Tunisian table olive phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity

ABSTRACT:  For the 1st time, 4 olive cultivars, the Meski, Chemlali, Besbessi, and Tounsi, from the Tunisian market were investigated to evaluate the phenolic compounds' contribution in nutritional value of table olives. From the Meski cultivar, we have chosen 4 different samples to evaluate differences within the same cultivar. Basic characteristics and total phenolic content were evaluated in flesh and kernel. The highest value of flesh phenolic content was observed in sample M4 of the Meski cultivar; however, the lowest value was observed in the Besbessi cultivar and they were 1801 and 339 mg GA/100 g dry weight, respectively. The main simple phenolic compounds identified in flesh extracts are hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and vanillic acid. Oleuropein was not detected in any samples. The antioxidant activity of Tunisian olive flesh varies between 212 and 462 μM TEAC/g of dry weight. Antioxidant activity of olives was related to their phenolic content but we found a low correlation between phenolic content and TEAC.     

Effect of processing techniques on antioxidative enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids of table olives

In this study, olive fruits (Olea europeae cv. Gemlik) of the most common sources of table olives in Turkey were used. Total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AC), and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; and glutathione reductase, GR) of table olives were compared by 4 different methods of ripe table olive processing. Results revealed that TPC of the processed olives ranged from 117.44 to 418.69 mg gallic acid equivalents/g fresh weight (f.w.). The highest AC as mg Trolox equivalents of 189.58/g f.w. was obtained from unprocessed black olives. CAT, APX, and GR activities of unprocessed olives were higher than those obtained in all processed olives. In conclusion, TPC, AC, and antioxidant enzyme activities are strongly affected by fruit ripening and processing in table olives of ‘Gemlik’ cultivar. In addition, the best processing technique is untreated black olives in brine for antioxidant properties.     

Characterization and Implications of Enterobacter cloacae Strains, Isolated from Italian Table Olives "Bella Di Cerignola"

ABSTRACT:  Enterobacter cloacae  can be recovered in the spontaneous fermentations of Italian table olives. In this study, the effects of salt (20 to 100 g/L), temperature (10 to 37 °C), pH (4 to 5 and 8 to 10),  p -coumaric and vanillic acids (0.5 to 2 g/L), and the acidification of the medium through lactic, citric, and ascorbic acids were investigated on 15 strains of  E. cloacae , isolated from Italian table olives "Bella di Cerignola." Finally, a confirmatory experiment in synthetic brine was run. The strains were inhibited only by an NaCl amount of 70 to 80 g/L and by  p -coumaric acid; on the other hand, they showed the ability to grow also at low temperatures (10 to 15 °C). The confirmatory experiment highlighted their ability to survive both at 15 °C and at pH 5.  Enterobacter cloacae  could be a real problem for the fermentation of table olives in southern Italy; some hurdles could be used (salt or brine acidification), but some environmental conditions (for example, the temperature) should be controlled carefully to maintain olive safety at acceptable levels.     

Phenolic composition, isolation, and structure of a new deoxyloganic acid derivative from Dhokar and Gemri-Dhokar olive cultivars

Two rare olive cultivars, Dhokar and Gemri-Dhokar, growing in the south of Tunisia were investigated to identify their phenolic profile and evaluate their sugar content and antioxidant activity. The highest value of phenolic content was detected in Gemri-Dhokar cultivar extract (6.97 g gallic acid equivalents/kg of fresh olive). In addition, sugar content was quantified; glucose (45.17 g/kg of fresh olive) was the predominant sugar in Dhokar cultivar, followed by fructose (40.83 g/kg of fresh olive). The identification of phenolic compounds was based on separation by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In both cultivars, Oleuropein aglycon derivatives and elenolic acid were the main phenolic components. Oleuropeins were the major compounds quantified in the Gemri-Dhokar drupes olives (61.04 mg/100 g of fresh olive), while 0.25 mg/100 g were found in fresh Dhokar. A new iridoid compound, isolated as pure compound, was not previously reported in the literature. Its structure was established by spectroscopic analyses (NMR, UV, MS, and IR). DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays showed that the most important antioxidant capacity of olive extracts was found in with Gemri-Dhokar cultivar.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量分析橄榄果实氨基酸组分

