,比水头最高的方案提高了4.36 m。     

燃气多射流切圆预混流动特性的数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对所设计的多射流切圆预混多孔介质燃烧器进行流场模拟,主要研究流道结构、预混室的几何结构、空气和燃气速度及压力等因素对空气系数的影响,并重点分析速度、压力流场与湍流动能及湍流动能耗散率的变化分布,确定合理的预混室参数。     

环状侧电极火花塞头部导热特性研究

环状侧电极火花塞较之传统单侧电极具有良好的点火性能,但是其头部易积炭的缺点限制了在内燃机中的使用寿命。为此,采用有限元数值模拟方法,以F6TH型多向点火火花塞为原型,将其几何结构及边界条件合理简化后,建立此火花塞头部的二维非稳态导热数学模型,运用ANSYS软件进行了热荷加载及温度场数值模拟,得出了四种不同尺寸组合情况下火花塞头部温度场分布情况,分析了环状侧电极的宽度、中心电极芯部半径及中心电极帽部半径尺寸这三个关键结构参数的改变对温度分布的影响趋势。最后利用模拟分析结果结合此产品具体使用情况的反馈报告,进而为此问题的解决提供了可行性较强的定性方案和建议。所得结论对于火花塞的结构设计具有实用参考价值。     

A new performance evaluation method and its application in fin-tube surface design of small diameter tube

In this paper, a simple yet efficient performance comparison method is proposed based on the assumptions of constant properties and identical frontal area. For this method, no correlations are required, and a small number of discrete data are sufficient. To illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, a new slotted fin with 4 mm tubes is designed to replace the original louvered fin with tubes of 7 mm. The orthogonal design method is adopted in the fin design to reduce the number of computational cases significantly, and yet a nearly optimum combination of major geometric factors can still be obtained. The reasonable parametric combination of 3 global parameters is obtained by analyzing the numerical results of 16 plain plate fins. Based on this result, 3 new slotted fins with different fin pitches are studied. The slotted fin with a fin pitch of 1.4 mm is recommended after considering the heat transfer, comprehensive performance, and cost of material and operation. The result shows that compared with the original louvered fin, the recommended fin not only increases the heat transfer rate by 2.2%, 22.5%, and 13.7% under an identical flow rate, identical pressure drop, and identical pumping power constraint, respectively, but also saves approximately 36% of the copper tube materials.     

Multidisciplinary optimization of a pin-fin radial heat sink for LED lighting applications

In this study, the cooling performance and mass of a pin-fin radial heat sink were optimized. A radial heat sink with pin fins was examined numerically to obtain a lighter heat sink while maintaining a similar cooling performance to that of a plate-fin heat sink investigated in a previous study. Both natural convection and radiation heat transfer were considered. Experiments were performed to validate the numerical model. The average temperature and mass of the heat sink for various types of fin arrays were compared to determine an appropriate reference configuration. The effects of various geometric parameters on the thermal resistance and mass of the heat sink were investigated; these indicated that the system was sensitive to the number of fin arrays, as well as the length of the long and middle fins. Multidisciplinary optimization was carried out using the three design variables to minimize the thermal resistance and mass simultaneously, and Pareto fronts were obtained with various weighting factors. A design for the optimum radial heat sink is proposed, which reduces the mass by more than 30% while maintaining a similar cooling performance to that of a plate-fin heat sink.     

Optimization of Design Parameters for Lateral Circular Perforated Fin Arrays under Forced Convection

Heat dissipation is an important issue in compactness and weight of equipment. Heat dissipaters are not only chosen for their thermal performance but also for other design parameters such as weight, cost and reliability depending on applications. The present paper reports an experimental study to investigate the heat transfer enhancement over vertical rectangular fin arrays equipped with lateral circular perforations. The cross‐sectional area of the rectangular duct was 200 mm × 80 mm. The data used in performance analysis were obtained experimentally for aluminum at 200 Watts heat input, by varying the fin thickness, size of perforations and varying Reynolds number range 2.1 × 10⁴ to 8.7 × 10⁴. Using the Taguchi experimental design method, optimum design parameters and their levels were investigated. Average Nusselt number was considered as a performance characteristics. An L₉ (3³) orthogonal array was selected as an experimental plan. Optimum results were found by experimenting with porosity, Reynolds number and thickness of the fin. It is observed that the Reynolds number and maximum porosity have a larger impact on Nusselt number.     

