巨大芽孢杆菌1259对产蛋鸡生产性能及排泄物中含氮物浓度的影响 2015年9月25日

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加巨大芽孢杆菌1259（ BM1259）对蛋鸡生产性能及其排泄物中含氮物浓度的影响。选用576只300日龄健康、产蛋率差异不显著（ P＞0．05）的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复16只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加100、150、200、250和300 mg／kg BM1259。试验期42 d。结果表明：1） BM1259可以显著提高了平均蛋重（P＜0．05）,极显著影响产蛋率（P＜0．01）,并极显著降低料蛋比（P＜0．01）,其中100 mg／kg组表现最佳。2） BM1259极显著降低了蛋鸡排泄物中尿素氮浓度和脲酶活性（ P＜0．01）,显著降低尿酸浓度（ P＜0．05）。由此可见,在饲粮中添加BM1259能改善蛋鸡生产性能,降低排泄物中含氮物浓度。     

大麦型饲粮中添加GXC酶对生长肥育猪生长、消化的影响及其机理探讨注

选择90头体重约33kg的“杜长大”杂交仔猪，按饲养试验要求分成3组，其中一组饲喂玉米－豆粕型饲粮，另外二组分别饲喂含0和0．2％GXC的大麦－豆粕型饲粮，进行了为期84天的饲养试验，在试验后期进行了消化试验、采样分析。饲养试验结果显示，添加GXC使日增重提高了7．19％（P＜0．01），料重比降低了8．77％（P＜0．05）；消化试验表明，饲粮中添加GXC酶饲料干物质、粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率分别提高了26．84％（P＜0．01）、14．97％（P＜0．05）和16．5％（P＜0．01）。添加GXC使十二指肠内容物粘度、粪中大肠杆菌数、腹泻频率分别较大麦对照组降低了12．27％（P＜0．05）、53．10％（P＜0．05）和47．39％（P＜0．05）。消化性能指标分析显示，添加GXC酶组十二指肠内容物总蛋白水解酶活性、脂肪酶活性较大麦对照组提高了1．65倍（P＜0．05）和2．94倍（P＜0．05），空肠绒毛的高度及绒毛高度比分别提高了54．17％（P＜0．05）和1．61倍（P＜0．05）。     

小麦基础日粮添加木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡消化道不同部位非淀粉多糖消化率的影响

通过在小麦基础日粮中添加国产酶（EⅠ）和进口酶（EⅡ）两种木聚糖酶制剂,研究了木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡各消化道食糜及粪中非淀粉多糖（NSP）消化率的影响。试验将7日龄肉仔鸡分成5组,分别为小麦对照组、小麦基础日粮中分别添加0．02％EⅠ、0．05％EⅠ、0．02％EⅡ和0．05％EⅡ的4个加酶组,饲喂至21日龄。结果表明：与对照组相比,4个加酶组均极显著提高了可溶性非淀粉多糖（SNSP）在嗉囊、空肠和粪中的消化率（P〈0．01）,显著提高了SNSP在回肠的消化率（P〈0．05）,且有提高其在肌胃中消化率的趋势（P〉0．05）。此外,加酶还极显著提高（P〈0．01）了不溶性非淀粉多糖（INSP）在粪中的消化率,显著提高（P〈0．05）了INSP在嗉囊和肌胃的消化率,EⅡ组回肠INsP消化率也显著高于（P〈0．05）对照组。     

母猪日粮添加不同水平叶酸的饲喂效果试验

试验采用在基础日粮中分别添加0，5，10，15g/t的叶酸，以探讨叶酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响及其适宜的添加剂量。试验结果表明，与不添加叶酸的A组相比，添加了叶酸5，10，15g/t的B、C、D3个组产仔总数和产活仔数均有明显的提高，且差异显著（P＜0．05）；而3个组之间的产仔总数和产活仔数差异均不显著（P＞0．05）。仔猪初生窝重只有D组比A组提高6．6％（P＜0．05），B、C组与A组差异不显著（P＞0．05）。添加叶酸的各组哺乳母猪的体损耗和仔猪断乳时窝增重明显增加（P＜0．01）；但仔猪平均个体增重各组之间差异均不显著（P＞0．05）。由此说明，日粮中添加叶酸可以改善母猪的繁殖性能，当添加量为5g/t时就能够满足高产母猪对叶酸的营养需要。     

糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物对猪的饲用价值研究

本研究进行了两次试验以探讨糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物（MABFP）对生长肥育猪的饲用价值。两试验分别选用杜长大三元杂交生长猪30头和肥育猪30头,按性别、体重随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,每组30头。试验一（生长猪）3组饲粮分别含0％（对照组）,2．5％和5．0％的MABFP,试期29d;试验二（肥育猪）3组饲粮中分别含0％（对照组）,4．0％和8．0％的MABFP,试验30d。结果表明,生长猪Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日增重分别为618,684和666g,差异不显著（P＞0．05）,饲料转化比分别为3．01,2．89和2．96;肥育猪Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日增重分别为832,805和832g,差异不显著（P＞0．05）,饲料转化比分别为3．62,3．76和3．75。肥育猪屠宰测定结果表明,各组猪胴体品质和内脏性状无明显差异。由此可见MABFP可用作生长肥育猪饲料,开发、推广利用此 项资源与技术可降低饲料成本,提高饲料工业和养猪生产经济效益。     

