新型非易失存储研究

近年来,由于处理器性能和存储性能之间的差距不断扩大,存储系统成为计算机整体系统性能提升的瓶颈.随着微电子技术的迅速发展,新型非易失存储器件由于具有非易失、低能耗、良好的可扩展性和抗震等优良特性,得到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注.介绍了4种新型非易失存储器件,分别是STT-RAM,RRAM,PCRAM和FeRAM,对比了其与传统存储器件的性能参数.讨论了目前在存储架构中的不同层面(即缓存层、主存层和外存层)针对这些非易失存储器件的利用所开展的一些探索性工作,并分析了其中针对非易失存储器件的写次数有限、读写性能不均衡等不足所作出的一些策略设计.最后,对新型非易失存储器件的研究现状进行了总结,并提出了未来可能的发展方向.     

新型非易失存储环境下事务型数据管理技术研究

为适应底层存储架构的变化,上层数据库系统已经经历了多轮的演化与变革。在大数据环境下,以非易失、大容量、低延迟、按字节寻址等为特征的新型非易失存储器件（NVM）的出现势必对数据库系统带来重大影响,相关的存储与事务处理技术是其中值得关注的重要环节。首先,概述了事务型数据库系统随存储环境发展的历史与趋势;其次,对影响上层数据管理系统设计的非易失性存储技术,以及面向大数据应用领域与硬件环境优化的事务技术进行综述与分析;最后,对非易失存储环境下事务型数据库面临的挑战与研究趋势进行了展望。     

基于位置跳变的闪存数据安全存储方法

闪存(Flash)器件在电子设备中已经得到广泛应用,其存储安全问题也日益受到关注。多数情况下消费类电子产品中没有特定的安全存储硬件,闪存是其唯一的非易失存储器,因而敏感数据也只能与普通数据一起保存在闪存之中。虽然可以使用存储加密的手段,但密钥仍不得不存放于闪存自身。这使得一旦攻击者可以获得闪存器件的物理镜像,就可以相对容易的获取密钥等敏感数据,进而获得所有的明文数据。本文提出了一种基于位置跳变的闪存数据安全存储方案,通过随机改变敏感数据在闪存的存储位置,大大降低了敏感数据存储位置的可预见性,从而显著增加了攻击者通过闪存物理镜像揭示敏感数据的难度。     

分布式测试系统中数据存储管理系统研究

在一些大海域进行的分布式测试系统实验中,对大量、多种类测试数据的有效存储管理是必要的。NAND Flash存储器具有非易失、大容量、可擦除与重复性编程等优点,并可基于其构建文件系统实现文件的有效存储管理。无线实时回传处理大量数据是系统的瓶颈,因此存储数据时可提取数据特征并存储特征,为实现基于特征提取的高效数据传输提供可...     

NAND Flash文件系统的研究与改进

NAND Flash因非易失、抗震、低功耗等特点被广泛应用于嵌入式系统的大容量数据存储中。虽然随着JFFS3文件系统的提出,理论上解决了初始化文件系统时需扫描整个闪存分区、挂载时间过长、占用内存过多的缺陷,但并未解决NAND Flash本身随机读写严重不均衡的问题。在对JFFS3文件系统研究的基础上提出采用FDTree索引结构的SFFS文件系统,以解决在数据频繁更新的环境里NAND Flash数据管理问题,给出了考虑损耗均衡兼顾回收效率的垃圾回收机制。     

