辐射接枝制备中空纤维纳滤膜的性能研究

对以聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基体,通过低温等离子体辐照接枝2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)制备的纳滤膜的结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明,这种方法可以制得断裂强力高于PSF基膜,孔径约为2.6nm和纯水渗透系数为44.3L/(m2.h.MPa)的纳滤膜。在25℃,0.4MPa下对300mg/L的K2SO4、Na2SO4、MgSO4、KCl、NaCl和MgCl2的截留率为89.3%、88.3%、52%、39.6%、37.4%和13.2%,表明该纳滤膜为荷负电膜,对无机盐的截留主要依靠Donnan效应。     

紫外分步辐照接枝制备亲水性荷负电纳滤膜

通过在聚醚砜(PES-C)微孔膜表面紫外分步辐照接枝甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)和苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)制备了一种新型的亲水性荷负电纳滤膜。通过测定膜的纯水通量和对不同盐溶液的表观截留率的变化,系统研究了制备条件对膜分离性能的影响。结果表明,采用该方法制成的纳滤膜对高价阴离子盐溶液Na2SO4的表观截留率和渗透通量都较高,如HEMA先辐照接枝120s、SSS再继续接枝15min制得的膜对Na2SO4截留率大于95%,而渗透通量则高达19.02L/(m2.h)。     

复合纳滤膜的性能研究

采用电子束辐照的方法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(PDM)/聚砜(PSF)中空纤维复合纳滤(NF)膜.研究了PDM水溶液的浓度、预涂膜的干燥时间、辐照时间、辐照剂量等制备条件与纳滤膜截留性能的关系.实验得到中空纤维内压纳滤膜对1g/L MgSO4的截留率为84.8%,对0.5g/L NaCl的截留率为12.8%.对纳滤膜截留性能的研究表明:(1)纳滤膜对阴离子的截留率与香农半径的变化规律相同,而阳离子相反,阴离子的价态对截留率的影响较小,而阳离子的价态对截留率的影响较大;(2)纳滤膜可实现单糖与多糖分离;(3)纳滤膜能有效截留纺丝废水中的[Amim]Cl.采用流动电位法研究纳滤膜的表面动电现象,研究了浓度和压力对膜的表面Zeta电位和电荷密度的影响.结果表明,纳滤膜的表面流动电位的绝对值(|△E|)和表面Zeta电位的绝对值(|ζ|)均随电解质溶液浓度和压力的增加而减小;|△E|在不同电解质溶液中的顺序为NaCl>MgCl2>KCl>KBr>Na2SO4>MgSO4;表面电荷密度的绝对值(|σd|)随电解质溶液浓度的增加而增加,随压力的增加而降低.采用流动电位法研究了功能层结构与纳滤膜截留性能的关系.实验表明,流动电位法可用于研究复合纳滤膜的截留机理和功能层结构.流动电位法可以得到膜表面电学参数,如流动电位(△E)、Zeta电位(ζ)和表面电荷密度(σd),这些参数的变化与功能层交联时间和纳滤膜截留率的变化一致.复合纳滤膜的|ζ|按照NazSO4>MgSO4>MgCl2增加,同截留率的变化一致.带侧基单体交联后得到的纳滤膜的表面电性能参数的绝对值小于不带侧基单体的.     

耐氯聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备与性能

采用哌嗪(PIP)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为单体以界面聚合制备聚酰胺复合纳滤膜,用戊二醛(GA)对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行交联处理,再浸入间氨基乙酰苯胺中进行接枝反应得到具有耐氯性的改性复合纳滤膜.通过红外光谱和固体表面电位Zeta电位分析仪表征,证明间氨基乙酰苯胺接枝到活性层表面,降低了复合膜的荷负电性,扫描电子显微镜显示改性膜呈现无孔和更加粗糙的状态,接触角测量表明改性提高了复合膜表面的亲水性.耐氯测试表明,室温下,在pH=4,浓度1 g/L的NaClO溶液中浸泡10 h后,改性膜的截留率由94.04％下降至91.81％,PIP-TMC复合纳滤膜的截留率由94.60％下降至78.85％.     

两性荷电纳滤膜的研究

通过紫外辐照接枝法在酚酞基聚芳醚酮(PEK-C)超滤膜表面依次接枝苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)制成了一种亲水性、表面载有两种不同电荷的纳滤膜.通过测定膜对不同盐溶液表观截留率的变化,系统研究了单体浓度、接枝时间对膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,采用该方法制成的亲水性两性纳滤膜对高价正负离子...     

荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及表征

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)平板膜为基膜,对其进行亲水改性后,以支化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为主要单体,通过界面聚合制备了荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜。采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和固体表面Zata电位分析仪研究了复合纳滤膜的表面化学结构、微观形貌和荷电特性,结果表明,在亲水PTFE基膜表面形成了致密的多层结构,复合纳滤膜在pH为中性的条件下呈现荷正电。通过优化制备条件,复合纳滤膜对MgCl_2溶液的截留率达到95.7%,水通量为13.47 L/(m~2·h)(测试液浓度1000 mg/L,操作压力0.4 MPa)。此外,测试复合纳滤膜对不同盐溶液的截留率大小顺序为MgCl_2(95.7%)MgSO_4(90.7%)Na_2SO_4(77.5%)NaCl(58.1%),对聚乙二醇(PEG)的截留相对分子质量为402。研究表明制备的复合纳滤膜在硬水软化领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

中空纤维内压纳滤膜的制备

以聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,哌嗪(PIP)为水相单体,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为有机相单体,通过界面聚合的方法制备了聚哌嗪酰胺/聚砜中空纤维纳滤膜。研究了PIP、TMC浓度、热处理温度等工艺条件对膜的截留性能的影响,并用扫描电镜(SEM)研究了中空纤维纳滤膜内表面和截面的形貌。所制备中空纤维纳滤膜的水通量约为40L/(m2.h),对无机盐具有良好的选择性(对NaCl和KCl的截留率低于20%,对CuSO4和MgSO4的截留率高于94%)。     

PVDF/PA管式复合纳滤膜的制备及后处理研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)管式超滤膜为基膜,无水哌嗪(PIP)为水相单体,均苯三甲基酰氯(TMC)为有机相单体,采用界面聚合法制备PVDF/PA管式复合纳滤膜.研究了管式复合纳滤膜制备过程中,水相单体的浓度、有机相单体的浓度等制备条件和用甘油后处理对膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的管式复合纳滤膜在0.4 MPa、25℃下对2 000 mg/L的MgSO_4水溶液的截留率为95.5%,对应的通量为48 L/(m~2·h).     

应用两步接枝法制备新型改性聚丙烯滤嘴材料

为了解决烟用聚丙烯(PP)滤嘴材料对烟气吸附性能差、降焦性能低等问题,采用等离子体辐射引发的方法,在烟用聚丙烯纤维基体上分两步接枝丙烯酸(AA)和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)单体,制备了聚丙烯高吸附滤嘴。讨论了单体浓度、辐照时间、阻聚剂浓度对聚丙烯纤维接枝率的影响。利用衰减全反射红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜对接枝后的聚丙烯纤维基体的表面化学组成和形貌结构进行表征,结果表明,AMPS单体被成功接枝到PP纤维上。当改性后聚丙烯纤维的接枝率为22.8%时,改性后聚丙烯纤维滤嘴对烟气的过滤效果比改性前明显提高,烟气中的总粒相物比未改性滤嘴降低了30.5%,焦油及烟碱含量分别降低43.2%和31.7%。     

静电自组装PDDA/CMCNa聚电解质复合纳滤膜及其性

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)超滤膜为基膜,通过羧甲基纤维素钠(CMCNa)阴离子聚电解质和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDDA)阳离子聚电解质层层静电自组装(LbL)制备得到复合纳滤膜.考察了阴离子聚电解质溶液浓度、组装层数对膜表面荷电性、形貌和亲水性等的影响;同时研究了操作条件不同时该纳滤膜对罗丹明B染料分离性能变化.结果表明,CMCNa阴离子聚电解质浓度增大时,膜表面荷负电性和亲水性增强;当PDDA质量浓度为5.0 g/L,CMCNa的浓度为2.0 g/L,且组装4.0个派对层时,复合膜表面ζ电位约为 70 mV,其接触角约为30°;制备的(5 PDDA/2CMCNa)5.0-PAN复合纳滤膜,在25℃和0.60 MPa的操作条件下,对0.4×10-3 g/L的罗丹明B截留率达到90％,通量为42 L/(m2·h·MPa).     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.