管式搅拌反应器停留时间分布的数值模拟

对一种新型管式搅拌反应器的停留时间分布(RTD)进行了实验研究,运用商业计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT进行流场模拟及RTD计算,证实管式搅拌反应器的停留时间分布受搅拌转速及入口流量等因素影响,带搅拌装置的管式反应器适当增加转速能使RTD曲线变窄,改善流型和抑制返混;转速过大会使RTD曲线变宽,导致死区的产生,不利于反应器的混合.RTD曲线的数值模拟计算结果与实验结果基本稳合.     

流体温度变化对反应器中RTD测定的影响分析

采用脉冲法测量了搅拌反应器中的流体停留时间分布(RTD),讨论了流体温度变化对停留时间分布的统计特征值及流动模型参数的影响。当实验过程中流体温度升高(或变化),将导致电导率基线发生漂移。实验数据处理发现,这种基线漂移会加大停留时间分布的计算偏差,进一步影响模型参数的计算正确性和反应器设计。消除基线漂移的影响对获得正确的计算结果具有积极作用。     

泰勒反应器中流体的停留时间分布研究

采用脉冲示踪法,实验考察了泰勒反应器结构参数、操作参数和物料粘度对其停留时间分布的影响规律,发现泰勒反应器中物料的混合程度随泰勒数(Ta)的增大而增大、轴向雷诺数(Reax)的增大而减弱.进一步采用多级混合模型,将泰勒反应器的当量全混釜数(N)与反应器结构参数、泰勒数和轴向雷诺数相关联,提出了一个N的测算公式.在实验考察的范围(Ta=280～3 230; Reax=0.89～6.78)内,由该式计算的N值与实验值很好地相符,具有广泛的适用性.     

从流场直接导出流动反应器的停留时间分布（英文）

停留时间分布(RTD)是化学反应工程学发展中的一个重要概念,在反应器的诊断和优化方面发挥着重要作用.过去RTD常通过示踪实验获得,以示踪剂来追踪反应流体的流动;现今RTD的数值模拟也基于同一思路.从流体的停留时间是反应器内流场属性的概念出发,提出了直接从流场数值模拟来导出RTD的算法.一种是沿流线积分得到流体粒子的停留时间;第二种是基于流体粒子在流场中随机游动的概念,累计流体粒子历经各计算网格的停留时间.以流场中一典型网格为例,证明了两种算法的等价性;用反应器的数值算例,验证了两种方法求出RTD的一致性.还讨论了流场网格大小对准确导出RTD的影响.     

旋转填料床与盘管组合反应器中的流动特性

以饱和的NaCl水溶液为示踪剂,采用脉冲法考察了液体流量、转子转速对旋转填料床与盘管组合反应器停留时间分布(RTD)曲线的影响。用轴向扩散模型对流动状况和返混程度进行了表征。结果表明,组合反应器内的流体流动型态与盘管相同,接近活塞流,且流量越大,平均停留时间越短。旋转填料床转子转速对组合反应器停留时间分布影响很小。     

卧式双轴自清洁反应器粘性体系停留时间分布

在粘性体系中以茜素红为示踪剂,采用紫外光测试技术研究了卧式双轴自清洁反应器中的停留时间分布(RTD),利用返混模型对实验条件下的RTD及返混系数进行了模拟计算,得到了返混系数与雷诺数的关联式。结果表明,反应器的RTD受物料流速、搅拌速率及物料粘度等因素的影响,体系粘度增加返混系数减小;在实验范围内,基于返混模型的计算结果与实验结果基本相符。     

管式搅拌反应器中流动特性实验及模型研究

为进一步研究带机械搅拌装置的新型管式反应器内流动特性,采用刺激-响应技术,测定流体在不同操作条件下的停留时间分布(RTD)曲线并与无搅拌停留时间分布曲线作对比,计算了平均停留时间分布的统计特征值。用混合时间表征混合特性,用Peclet操作准数表征轴向扩散特性。结果表明,适当增大转速、流量或降低水位,都有利于反应器内流体的均匀混合。大体上随流量的减少和液位的升高停留时间有延长的趋势,转速变化对停留时间的影响不显著。在搅拌转速不超过400 r/min时,混合时间随着搅拌转速的增大而缩短。在实验范围内,反应器相当于3个串联全混槽反应器。     

