无磷洗涤剂的研究现状及存在问题分析

简述了含磷洗涤剂的危害,综述了无磷洗涤剂的研究进展及无磷助剂应用中存在的问题,指出新型无磷助剂的开发研究具有重要的环保意义。建议从无磷洗涤剂标准入手推动无磷洗涤剂新产品的开发。     

洗涤助剂对去血渍复合酶中蛋白酶的影响

洗涤助剂是洗涤剂的辅助组分。一般可分为无机盐助剂、有机助剂、溶剂以及其他助剂。它可以使洗涤剂的表面活性剂更好地发挥其对污垢的洗脱、分散、加溶、乳化等作用,提高洗涤效果,并可降低洗涤剂的原材料成本、提高其商业价值。合成洗涤剂除了含有一定量的表面活性剂外,一般都加入一定量的洗涤     

聚合物型洗涤助剂的新进展

聚合物型洗涤助剂是洗涤剂中的一类重要物质,它们与表面活性剂共同使用,可以显著提高洗涤剂的综合去污作用。本文主要介绍聚合物型洗涤助剂在洗涤剂中的各种应用,例如流变调节剂、抗再沉积剂、荧光增白剂及代磷助剂等。     

浓缩洗涤剂的前途

浓缩洗涤剂的前途随着消费者对环境关心的不断提高，洗涤剂市场的重大变化之一是浓缩粉和液体洗涤剂。今后，浓缩型洗涤剂需要多目的的助剂，生产洗涤剂的企业应努力开发合新助剂和漂白剂的液体洗涤剂。１未来展望花王的铃木哲认为，将来应发展新型酶和特殊化学品。由于碱...     

柠檬酸酰胺的合成与助洗性能研究

在合成洗涤剂的使用过程中，水中的钙镁离子会与洗涤剂中的表面活性剂作用，影响洗涤剂的使用效率。因此在洗涤剂中需要添加助剂来软化洗涤用水，提高洗涤剂中表面活性剂的使用效率。三聚磷酸钠（STPP）虽然有较好的使用性能，但是由于富磷引起水体过营养化而导致严重的环境问题。研究各种高效无磷洗涤助剂是目前日用化学领域研究的热点之一。柠檬酸钠作为一种有机低分子代磷助剂有着突出的性能，     

金属洗涤剂YR—101复配中助剂的确定

通过实验得出洗涤助剂：三乙醇胺、羟乙基纤维素及Na2SiO3对洗涤剂去污性能影响的数据，从而确定了所研制的水基金属洗涤剂YR－101所需的最佳助剂。     

洗涤剂助剂的演变——从磷酸盐到沸石到硅酸盐

在洗涤剂组分中，三聚磷酸钠、A型沸石和层状结晶二硅酸盐SKS－6已是被广泛接受的助剂。新型洗涤剂的开发促进了新型洗涤助剂的应用。针对这些助剂进行了产品的市场趋势、生态效应和产品应用等方面的比较。     

液体洗涤剂的研制

本通过考察阴／非离子表面活性剂复配性能的规律，确定了液洗剂主体活性物的复配比例，并通过改变活性物含量研制了无助剂液体洗涤剂及有助剂液体洗涤剂的配方。     

洗涤助剂对碱性脂肪酶活性影响的研究

研究洗涤剂中常用的各种助剂 (如碱性蛋白酶、无机和有机助剂 )与由扩展青霉 (Pencillium expansum)产生碱性脂肪酶配伍 ,对碱性脂肪酶活性的影响。结果表明该碱性脂肪酶与这些助剂具有良好的相容性 ,为该脂肪酶在洗涤剂中的应用奠定了基础。     

洗涤剂用4A沸石合成工艺小试总结

1 概述 近年来,国外洗涤剂用4A沸石的数量迅速增加。在日本1976年使用量150吨,1979年增至6300吨。沸石作为洗涤剂的助剂在1948年就开始研究合成,但应用却是七十年代初的事,由于环保的要求和沸石本身的优良特性,作为洗涤剂的代磷助剂其发展是相当快的。 合成洗涤剂的主要成份是表面活性剂和助剂。作为助剂的三聚磷酸钠,它有软     

2008年美国学校绿色清洗奖述评

评述了美国"学校绿色清洗奖"的设立背景和评判标准,2008年获奖者的绿色清洗情况,旨在对国内学校的绿色清洗有所启迪.     