糖萜素对贵妃母鸡消化器官中肥大细胞数的影响

试验采用108只健康无病贵妃母鸡进行糖萜素饲喂实验，分为试验Ⅰ组(基础日粮 500mg／kg的糖萜素)、试验Ⅱ组(基础日粮 700mg／kg的糖萜素)和对照组(基础日粮 150mg／kg的杆菌肽锌)3组，通过改良甲苯胺蓝染色法观察十二指肠和肝脏中肥大细胞数目的变化。研究结果表明：试验Ⅱ组中的十二指肠中的肥大细胞数目极显著增多(P＜0．01)，肝脏中肥大细胞显著增多(P＜0．05)；试验Ⅰ组中的十二指肠肌层肥大细胞数目显著增加(P＜0．05)，十二指肠粘膜层和肝脏中肥大细胞数目增加不明显，但仍明显高于对照组。结果提示在日粮中添加糖萜素可能使贵妃母鸡部分消化器官功能增强。     

利用脱色废白土作肉鸡日粮添加物的试验

将１日龄ＡＡ商品代肉鸡２０００只公母各半随机分成４组，第Ⅰ组为对照组，不添加脱色废白土，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组日粮中分别添加脱色废白土３％，５％，７％。试验表明：４２日龄Ⅱ、Ⅲ组体增重差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ、Ⅳ组体增重存在组间差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ⅱ与Ⅲ组料肉比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ、Ⅳ组料肉比存在组间差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；成活率、屠宰率各组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。经济效益Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比Ⅰ、Ⅳ组分别提高４９．２％、５４．５％。     

早籼稻谷替代玉米的肉牛饲料粮粗脂肪在瘤胃中降解特性的研究

以3头带有永久瘤胃瘘管的湖北本地阉黄牛用尼龙法对早籼稻谷替代玉米的肉牛饲粮粗脂肪在瘤胃中的降解特性进行了比较研究。试验处理为早籼稻谷分别替代精料中0％,50％,75％,和100％的玉米4个替代水平的肉牛饲粮。结果表明：随早籼稻谷替代水平的提高粗脂肪胃动态降解率呈下降趋势,分别为76．48％,75．22％,74．48％和66．71％,经单因子方差分析,除100％替代水平组与其它各组间差异显著外（P＜0．05）,其它各组间差异不显著（P＞0．05）;动态消化参数各组饲粮间差异不显著（P＞0．05）;能较好地符合模拟方程P＝a＋b（1－e^-ct）,拟合度高（R^2＝0．960－0．998）。     

脱氢醋酸钠对断奶仔猪抗氧化能力的影响

研究食品添加剂脱氢醋酸钠对动物抗氧化能力的影响。以仔猪作为实验动物模型,选用10 日龄哺乳仔猪（杜×长×大）192 头,随机分成4 组（每组4 个重复,每重复12 头）,饲喂不含脱氢醋酸钠的基础日粮（对照组）、基础日粮中分别添加脱氢醋酸钠0.02%（实验组Ⅰ）、0.1%（实验组Ⅱ）和0.2%（实验组Ⅲ）的日粮,实验期42 d。结果表明：与对照组相比,1）仔猪51 d体质量,Ⅲ组显著降低13.26%（P＜0.05）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组无显著差异（P＞0.05）;2）Ⅲ组仔猪血清超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力极显著降低（P＜0.01）,总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）显著降低（P＜0.05）,而Ⅰ、Ⅱ组仔猪血清抗氧化指标均无显著差异（P＞0.05）;3）仔猪肝脏丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量,除Ⅲ组外,Ⅰ（P＜0.01）、Ⅱ（P＜0.05）组均有明显升高。因此,日粮中添加0.2%脱氢醋酸钠,明显降低仔猪的抗氧化能力,食品中使用高剂量脱氢醋酸钠存在一定的健康风险。     

益生菌对生长猪日粮营养物质表观消化率及粪便菌群的影响

试验选用胎次相近,平均体重为(30±3)kg的生长肥育猪(杜×长×大)8头,随机分为两组(试验I组、试验Ⅱ组),每组4头。试验I组饲喂基础日粮(对照组),试验Ⅱ组饲喂添加0.1%益生菌的试验日粮(试验组)。试验期42d。结果表明,试验I组、试验Ⅱ组平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比差异不显著(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ组平均日增重较试验I组有增加趋势,试验Ⅱ组料重比较试验I组低0.12。粗蛋白质的表观消化率,试验Ⅱ组较试验I组高3.78个百分点(P0.01);试验Ⅱ组粗纤维表观消化率较试验I组高5.96个百分点(P0.01),试验Ⅱ组能量表观消化率较试验I组高2.21个百分点(P0.01)。无氮浸出物,试验Ⅱ组较试验I组高0.71个百分点(P0.05)。乳酸杆菌,试验Ⅱ组极显著高于试验I组(P0.01);大肠杆菌,试验I组极显著高于试验组Ⅱ(P0.01)。乳酸杆菌/大肠杆菌,试验Ⅱ组显著高于试验I组(P0.05)。因此,在生长猪日粮中添加0.1%乳酸杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌复合物能够提高日粮中粗蛋白质、粗纤维、能量及无氮浸出物的表观消化率,提高机体免疫力,降低直肠粪便中大肠杆菌数量。     