泰勒反应器中瞬态波状涡流场的CFD数值模拟

泰勒反应器中的波状涡流因存在周向波和涡间传质而受到广泛关注。本文针对泰勒反应器（半径比为0.83,纵横比为46.07）中的波状涡流进行了数值模拟研究,采用计算流体力学（CFD）软件研究了无轴向流动和有轴向流动时的两种流场。结果表明,数值模拟与文献中的PIV实验结果具有较好的一致性。在波状涡流场中,周向波动的存在消除了涡的轴对称性,导致涡随周向位置的周期性变化,包括涡的形状、位置以及涡量等,这也引起了速度的瞬态行为。轴流的引入降低了涡的周期性变化程度,改变了速度的瞬时特性,也稳定了流场。同时还发现轴向流动也影响着切向速度随时间的变化,切向速度随漩涡通过频率及其高次谐波而振荡。     

化学反应工程课程停留时间分布理论的教学案例

停留时间分布理论是化学反应工程课程教学中的重要内容之一,用于刻画实际反应器的非理想流动特性。相对于理想反应器的内容,停留时间分布概念抽象,学生理解和掌握难度较大。在教学过程中,我们引入流体力学数值模拟方法,使用COMSOL软件实现反应器内流体流动的瞬态模拟,通过数值实验演示阶跃式和脉冲式示踪剂注入的停留时间分布测量过程,并在反应器出口统计示踪剂浓度随时间的变化,从而计算出反应器的停留时间分布函数。此教学案例可使学生直观理解停留时间分布的概念,深入理解流体流动的模型基础,学习使用功能强大的COMSOL软件,为之后的科研和学习打下基础。     

泰勒流反应器的流动及反应特性

利用由静态混合器、喷嘴和分气盒组成的新型布气装置在搅拌釜式反应器中诱导生成泰勒流,对反应器流动特性及反应特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,与常规搅拌釜式反应器相比,泰勒流反应器内物料流动更加接近于平推流流型,泰勒流的生成在反应器内构建出局部平推流区域,降低了物料返混程度。反应器反应性能因流动特性改变而得以增强,相同实验条件下,在泰勒流反应器中进行的蔗糖水解反应转化率比在常规搅拌釜式反应器中高出26.7%。在一定操作范围内,局部平推流区域和反应转化率均随搅拌转速或进气量的增加而增大。泰勒流反应器可简化为平推流区和全混流区并联的流动模型,推导出了反应转化率与平推流区域占反应器总体积比率之间的关联关系。     

Continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene in a single Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor

The effect of the geometrical and operational parameters on the mixing characteristics of a Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor (CTVFR) were investigated and were correlated with the same parameters by using the tank‐in‐series model. Continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene was conducted at 50°C in a CTVFR to clarify the effects on kinetic behavior and reactor performance of operational parameters such as rotational speed of inner cylinder (Taylor number), reactor mean residence time, and emulsifier and initiator concentrations in the feed streams. It was found that steady‐state monomer conversion and particle number could be freely varied only by varying the Taylor number. In order to explain the observed kinetic behavior of this polymerization system, a mathematical model was developed by combining the empirical correlation of the mixing characteristics of a CTVFR and a previously proposed kinetic model for the continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene in continuous stirred tank reactors connected in series (CSTRs). On the basis of these experimental results, it was concluded that a CTVFR is suitable for the first reactor (prereactor) of a continuous emulsion polymerization reactor system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1931–1942, 2001     