洁净工艺生产DSD酸

利用对硝基甲苯在发烟硫酸中磺化,产物在DMSO中氧化缩合,进而用铁粉还原制得高收率DSD酸,并对上述制备工艺进行了设计,实现了工业化生产。结果表明:采用该工艺生产DSD酸,产品总收率可达82％～87％,氧化废水得以消除,溶剂DMSO回收率高达96％以上。     

工业汽轮机的清洗

本文介绍了用饱和蒸汽对冷凝式汽轮机进行清洗除垢时主要参数的确定、操作要点及清洗方案，清洗后的汽轮机运行正常。     

管式换热器化学清洗实例

以某厂管式换热器清洗为例,以清除换热器中有机物以及水垢为目的,对换热器进行清洗.用碱液脱脂,用柠檬酸,缓蚀剂作为清洗剂除垢.按照一定的工序进行,介绍了清洗的方法和工艺条件,例证了管式换热器的化学清洗工艺.     

选用碱性溶液清洗膜微生物污染

微生物的污堵成为膜技术应用时的主要故障，本文根据微生物荷电性随pH值的变化而变化从理论上说明了必须选用碱性清洗液的依据。     

减温减压器积垢的化学清洗

本文通过对减温减压器成垢原因的分析,并根据各种酸的不同化学特性,提出了混合酸是清洗减温减压器积垢的最有效方法.     

A critical evaluation of sampling methods used for assessing microorganisms on surfaces

Methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection regimes, or of putative antimicrobial surfaces, rely on an estimate of the amount of viable microbial cells remaining on a surface after treatment. In essence, microbial cells are applied to the surface, and the number remaining after a specified time/treatment is assessed by variety of methods. This paper provides a critical commentary on these methods.The most common method relies on removal of the cells from the surface, by swabbing or agitation, plating onto culture media, and counting the number of colonies obtained. However, the surface should always be subsequently examined for residual cells: low numbers of colonies are deemed indicative of effective cleaning (i.e. few cells on the surface), but they could also indicate that cells have not been removed from the surface. Swabbing efficiency can be affected by moisture at the surface, presence of organic material, surface topography and presence of antimicrobial compounds.It is important to be aware of the limitations of a given method for assessing the presence of microorganisms on a surface, as well as of the intended antimicrobial property of the surface or agent applied to the surface.     

聚丙烯编织丝网填料技术和应用

本文叙述了改性聚丙烯编织丝网填料的制造技术,这种新型填料具有耐腐蚀、耐阻塞、质轻、柔性好、易清洗等重要性能,适用于吸收、解吸、蒸馏等操作,国内对这一技术进行了开发,并在除雾洗涤器上处理含氟废气取得了良好效果。     

CO2 dry cleaning: Acoustic cavitation and other mechanisms to induce mechanical action

High pressure carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a potential solvent for textile dry cleaning. However, the particulate soil (e.g. clay, sand) removal in CO₂ is generally insufficient. Since cavitation has been proven to be beneficial in other CO₂ cleaning applications, this study aims to investigate the possibility of improving the performance of CO₂ textile dry cleaning by using ultrasound or other mechanisms to induce the mechanical action such as bubble spray and jet spray. In the experiments, several types of textiles soiled with a mixture of motor oil and soot were cleaned using 1 L and 90 L CO₂ dry cleaning set-ups. Using either ultrasound, stirring, liquid spray or bubble spray does not give a significant improvement on particulate soil removal from textile. It was also found that the additional use of ClipCOO detergent does not give a significant improvement on particulate soil removal either. The cleaning performance of CO₂ is 50% lower than that of PER and thus another method to increase the particulate soil removal in CO₂ textile dry cleaning still needs to be developed.     

Pulse Jet Cleaning of Textile and Rigid Filter Media – Characteristic Parameters

To characterize the pulse cleaning of textile and rigid filter media in technical filter houses and test rigs, by now mainly tank pressure and valve opening time have been used as characteristic parameters. The pressure pulse formed, however, depends on the whole geometry of the plant so that these operation parameters do not allow a comparison between different technical systems. Thus, the question is raised – also for the development of new pulse jet systems – which parameters of a cleaning pulse are decisive for its performance. By knowing these parameters, an experimental setup could be adjusted in a way that it shows the same cleaning behavior like a filter house so that the laboratory filter tests are comparable to technical filter cycles. On a filter test rig which can be used for both textile and rigid filter media as well as on a pilot plant designed for Herding alpha filter candles, experiments concerning the influence of these different parameters on the cleaning behavior were performed. By inserting different orifices into the blow tube and varying the tank pressure and valve opening time, cleaning pulses of great variability were generated and the history of pressure drop over the filter medium or with candles even on the filter surface was recorded. The performance parameters maximum pressure pressure integral and pressure rise velocity of each pressure pulse were determined and compared with the cleaning efficiency achieved. As result of comprehensive regression analyses we found that especially the maximum pressure and the pressure rise velocity during the zero passage of a cleaning pulse are decisive for the cleaning result. The practical conclusion is that pulse jet systems should be optimized with regard to these parameters. The pressure integral however is not a significant performance parameter.