电机冷却用翅管换热器传热和阻力特性研究

研究了一种电机冷却用新型翅片开孔结构换热器的性能,对三种结构的翅片管换热器进行了换热和阻力性能测试,新型翅片换热器结构为翅片间距2.1 mm且翅片上具有开孔结构,对照组换热器分别为翅片间距2.1 mm无开孔换热器和翅片间距2.3 mm无开孔换热器。试验结果表明,相同Re数下,该种具有开孔结构换热器在所有换热器中换热性能最好,较2.1 mm无孔提升38%～39%,但同时压降损失也最大,较2.1 mm无孔提升41.9%～42.9%。采用j/f评价综合性能,结果显示,Re>6700时,新型翅片换热器性能优于同翅片间距无开孔换热器。文章还对这三种结构翅片管换热器进行了传热和阻力关联式拟合,可为相关理论研究和工程选用提供参考。     

Investigation on generated power of thermoelectric roof solar collector

The aim of this paper was to conduct lab-scale investigation of a new roof design concept termed “the thermoelectric roof solar collector (TE-RSC)” for power generation using solar energy. The TE-RSC was composed of a transparent acrylic sheet, air gap, a copper plate, thermoelectric modules and a rectangular fin heat sink. The incident solar radiation heats up the copper plate so that a temperature difference is created between the TE module that generates a direct current. This current generated was used to run a fan for cooling the TE modules. The TE-RSC surface area was 0.0525 m² and 10 thermoelectric cooling modules (Tianjin Lantian model TEC1-12708) were used. Investigations were done by varying solar radiation, simulated by using a halogen lamp, between 400 and 1000 W/m².It was found that this new roof design can generate about 1.2 W under solar radiation intensity of about 800 W/m² at ambient temperature varying between 30 and 35 °C. The corresponding air velocity generated by the ventilation fan was about 1.7 m/s. Therefore, the proposed TE-RSC concept seems to be an interesting new alternative for various purposes such as power generation in remote areas, roof heat gain reduction and indoor ventilation of spaces.     

Numerical study of the heat sink with un-uniform fin width designs

The thermal performances of the heat sink with un-uniform fin width designs with an impingement cooling were investigated numerically. The governing equations are discretized by using a control-volume-based finite-difference method with a power-law scheme on an orthogonal non-uniform staggered grid. The coupling of the velocity and the pressure terms of momentum equations are solved by the SIMPLEC algorithm. The well-known k ? ε two-equations turbulence model is employed to describe the turbulent structure and behavior. The parameters include the five Reynolds number (Re = 5000–25000), three fin heights (H = 35, 40, 45 mm), and five fin width designs (Type-1–Type-5). The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the fin shape of the heat sink on the thermal performance. The results show that the Nusselt number increases with the Reynolds number. The increment of the Nusselt number decreases gradually with the increasing Reynolds number. Furthermore, the effects of fin dimensions on the Nusselt number at high Reynolds numbers are more significant than that at low Reynolds numbers. It is also found that there is potential for optimizing the un-uniform fin width design.     

Novel multi-center concave bottom for hydrogen storage cylinder

Hydrogen storage steel cylinders are the earliest and widely used hydrogen storage vessels. Fatigue cracks are easy to initiate and grow under hydrogen pressure, which threatens the safety of users. Although hydrogen has an effect on the initiation and growth of fatigue cracks, a reasonable structure of cylinder will make the stress distribution more reasonable and reduce the probability of crack initiation from the source. This paper researched the multi-center concave bottom for hydrogen storage cylinder. The geometric design parameters of the new base end are determined by the orthogonal design method. We analyze the effects of various parameters on the multi-center concave base end by using the finite element method. Based on the finite element analysis (FEA) of different structure, the results show that the stress concentration of new base end can be greatly reduced, and the minimum stress concentration factor is close to 1.1. The results provide valuable insights for designing and manufacturing the new type of seamless gas cylinder. The corresponding gas cylinder that we processed according to the simulation had successfully passed a series of tests.     

螺旋翅片管省煤器抗磨性能的研究及实验验证

具体分析了省煤器结构的设计方法,并进行了电厂实验.分析了翅片几何参数选取的不同对抗磨性能与换热的影响;此外,还研究交错排列情形下,横向节距的选取原则,以及不同的横向节距对每列翅片管磨损程度的差异.     

2—Dimensional CFD Simulation and Correlation Development for Optimization of Fin Heatsinks in electronic Cooling

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A Nonlinear Fin Design Problem in Estimating the Optimal Shapes of Longitudinal and Spine Fully Wet Fins

In the present nonlinear fully wet fin design problem, the optimum shapes for the longitudinal and spine fins are estimated by using the conjugate gradient method (CGM) based on the desired fin efficiency and fin volume. For many practical engineering applications, thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient of fin are a function of temperatures. This makes the design problem nonlinear and complicated. For this reason, the present work is focused on examining these kinds of design problems. The validity of this design algorithm using CGM to solve the nonlinear fin design problems are justified based on the numerical experiments. Results show that when the Biot number, relative humidity, and thermal conductivity are varied, the optimum fin efficiency and optimum fin shape are also subjected to change, and any reasonable designs for fully wet fins can always be obtained.