短接触旋流反应器导叶位置对气相流动的影响

采用雷诺应力模型对不同导叶位置下的短接触旋流反应器内气相流动进行数值模拟,并且用组分输运方程研究了气体在旋流反应器内停留时间的分布规律,分析了导叶位置对反应器内气相停留时间分布、气相流场以及排气管入口短路流的影响。结果表明:不同导叶位置的旋流反应器排剂口处气相停留时间分布曲线相似,而混合反应区内气相停留时间分布曲线仅在时间轴上发生微小偏移;叶片离反应器入口越远,混合反应区内切向速度越小,而排气管下方分离反应区内外旋流切向速度显著增大及准自由涡范围减小;叶片与排气管入口距离减小可以降低附近短路流率,减小催化剂的“跑损”,但也增大了排气管内气流旋转强度,造成不必要的能量损耗增大。     

Taylor vortex flow with suction

Perturbation methods are used to study the bifurcation of Couette flow to Taylor vortices in the presence of a small amount of suction flow through the inner cylinder. Taylor vortex flow is described as a small amplitude expansion of the velocity and pressure near the critical Gortler parameter. The suction flow modifies the critical G?rtler number, stabilizing the original Couette flow.     

Numerical simulation of the characteristics of turbulent Taylor vortex flow

Turbulent Taylor vortex flow, which is contained between a rotating inner cylinder and a coaxial fixed outer cylinder with fixed ends, is simulated by applying the development in Reynolds stress equations mold (RSM) of the micro-perturbation. This resulted from the truncation error between the numerical solution and exact solution of the Reynolds stress equations. Based on the numerical simulation results of the turbulent Taylor vortex flow, its characteristics such as the fluctuation of the flow field, the precipitous drop of azimuthal velocity, the jet flow of radial velocity, the periodicity of axial velocity, the wave periodicity of pressure distribution, the polarization of shear stress on the walls, and the turbulence intensity in the jet region, are discussed. Comparing the pilot results measured by previous methods, the relative error of the characteristics predicted by simulation is less than 30%. Translated from Journal of East China University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 32(5), 617–622 [译自: 华东理工大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Untersuchung der Strömung im Taylor‐Couette‐System bei geringen Spaltbreiten

The shaft bushings in many machines form a Taylor‐Couette system with a thin clearance. The flow in such a clearance was studied in this paper by means of CFD simulation. Two different gap width ratios have been chosen to investigate the flow from laminar to turbulent range. Based on the simulation results a critical gap width ratio is determined in the turbulent regime, which is of importance to the transition of a turbulent flow with Taylor vortex in a turbulent flow without Taylor vortex.     

Cold flow studies of a slurry transport reactor-hydrocyclon system

The fluid dynamics of a new reaction system composed of a slurry transport reactor-hydrocyclon were studied using two column diameters at different gas and liquid linear velocities. The cold models used a gas collector in the top that allowed measurement of the gas disengaged by radial zones and a conductimetric probe that measured the frequency of the bubbles exiting from the top of the reactor. Gas and liquid hold-ups were determined. Liquid and solid tracers were also employed to determine the resident time distribution (RTD), global residence time, and the recycle of slurry near the wall. The results show the effect of sparger and disengaging design, as well as the effect of gas and liquid flow rate on the radial and axial gas hold-up profiles and on the recycle of slurry by the wall. This recycle is similar to those observed with a draft tube. No significant effect of column diameter was observed. A smooth circulation of slurry and solid was achieved through a mechanical optimization of the inlet and outlet of the reactor. It was demonstrated that the RTD of the system can be simulated using a set of continuous stirred tank reactors and plug flow reactor in a recycle (three parameters). Empirical equations are proposed for predicting the hold-up and the three parameters needed by the model. The similarity to a spouted bed reactor is discussed.     

Hydrodynamics of Taylor flow in noncircular capillaries

In this work, volume of fluid (VOF) technique, one computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, was used to investigate the upward Taylor flow in vertical square and equi-triangular capillaries. For saving computation time, the simulations were carried out in a moving frame of reference attached to Taylor bubbles. The main flow parameters, involving bubble size and shape, liquid film thickness, velocity field and two-phase relative velocity, were studied as functions of capillary number. The numerical simulations were in good agreement with previous reports and showed that the flow in the sides and corners of polygonal capillaries were different. A comparative study was also conducted on Taylor flow in square and equi-triangular capillaries and their circular counterparts, where the influence of capillary geometry on the characteristics of Taylor flow was illustrated clearly.