为探索橄榄果实成熟过程氨基酸含量变化与营养价值及风味品质的相关性,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量分析普通橄榄‘长营’与清橄榄‘清榄1号’果实水解和游离氨基酸成分。结果表明：在水解氨基酸中,2?个品种果实均含有16?种氨基酸,其中7?种必需氨基酸和9?种非必需氨基酸,氨基酸种类丰富;但是,二者水解氨基酸总含量变化规律存在差异,‘长营’果实氨基酸总量呈升-降-升的变化趋势,‘清榄1号’为降-升-降-升;二者营养指标氨基酸比值、氨基酸比值系数、氨基酸比值系数分均不理想,为营养不均衡类型。在游离氨基酸中,‘长营’果实氨基酸含量变化呈升-降-升-降,‘清榄1号’相反,为降-升-降-升;2?个品种果实均含有19?种氨基酸,甜味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸占比较高,‘清榄1号’鲜味（谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺）和甜味氨基酸（谷氨酰胺）贡献值高于‘长营’,使得‘清榄1号’鲜甜口感优于‘长营’,鲜食品质更佳,为橄榄果实风味判断提供依据。     

Antioxidant phenolic compounds loss during the fermentation of Chétoui olives

Evolution of phenolic compounds was studied during spontaneous and controlled fermentations of “Chétoui” cultivar olives at three degree of ripeness. Both spontaneous and controlled fermentations led to an important loss of total phenolic compounds with a reduction rate of 32–58%. Consequently, the antioxidant activity decreased by 50–72%. After fermentations, hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid concentrations increased, whilst protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid and oleuropein concentrations decreased. The hydroxytyrosol concentration in black olives increased from 165 mg/100 g dry weight to 312 and 380 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively, after spontaneous and controlled fermentation. The oleuropein concentration in green olives decreased from 266 mg/100 g dry weight to 30.7 and 16.1 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively, after spontaneous and controlled fermentation. During olive fermentation, phenolic loss is essentially due to the diffusion of these compounds into the brine; the main phenolic compound identified and quantified in the different brines was hydroxytyrosol. To preserve antioxidant quality of table olives it is necessary to use a controlled process to minimise phenolic compound loss.     

不同品种百香果果汁营养成分的比较

以百香果常见品种黄金果、台农、紫果1号果汁为原料,用国标法对不同品种百香果果汁蛋白质、粗脂肪、矿物质含量、氨基酸含量等营养物质进行测定。结果表明:黄金果果汁的蛋白质、矿物质含量和总氨基酸含量显著高于台农和紫果1号(p<0.05);台农果汁的总糖含量(7.53±0.06) g/kg、维生素B₂ 0.13 mg/100 g、维生素B₁₂ 0.23 mg/100 g和超氧化物歧化酶活性(238.67±0.92) U/mL最高;紫果1号果汁的总酸含量(42.43±0.26) g/kg,维生素C(13.47±0.12) mg/100 g、维生素B₆ 0.15 mg/100 g和维生素A 0.024 mg/100 g最高。不同品种百香果果汁的营养成分具有一定差异,结合百香果不同品种的营养特点,在百香果产业高附加值保健产品开发和工厂化加工利用时,黄金果是较好的百香果品种选择。     

Effect of brine replacement and salt concentration on the fermentation of naturally black olives

This study was undertaken to modify the traditional fermentation of naturally black olives in order to obtain higher quality black table olives. After holding olives in tap water or low salt brine prior to fermentation, acidification of the cover brine and fermentation at two different salt concentrations (6 and 14 g/ 100 ml NaCl) were applied to Gemlik variety olives in three batches. Fermentations were monitored using physical, chemical and microbiological analyses and effects of the above changes to fermentation were investigated. Yeasts were the predominant microorganisms in all of the batches. Growth enhancement of lactic acid bacteria by brine replacement occurred in the fermentation with 6 g/ 100 ml NaCl cover brine but not with 14 g/100 ml NaCl brine. The highest level of titratable acidity (0.59 g/100 ml) formed during fermentation with 6 g/100 ml NaCl brine followed by fermentation with 6 g/100 ml NaCl brine (0.43 g/100 ml) where the brine was replaced after 48 days. The lowest level of titratable acidity (0.36 g/100 ml) was formed using a high salt brine. Reducing sugars were consumed effectively by microorganisms in all the batches and residual levels in the brines were 0.05–0.1 g/100 g ml. NaCl contents of the final products were 5.20 g/ 100 g (olives with high salt brine) and 3.27–3.58 g/100 g (olives with low salt brine). Moisture contents of the processed olives were in the range 49.58–50.79 g/ 100 g. The water activity (a_w) value of olives fermented with the high salt brine was found to be 0.947 while a_w values of olives fermented with the low salt brine were 0.962–0.964. Protein content of the olives ranged between 1.76–1.95 g/100 g and the ash contents were found to be 2.41–2.81 g/100 g in olives with low salt brine and 4.70 g/100 g in olives with high salt brine. According to sensory evaluations of the final products, no differences between the treatments were found (P > 0.05).     

