Undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in Canada

An overview of medical education at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in Canadian faculties of medicine is provided. Particular attention is focused on changes that have occurred in the 1990s and their effect on medical students and on educational programs. Also considered are the effects of reductions in the number of entry-level positions for residency training and the changes in educational requirements for licensure on senior medical students.     

Motivation of general practitioners attending postgraduate education

BACKGROUND: The 1990 Contract encouraged general practitioners to participate in continuing medical education by providing a financial incentive. AIM: The study was designed: to determine the motivation of general practitioners attending education events; and to compare motivation and reasons for attendance pre- and post-Contract at commercial and non-commercial meetings, and at the different educational categories of Disease Management (DM), Health Promotion (HP) and Service Management (SM). METHOD: Two structured questionnaires were used. The first was sent to all general practitioners in the West of Scotland and asked about motivation pre-1990 Contract and the second, post-Contract, looked at motivation and reasons for attending a course as part of post course assessment. This latter was part of a much larger study evaluating continuing medical education. RESULTS: A total of 1161 practitioners responded to questionnaire I and 552 general practitioners attended 27 randomly selected postgraduate meetings. Finance was a motivator in 3.8% pre-Contract, and this increased to 33.3% post-Contract and was the most commonly stated reason for attendance in 81.3%. Financial incentive had the biggest influence on those attending HP sessions (91.5%), then SM (87.2%) and finally DM (78.6% (chi 2 = 8.68; P < or = 0.013). It was also important to 73% attending drug-company-sponsored meetings compared with 83.7% going to non-commercial ones. Interest was a good motivator both pre- and post-Contract, but more so for DM than other categories and drug company as opposed to non-commercial meetings (chi 2 = 9.4; P < 0.002). Lack of knowledge became a less-important motivator post-Contract, and doctors felt least knowledgeable in SM (62.2%), as opposed to DM (57.9%) and HP (23.6%) (chi 2 = 38.8; P < 0.001, with each differing significantly from both others). Doctors found the topics provided by the pharmaceutical companies more interesting (chi 2 = 9.4; P < 0.002) and the hospitality provided more alluring than scheme meetings (chi 2 = 28.6; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Finance has a major effect on attendance at postgraduate meetings but may not be a good incentive for learning. Planning for education must take into account the different motivational factors for the different categories. Reasons for attending commercial meetings differ from non-commercial ones and these events should be closely monitored.     

The Tomlinson report and postgraduate medical education

The postgraduate hospitals of London grew up in the nineteenth century and offered a unique national specialist service. Since then specialist services have developed in undergraduate hospitals throughout Britain as well as in London, but the postgraduate hospitals have nevertheless preserved their high levels of staffing. Although numbers of medical posts in the provinces have grown, this has not been by redistribution of London posts but merely differential growth. The fact identified by Tomlinson--that Londoners are not receiving the most appropriate clinical care--is in fact the strongest argument for changing postgraduate medical education. Such education needs to be rooted first in clinical care, though Tomlinson underestimates the importance to education of such care being sited in a shared environment with strong scientific activity.     

Continuous system of postgraduate education of physicians in Udmurt Republic

Presents the experience gained by the Izhevsk Medical Institute in two-year training of general practitioners (family physicians): versatile training programs have been developed, as well as individual legislative problems. The program is supplied with training and therapeutic base.     

我国研究生教育科研素质培养探究

科研素质是衡量研究生人才的标准之一,也是高级人才的必备素质之一.本文就研究生的科研素质要求进行研究,同时对我国研究生的科研素质的薄弱部分进行分析,提出相应的解决对策.     

Legal issues in neonatal nursing

As a result of close and continuous contact with their patients, neonatal nurses are in the best position to detect the early signs of neonatal illness and therapeutic complications. The article describes four major areas where the potential for nursing liability is greatest. In addition, it offers specific nursing strategies that can limit nursing liability and positively affect patient outcome.     

Undergraduate and postgraduate clinical education in Kobe University School of Medicine

A total of 4,849 male participants of the prospective cardiovascular Münster Study (PROCAM), aged 40 - 65 years underwent extensive screening for cardiovascular risk factors before 1986 and were subsequently followed up for at least 8 years. During this time 189 non-fatal and 49 fatal myocardial infarctions occurred, 28 men suffered a sudden cardiac death and 169 persons died of other causes. Using multivariate statistical methods we confirmed that age, increased LDL cholesterol levels, decreased HDL cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, angina pectoris and a positive family history are important risk factors for a myocardial infarction or cardiac death. The results of the PROCAM Study demonstrate that elevated triglycerides are an independent risk factor for an early myocardial infarction or cardiac death. Using a multiple logistic function analysis an algorithm for the assessment of the global risk was derived from the data. The observed incidence of coronary heart disease rises sharply as the global risk increases, thus permitting the use of this algorithm in clinical practice for the assessment of the individual risk of myocardial infarction. Risk factors such as lipoprotein(a) and coagulation factors may improve the predictive value of this algorithm. Furthermore it is expected that the exploration of genetic defects will strongly increase the predictive value and precise determination of individual risk.     

美国专业硕士研究生教育的发展特点及启示

本文通过对美国专业硕士研究生教育的发展历史进行分阶段介绍，分析了每个发展阶段的一些较明显的特点及存在的优势，在此基础上，希望对我国专业硕士研究生教育的发展提供一些启示和借鉴。     

中美硕士研究生教育类型的比较研究

研究生教育是高等教育体系的最高层次,分为硕士研究生教育和博士研究生教育.它担负着为社会培养高层次专门人才、发展科学技术文化和促进现代化建设的重要任务.研究生教育的水准,在一定程度上代表着一个国家的教育水准,反映着一个国家智力资源的开发与储备,标志着一个国家在科学技术与经济竞争中的能力.     

浅谈我国研究生素质教育

近几年来，随着研究生招生人数的扩大，社会各界对研究生的“含金量”产生质疑．尤其是企业在激烈的人才争夺战中时研究生素质褒贬不一．研览生在寻找到一个新的工作岗位后也或多或少地产生理想与现实的落差。这些问题的症结究竟在哪里？研究生素质教育究竟还存在哪些不足之处？离等教育机构究竟如何完善研究生素质教育？本文从多角度探析了研究生素质教育的现状，客观地分析了其不足．期望能够进一步明确研究生素质教育的方向。     

我国学位与研究生教育的发展趋势

国务院学位委员会办公室和教育部研究生工作办公室组织编写的<中国学位与研究生教育发展战略报告>已经七易其稿,解读这篇报告,从中可以窥见未来几年我国学位与研究生教育的发展趋势.     

日本研究生教育评估的原则、特色和借鉴

新世纪初，日本构建了多元的研究生教育评估体系。该评估体系主要由认证评估体系、内部评估体系和外部评估体系构成。在发展和运作的过程中，日本研究生教育评估体系遵循一定的评估原则．逐渐形成了自己的评估特色。通过对日本研究生教育评估的学习，旨为我国研究生教育评估提供借鉴．促进中国特色的研究生评估体系的构建。