304不锈钢弯头开裂失效分析

某公司304不锈钢弯头在使用5a(年)后出现周向裂纹而失效,通过宏观观察、金相检验、扫描电镜分析、化学成分分析、力学性能试验和晶间腐蚀试验等方法,对弯头失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:该304不锈钢弯头裂纹为应力腐蚀形成的沿晶裂纹。弯头暴露在空气中并附着有长期因雨水、盐分产生的弱腐蚀介质,再加上管道输送的氧气对管壁外表面产生的拉应力以及弯头材料本身抗晶间腐蚀性差,最终弯头发生开裂失效。     

转化炉镍管裂纹成因分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜分析的方法,对转化炉镍管裂纹的产生原因进行了分析。结果表明:转化炉镍管产生裂纹的主要原因是其显微组织晶界及晶内处大量析出二次碳化物,造成镍管内外管壁均存在晶间腐蚀现象,晶间腐蚀进一步发展为显微腐蚀裂纹,在高温高压下最终造成镍管腐蚀穿孔失效。     

S135钻杆刺漏失效分析及疲劳验证试验

某井在勘探开发过程中,发生多起S135钻杆刺漏失效,对失效钻杆材料进行了化学成分、显微组织、力学性能等一系列理化检验,并对裂纹扩展面进行了详细的微观分析,获得了钻杆的失效模式为腐蚀疲劳失效。针对失效模式,对钻杆材料进行了圆棒小试样的拉压疲劳试验,获得了失效钻杆材料在高应力下的疲劳寿命,佐证了钻杆设计中设计系数的科学性,为钻杆失效原因判定提供了试验数据支持。分析结果表明:钻杆失效的主要原因是钻杆外表面发生氧腐蚀形成腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑底应力集中导致的局部高应力促使了疲劳裂纹的萌生,当裂纹扩展穿透整个壁厚后便形成刺漏失效。     

321不锈钢焊接波纹管失效分析

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等手段对321不锈钢焊接波纹管表面腐蚀物的化学成分、焊缝区域的显微组织、腐蚀裂纹的形态特征等方面进行检验和分析。结果表明，波纹管局部电镀端内壁腐蚀导致漏气失效，即加工应力、焊接残余应力与含Cl^-或含Cl^-和溶解氧的腐蚀性介质的联合作用使波纹管局部电镀端产生了点蚀和应力腐蚀开裂；退火工艺设计的不合理和钎焊工艺控制不恰当使焊缝热影响区敏化而出现了晶间腐蚀。据此提出了降低和避免321不锈钢焊接波纹管因腐蚀而漏气的措施。     

加弹机短轴皮圈导轮腐蚀失效分析

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱等方法对加弹机短轴皮圈导轮的腐蚀失效进行了分析.分析结果表明,该零件的基材为铝基Al-Pb-Cu合金,表面镀层为镀硬铬层.表面镀铬层存在裂纹,裂纹严重的区域腐蚀也严重;该零件的腐蚀机理是初期为孔蚀,随后发展为缝隙腐蚀.     

3种表面处理对2E12-T3铝合金晶间腐蚀和剥离腐蚀行为的影响

为了有效控制2E12新型铝合金的晶间腐蚀和剥离腐蚀破坏,对2E12-B铝合金表面分别进行了包铝、阳极氧化和微弧氧化处理,利用浸泡腐蚀试验、金相显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）等研究了表面处理对2E12-T3铝合金晶间腐蚀和剥离腐蚀行为的影响规律,探讨了作用机理。结果表明：2E12一13铝合金对晶间腐蚀和剥离腐蚀十分敏感,表面包铝、阳极氧化和微弧氧化均能显著提高2E12-13铝合金的抗晶间腐蚀和抗剥离腐蚀性能,其中微弧氧化处理提高抗晶间腐蚀性能的效果最好,表面包铝提高抗剥离腐蚀性能的效果最好。     

混合电路铝腐蚀失效分析

通过理化检验和模拟试验对混合电路键合失效的原因进行了分析。结果表明:电路在生产和制造过程中,由于沾污和水气导致铝腐蚀。并针对故障现象和原因,阐述了铝腐蚀失效的机理,给出了控制电路沾污和水气的措施。     

地铁车钩牵引梁应力腐蚀开裂的机理

某7020铝合金地铁列车在检修过程中发现车钩牵引梁存在开裂现象,失效分析结果表明该裂纹性质为应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)。采用断裂力学双悬臂梁(DCB)试样,对高强度7020铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂特征进行了研究。结果表明:7020铝合金在含氯离子的水溶液环境中对SCC敏感。板料的Z-X和Z-Y方向有SCC裂纹萌生,裂纹开始萌生的时间较长,扩展速度较慢,SCC裂纹的特征为水平扩展,表面有呈台级式不连续扩展和群集的现象,开裂面为沿晶扩展,和车钩牵引梁的裂纹特征相同。     

QAl9-4铝青铜转向油缸接头断裂失效分析

材料为QAl9-4铝青铜的船用推进器转向油缸接头,在下水投入使用8个月后出现早期断裂失效。从断口形貌、化学成分、力学性能、显微组织等方面,对QAl9-4铝青铜油缸接头进行断裂原因分析。结果表明:QAl9-4铝青铜原材料力学性能偏低,铅、铁元素含量超标,增加了合金的脆性并降低了合金的耐腐蚀性;基体组织严重偏析,在交变载荷及环境腐蚀的作用下在表面腐蚀锈斑处萌生裂纹源,发生应力腐蚀开裂并最终导致脆性断裂。     