Provitamin A carotenoids in table olives according to processing styles, cultivars, and commercial presentations

The concentration of provitamin A carotenoids in table olives was determined. Only -carotene was found in all commercial presentations. -carotene was also present in final products containing carrots. Concentrations of -carotene, referring to 100 g edible portion, ranged from an average of 197 to 1,387 g in green olives, from 37 to 726 g in directly brined olives and from 39 to 333 in ripe (darkened by oxidation) olives. Thus, some commercial presentations of table olives can be considered reasonable sources of provitamin A. Several groups were formed within elaboration styles and cultivars, according to commercial presentations. Their averages and other statistical estimations are also given. These results may be used by the industry as a source of information for nutritional labelling or by nutritionists to estimate provitamin A intakes in diets that include table olives.     

Characterization of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Genotypes for Their Physicochemical Properties

ABSTRACT:  The worldwide tendency for growing more small fruits, including raspberries, shows permanent increase because this group of fruits has a relatively higher content of bioactive nutrients. To study the health benefits of red raspberry fruits, 11 preselected wild-grown and 1 well-known cultivar, Heritage, were evaluated for some of their physicochemical properties such as fruit weight, total antioxidant capacity (measured by β-carotene bleaching and FRAP assays), total phenolics, ascorbic acid, soluble solid content (SSC), and acidity. Fruit weight, SSC, and ascorbic acid contents were between 1.47 and 2.32 g, 10.87% and 13.60%, and 21 and 36 mg/100 g, respectively. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content varied among genotypes and the ERZ5 genotype had the highest antioxidant capacity as ascertained by both methods. This genotype also had the highest total phenolic (2031 μg GAE/g FW) content. There are linear relationships between antioxidant capacities and total phenols. The present study demonstrates the potential of certain wild genotypes, notably ERZ5, for improving the nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programs.     

Enrichment of table olives with polyphenols extracted from olive leaves

The possibility to increase the nutritional value of table olives using polyphenols extracted from olive leaves was studied. Leaves were subjected to extraction using water with proportions of 1%, 5% and 10% of leaves and various temperatures and times (room temperature/24 h, 40 °C/10 min and 70 °C/5 min). The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the Rancimat method and their content in oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol was determined by HPLC. The extract with the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenol content (10% ratio of olive leaves extracted at room temperature for 24 h) was used for the treatment of debittered table olives. The treated and untreated olives were subjected to determination of their α-tocopherol, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol content. A 457% increase was observed for oleuropein and 109% for hydroxytyrosol content after treatment. Sensory evaluation of treated table olives showed an increase in bitterness. However, treated and untreated table olives showed equal overall acceptability and overall preference.     

DRIED PEELED ROOTS OF GLOSSOSTEMON BRUGUIERI (MOGHAT) AS A POTENTIAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD

Five sun-dried peeled roots of Glossostemon bruguieri plants (moghat) from different climatic areas were studied for their chemical and nutritional characteristics and technological application. Starch is the main component of the roots with 54.5–62.4 g/100 g, while protein represents up to 8.3 g/100 g. The ash content was high ( ≥ 5 g/100 g) with significant variation between samples. Calcium, magnesium and iron were the major minerals of the roots. The oil is highly unsaturated with about 80% of oleic and linoleic acids, and it is also characterized by high palmitic acid content (13.1–16.6 g/100 g). The roots' protein is low in essential amino acids especially methionine and lysine. The hot drink prepared from the dried root powder was highly accepted by the panelists. The roots have high amounts of dietary fibers, pectin and mucilage, which possess the potential for utilization of the roots as natural functional foods.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There is a great interest toward functional food and the link between diet and prevention of certain diseases. Dried powder of peeled roots of Glossostemon bruguieri plants ( moghat ) is used to prepare a traditional hot drink in the Middle East region. Chemical and nutritional constitutes of the root were determined to predict the potential of this root as a functional food. Non-starch polysaccharides including dietary fiber, pectin and mucilage were the key components of the roots, which possess health aspects and promote the moghat drink to be a healthy, functional food drink.     