基于NVM的存储安全综述

大数据时代的来临为存储系统提供了新的机遇,同时也提出了新的挑战。传统的基于动态随机存储(DRAM)的内存架构面临着容量、能耗、可靠性等方面的问题;新型非易失存储器件(Non-Volatile Memory,NVM)具有非易失、字节寻址、空闲能耗低等优势,可以作为外存、内存或存储级内存(Storage Class Memory,SCM),为未来存储系统的变革提供了新选择,但同时也存在一些安全问题。NVM器件本身的耐久性有限,频繁对某一位置进行写操作时会造成该位置磨损,从而缩短设备的寿命;同时,由于具有非易失性,NVM被用作内存时,断电后数据不会丢失,攻击者可以通过窃取数据来提取敏感信息或对数据进行篡改;当NVM与DRAM构成混合内存时,可能会产生指针指向不明等问题;NVM作为SCM时,应用程序通过存取(load/store)接口直接对其进行访问,绕过了文件系统等权限管理和一致性管理机制。针对这些问题,文中总结了磨损均衡、减少写操作、减少写入量、内存加密、设计一致性机制、设计权限管理机制等解决办法;最后从硬件、操作系统以及编程模型层面探讨了 仍须关注的NVM安全问题。     

基于PCM的大数据存储与管理研究综述

大数据已经成为当前学术界和工业界的一个研究热点.但由于计算机系统架构的限制,大数据存储与管理在性能、能耗等方面均面临着巨大的挑战.近年来,一种新型存储介质——相变存储器(phase Change Memory,PCM)——凭着其非易失、字节可寻址、读取速度快、低能耗等诸多优点,为计算机存储体系结构和数据管理设计带来了新的技术变革前景,也为大数据存储和管理带来了新的契机.PCM既是一种非易失存储介质,同时又具备了内存的字节可寻址和高速随机访问特性,模糊了主存和外存的界限,有望突破原有的存储体系架构,实现更高性能的存储与数据管理.概述了PCM存储器的发展现状;总结了目前基于PCM的持久存储技术和基于PCM的主存系统等方面的研究进展;并讨论了PCM在多个领域的应用现状.最后,给出了基于PCM的大数据存储与管理研究的若干未来发展方向,从而为构建新型存储架构下的大数据存储与管理技术提供有价值的参考.     

数据仓库模式版本的设计与实现

数据仓库的“非易失性”包括“事实数据非易失”和“模式数据非易失”两个方面,“时间”维度保证了事实数据的非易失性,而模式数据的非易失性需要在数据仓库中建立模式版本来实现。论文分析了数据仓库多维模式中应包含的主要元素及其关系,提出基于关系模型设计并存储数据仓库的模式版本,给出了模式版本的结构定义及其更新维护的实现方法。     

基于SCM与SSD的混合高效键值存储系统研究

具有高性能以及非易失特性的SCM（Storage Class Memory,存储级内存）技术逐渐成熟并开始运用到存储系统设计中,而传统的SSD仍然在存储容量上具有优势,为键值存储系统提供大容量存储的支持。现有键值存储系统不能充分发挥SCM与SSD混合存储架构的优势,需要对数据布局以及系统结构进行重新设计。针对SCM和SSD的特点,设计了基于SCM与SSD的混合式高效键值存储系统（SCM and SSD Hybrid Key-Value store,SSHKV）。SSHKV通过将键值存储中元数据信息存储到SCM中,将数据部分以日志方式存储到SSD中,实现性能与容量的兼顾。在SSD空间管理上,SSHKV采用逻辑空间放大策略,通过重映射TRIM指令释放的无效空间,减小了垃圾回收带来的数据迁移开销。SSHKV基于半异步半同步式IO模型实现,经过对比测试,SSHKV的随机写入性能相较于传统基于LSM-Tree的LevelDB提升了约20倍。     

二元金属氧化物忆阻器的性能优化研究进展

进入21世纪以来,传统计算机一直面临着数据频繁在CPU与存储器之间交换带来的功耗问题和存储墙问题.新型的存算一体化计算方式有望突破传统冯·诺依曼架构,实现低功耗、高算力的计算.忆阻器是一种具有低功耗、高速度、高密度、非易失等特点的新型电路元件,被认为是未来实现存算一体化的最佳载体.但目前忆阻器还存在功耗过大、稳定性低、...     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.