超声深滚处理改善预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能机理

研究了超声深滚(UDR)处理对预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能的作用.7A52铝合金试样在剥蚀腐蚀溶液中浸泡不同时间后进行了超声深滚处理.分别对未腐蚀试样、腐蚀试样和腐蚀+UDR处理试样进行了疲劳试验,用XRD应力测试和扫描电镜等方法分析了UDR处理前后试样的残余应力和断口形貌,并对疲劳断口进行了分析.结果表明:UDR处理在铝合金中引入超过1mm深的残余压应力层,延长了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.对于腐蚀较轻的试样,UDR处理使裂纹源在表层下残余压应力和拉应力过渡区产生,延长了疲劳裂纹萌生寿命;对腐蚀较重试样,疲劳裂纹仍从晶间腐蚀处形核,但由于引入残余压应力及腐蚀裂纹的部分愈合效应,仍在很大程度上改善了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.     

一句话、一个人和一本书影响了我

Q=你应该从大二就开始了兼职设计工作。当初什么样的机会让你和设计有了实践上的接轨？当时的你最希望从实践中获得的东西是什么？后来到底得到了怎样的收获？A——我初次参与设计兼职工作是在大二时的暑假。一个偶然的机会．有朋友介绍我与其他两位同学与几家展览公司进行一些接触。当时是上海会展行业初步呈现规模、开始发展壮大的时期．有些展示公司由于业务繁忙，需要一些勤奋肯干的兼职学生参与设计，于是就有机会开始了最初的实践。后来也逐渐接触了另几家会展公司,参与了更多的展示设计工作，可以说基本上在大学的设计实践绎聆伞部来自干展示展览设计．     

压电材料中反平面渗透裂纹的解

用复变函数的保角映射法,采用可渗透边界条件,研究了含裂纹的无限大压电材料在平面内电场和反平面荷载作用下的耦合场,得到了精确的解和场强度因子以及能量释放率。结果表明,电场强度在裂尖没有奇异性,应变、应力、电位移具有1/2阶的奇异性,能量释放率总是正的。     

A Noise-Tolerant Hybrid Model of A Global and A Local Learning Module

Proposed is GLLL2, a hybrid architecture of a global and a local learning module, which learns default and exceptional knowledge respectively from noisy examples. The global learning module, which is a feedforward neural network, captures global trends gradually, while the local learning module stores local exceptions quickly. The latter module distinguishes noise from exceptions, and learns only exceptions, which makes GLLL2 noise-tolerant. The results of experiments show the process in which training examples are formed into default and exceptional knowledge, and demonstrate that the predictive accuracy, the space efficiency, and the training efficiency of GLLL2 is higher than those of each individual module.

     

GENERATING A LAYOUT FROM A DESIGN SKELETON

In the past, researchers have proposed several types of design skeletons from which a human designer can generate good facilities layouts. Examples are flow graphs, SLP space relationships, bubble diagrams, planar adjacency graphs, matching based adjacency graphs, centroid locations, and cut trees. In this paper, we introduce a linear programming model which efficiently generates a layout from a graphical representation of any design skeleton. We demonstrate how the model can be used to enhance most design skeleton based layout approaches.     

A GENERALIZED CONCEPT OF A FATIGUE THRESHOLD

Abstract— The conditions for non-propagating LEFM type fatigue cracks were investigated on an Inconel, 617 Alloy in the range of K _max between 10 and 50 MPa m^1/2 under four different types of fatigue loading conditions. In all tests, K _max was held constant during the fatigue cycling prior to determining the non-propagation condition. It was found that with decreasing range of applied K the fatigue tolerance range Δ K _{eff, th} increases. Furthermore, there is slight increase of Δ K _eff,th with decreasing K _max of approximately 20–30% when K _max is decreased from 50 to 10 MPa m^1/2. The results of the four types of tests are considered in respect to the damage in the near-region of the crack front, i.e. increasing K _max increases the damage zone and therefore decreases the fatigue tolerance range Δ K _eff,th.     

A switched-capacitor successive-approximation A/D converter

A switched-capacitor successive-approximation analog-to-digital (A/D) converter that incorporates a serial digital-to-analog (D/A) subconverter for generating the threshold voltage sequence is developed. The conversion process is insensitive to parasitic capacitances and offset voltages of the comparator and operational amplifiers. Error analyses and Spice simulations show that a resolution higher than 11 b, a sampling rate up to 440 ksamples/s with 10-b resolution, and a power consumption less than 60 mW are attainable with monolithic implementation using present CMOS technologies. The required chip area is small because of a low device count. The architecture described is therefore best suited for high-accuracy, medium-speed A/D converters in application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). A prototype converter breadboarded using discrete components has confirmed the principles of operation     

Linear and Nonlinear A/D, D/A, A/A Conversions Using the Dual-Slope Principle

New methods for precise linear and nonlinear A/D, A/A, and D/A transformations, based on the principle of the dual-slope conversion are proposed. These methods enable multiplication, exponential and logarithmic conversion, determination of nth roots, and the solution of polynomial equations to be performed during the conversion cycle.