Effect of extraction systems and cultivar on the quality of virgin olive oils

This research was carried out to compare the effects of two industrial scale processes (super press and triple phase systems) and a traditional Tunisian family-sized operation with laboratory milling for two varieties of olives: Chemlali and Chemchali. Analyses of the effect of the extraction system, on the oils' characteristics, revealed statistically significant differences in some parameters, mainly in antioxidant compounds ( P  < 0.05). Major fatty acids presented significant differences ( P  < 0.05) with respect to the cultivar kind (55.93% vs. 72.21%). Oxidative stability of Chemchali was nearly two times higher than Chemlali (94.58 vs. 50.37 day kg⁻¹). Results appear to confirm the general consensus that Chemchali oils are of much higher quality compared with the tolerable quality of Chemlali . The traditional method is a valid form of producing high quality oil with very high stability (48.87 and 109.07 day kg⁻¹ for Chemlali and Chemchali oil, respectively). However, industrial mills showed that triple-phase scale could cause considerable loss in polyphenols. Finally, olive oil quality is mainly dependant on the quality of the olives and on the extraction method.     

红枸杞、黄枸杞和黑枸杞营养成分比较

该实验对红枸杞、黄枸杞和黑枸杞果实的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等营养成分含量进行比较分析,并基于营养成分的检测结果,运用层次聚类分析（HCA）法建立枸杞营养价值和品质评价方法。结果表明,红枸杞碳水化合物含量最高（76.12 g/100 g）;黄枸杞Na含量高（1 203.59 mg/100 g）;黑枸杞具备高蛋白和低碳水化合物的特性,抗坏血酸（29.06 mg/100 g）、维生素E（17.3 mg/100 g）和胡萝卜素（5.23 μg/100 g）、总氨基酸（9.04 g/100 g）、必需氨基酸（3.82 g/100 g）、非必需氨基酸（5.12 g/100 g）的含量均高于其他两种枸杞。此外,黑枸杞中Mg、Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn元素的含量分别高达2.89×102 mg/100 g、5.31×102 mg/100 g、36.1 mg/100 g、2.30 mg/100 g、8.10 mg/kg和10.4 mg/kg。HCA结果进一步表明黑枸杞营养品质最好。     

不同品种鲜食梨的氨基酸组成特征及其营养评价

目的 为了探明不同品种鲜食梨间的氨基酸组成特征及其营养价值差异情况。方法 采用氨基酸自动分析仪检测氨基酸的种类及含量,并利用主成分分析构建梨的氨基酸品质评价模型,按照不同品种梨中氨基酸的含量进行聚类热图分析。结果 10种鲜食梨中至少含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为198±14.0~369±17.8 mg/100g,不同品种梨氨基酸种类无差异,但是含量差异较大,其中必须氨基酸、非必须氨基酸、药用氨基酸、支链氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸含量分别为61.7±4.81~110±5.54 mg/100g、135±9.16~273±5.66 mg/100g、129±6.70~255±4.41 mg/100g、54.9±3.21~29.9±1.74 mg/100g和18.7±1.69~6.73±0.70 mg/100g。必须氨基酸/氨基酸总量的百分比、必须氨基酸/非必须氨基酸含量的百分比、氨基酸评分系数分别为19.4%~31.8%、24.1~46.6%、56.9~80.8。利用主成分分析构建了3个主成分,累计贡献率高达89.717%,综合排名前三位的品种为‘茄梨’、‘南果梨’和‘蜂蜜脆梨’;聚类热图将10种鲜食梨划分为3类：高、中、低氨基酸含量组。结论 10种鲜食梨氨基酸组成及营养价值有一定的差异,具有不同潜在的开发应用价值。     