Production,Consumption, and Pricing of Milk and Its Components,

Production and consumption of milk fat, milk protein, and lactose were compared for 1970, 1975, 1979, and 1983 to determine whether production and consumption were balanced and, if not, to determine how balance might be achieved. Ratios of these components in milk produced remained virtually constant from 1970 to 1983. However, increased cheese consumption during this period resulted in increased per capita consumption of fat and protein despite reduced consumption of these components in other dairy products. Because lactose is not in cheese, lactose consumption declined. Because of these changes, imbalances of production and consumption of milk components now exist and are due almost entirely to too much lactose being produced. Because of small variation of lactose percentage, this imbalance could be reduced by increased fat and protein percentages. Milk pricing should encourage this by emphasizing fat and protein (not solids-not-fat). Fat and protein differentials should differ from market to market and should be based on utilization. Milk pricing is reviewed, and a procedure for determining blend differentials is outlined.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

Summary The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range <0.010–0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.

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Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren von schwedischen Schweinen und Rindvieh

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren vom Schwein und Rind aus schwedischen Schlachthäusern bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit denen anderer Untersuchungen verglichen. Die Durchschnittswerte für Zink, Kupfer, Mangan und Selen in verschiedenen Geweben waren ungefähr die gleichen wie in früheren Untersuchungen; die für Chrom und Nickel lagen alle im Intervall <0,010 bis zu 0,015 mg/kg, unabhängig von der Art der Gewebe, und die für Kobalt zwischen 0,001 und 0,043 mg/kg, mit den höchsten Werten in der Leber. Für Aluminium ergaben sich Durchschnittswerte zwischen 0,024 und 0,068 mg/kg, wobei die Gewebe vom Rind ungefahr doppelt so viel Aluminium enthalten wie die Gewebe vom Schwein. Die analytische Qualitätskontrolle wurde mit Referenzmaterial durchgeführt. Viel Arbeit wurde zur Minimierung und Kontrolle der Kontamination aufgewendet. Das kann zu einem Teil erklären, daß die Werte von Chrom, Nickel und Aluminium unserer Untersuchung zu den niedrigsten bisher veröffentlichten Werten gehören.

     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range less than 0.010-0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.     

Water-, oil-, and soil-repellent treatment of textiles,artificial leather,and leather

Several products are on the market to realize water-, oil-, and soil-repellent properties on textiles or textile-related materials. To make an adequate and fast rating of repellent properties of finished textiles, different drop tests according to AATCC and ISO standards are commonly used. For evaluation of the repellent properties of solid substrates against different liquids often contact angle measurements are performed. The aim of the work presented here is to determine and evaluate the repellent effects gained by the application of three different finishing agents on three different substrates, such as polyester fabric, artificial leather, and leather. The main questions are at that point: It is possible to gain similar repellent effects with the same finishing product applied on different substrates? Do the different testing methods lead to comparable results? Is there a relation to the repellency against everyday consumer products as red wine, ice tea, or coffee? This article should help the reader to evaluate different testing methods and the influence on common substrates.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

Simultaneous and Direct Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn in Milk by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Tungsten permanent modifier with coinjection of Pd(NO₃)₂ and W–Ru permanent modifiers are proposed for the direct and simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se (group 1) and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn (group 2), respectively, in milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The performance of modifiers was evaluated by means of thermal behavior of analytes, sensitivity, atomic signal profile, repeatability, graphite tube lifetime, and background intensity. An air-assisted pyrolysis step was necessary to quantitative elimination of the organic matter. After methods optimization, 14 commercial milk samples were analyzed. The found concentrations of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, Se, Co, and Cr were lower than their limit of detection (2.13, 2.21, 1.49, 1.63, 2.05, 1.0, and 1.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were in the 1.58–5.74 μg L⁻¹, 9.79–49.3 μg L⁻¹, and 2.25–4.08 μg L⁻¹ intervals, respectively. The limits of detection for Cu, Fe, and Mn were 1.7, 5.3, and 2.0 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The accuracy of methods was checked after analysis of two milk standard materials. Results for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Mn were in agreement with certified values of SRMs at the 95% confidence level. Accuracy was also evaluated by addition–recovery tests and recoveries in the 86–127% range were obtained for all elements. The use of pretreat platform of graphite tubes with W or W–Ru allowed enlarging the lifetime of atomizer in 750 heating cycles.