Simultaneous Determination of Squalene, α-Tocopherol and β-Carotene in Table Olives by Solid Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection

Olives, the fruit of the Olea europaea tree, are highly appreciated in olive oil and table olives (20 % of crops) not only for their flavor but also for their nutritional properties, especially for antioxidant compounds such as squalling (SQ), α-tocopherol (TH) and β-carotene (BC). This paper presents a new analytical method for simultaneously determining SQ, TH and BC in table olives by using solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance-liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), avoiding the classic saponification process. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves of the analyzed compounds ranged from 0.998 to 0.999, and the recoveries were in the range of 89.4–99.6 %. The validated method was used to analyze 30 table olive samples from Italy for their content of SQ (537–1,583 mg kg^?1), TH (21–90 mg kg^?1) and BC (0.4–2.6 mg kg^?1). Finally, experiments with HPLC-MS were conducted to compare this novel method with the classic saponification procedure.     

BERRY SEEDS: A SOURCE OF SPECIALTY OILS WITH HIGH CONTENT OF BIOACTIVES AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Selected berry seed oils from blackberry, blueberry, cranberry, strawberry, red raspberry and kiwi were characterized for their quality and nutritional characteristics. These oils are by-products of berry juice production that have only recently gained commercial interest. Free fatty acid content was below 1.6% for all examined oil samples. Peroxide value ranged between 0.6 and 44 mg O₂/kg oil for blackberry and kiwi seed oils, respectively, and p -anisidine value varied from 6 in cranberry to 23 in strawberry. Linolenic acid content ranged from 17.53% in blackberry seed oil to 57.60% in kiwi seed oil. The oxidative stability of all oils was rather low (0.17 h for kiwi to 8.4 h for blackberry at 97.8C). Phytosterol contents ranged between 403 and 692 mg/100 g for blackberry and cranberry, respectively. The content of tocols (tocopherol  +  tocotrienol) varied from 34.4 for kiwi to 2,133 mg/kg for red raspberry seed oils.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

A waste stream of fruit processing is used to extract the oil from berry seeds. Such oils are particularly rich in essential fatty acids (with a favorable low n-6/n-3 ratio) and antioxidants. They are incorporated in cosmetic preparations such as hand and body creams, and shampoos. Their composition is also interesting from a nutritional point of view. As the commercial interest is growing, chemical studies are necessary to elucidate the composition, activity and stability of different berry seed oils.     

Quality of donkey meat and carcass characteristics

A study based on 15 entire donkey males was carried out to evaluate carcass quality and nutritional characteristics of meat obtained by these animals slaughtered at 15 months of age and a mean final body weight of 181 kg. The meat had a low (2.02 g/100 g) fat content, an appreciable (22.8 g/100 g) protein content, and cholesterol content was 68.7 mg/100 g. Glycogen was also determined (0.45 g/100 g) within 12 h of sampling. Potassium was the mineral with the highest content (343 mg/100 g), followed by phosphorus (212 mg/100 g), sodium (52 mg/100 g) and magnesium (24 mg/100 g). Donkey meat obtained from young animals can be considered a good alternative to other red meats and not only for the production salami, or other fermented meat products.     

Liaison of phenolic acids and biological activity of escalating cultivars of Daucus carota

The objective of the present study was to analyze and compare the phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacities of new lines of Dacus carota. The selected cultivars showed high variation in the contents of total phenolics (30.26–65.39 mg/100 g FW) and total ascorbic acid (41.12–58.36 mg/100 g FW). Analysis on RP-HPLC revealed that hydroxycinnamic acids and its derivatives were major phenolic compounds present in D. carota extracts, whereas 5-caffeolquinic acid was a major hydroxycinnamic acid (ranged from 30.26 to 65.39 mg/100 g FW). DCP cultivar showed high total antioxidant capacity (77.69 mg/100 g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity (52.36 mg/100 g), superoxide radical scavenging capacity (53.69 mg/100 g), and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (51.91 mg/100 g). A linear relationship was found between total phenolic acid contents and antioxidant capacity. Both phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities varied significantly (ρ < 0.05) among cultivars. DCP cultivar was found to be a rich source of phenolics and ascorbic acid with high antioxidant activity.