超声辅助微细磨料水射流冲蚀K9玻璃的实验研究

目的 提高微细磨料水射流对硬脆材料的加工能力,改善加工表面的形貌和质量.方法 引入超声振动作为辅助手段,使工件在垂直于加工表面方向作小振幅超声频振动.以K9玻璃为加工对象,利用自主设计搭建的超声辅助微细磨料水射流加工装置进行微孔冲蚀加工实验,并以无超声振动时的微孔加工实验作为对照.借助超景深三维显微镜对各实验条件下所加工的微孔进行观测,获取其尺寸和截面轮廓数据,研究超声振动对微孔尺寸、形貌的影响.结果 微孔的深度和顶部直径与射流压力的大小和加工时间的长短呈正相关.超声振动的引入,显著增加了微孔的深度,实验中深度的最大增幅达54.6％,但微孔顶部直径略有减小,最大降幅为8.2％,总体的材料去除量有所提升.塑性冲蚀作用主导了材料的去除过程,微孔的截面呈典型的"W"形.在引入超声振动后,"W"形截面形貌得到了改善,微孔中心凸起部分的材料得到更多的去除,底面平坦程度得到提升.结论 超声振动的引入增强了微细磨料水射流对K9玻璃的冲蚀性能,超声辅助微细磨料水射流加工技术可以实现对K9玻璃等硬脆材料的高质量、高效率加工.     

磨料水射流抛光技术综述

磨料水射流抛光技术是一种新兴的确定性加工技术,目前主要用于光学系统中非球面镜,包括自由曲面的加工。其加工机理是通过高速水射流裹挟磨料颗粒冲击工件表面,形成对材料的微切削,从而产生对材料的去除。简要阐述了磨料水射流抛光技术的去除机理与特点,并探讨了其最新的发展方向。     

高压磨料水射流加工中材料去除机理研究

本文根据脆、塑性断裂理论,通过高压纯水射流和磨料水射流对石材冲蚀试验,对冲蚀凹坑成型机理进行了研究。结果表明,高压纯水射流只有不发散的中心射流对材料具有去除作用。高压磨料水射流对材料表面冲击时形成"倒钟"型孔,材料去除机理是在成穴力、剪切应力和水楔的共同作用下,以脆性和塑性断裂方式实现去除。磨料水射流对材料的冲蚀区分为中心射流区、成穴区和喷砂区,材料的主要体积去除量处在成穴区。磨料水射流加工孔的直径和深度随靶距的增加而增加。磨料水射流从射流中心沿径向至射流边缘流速逐渐降低,磨料浓度逐渐增大,但射流能量最高的部位既不在射流中心也不在磨粒集中的射流边缘,而是在成穴区。     

微磨料空气射流加工技术的发展

微磨料空气射流加工(MAJM)技术是对硬脆材料进行微细加工的一种非常有潜力的技术，特别是对复杂的三维微细结构的加工。微磨料空气射流加工技术是基于传统的喷砂技术发展起来的，通过由空气喷射磨料微粒形成高速气流冲击工件表面而去除工件材料。与其它的加工技术相比，微磨料空气射流加工具有环境友好、易于控制、无热影响区、切口质量好等优点。本文介绍了此技术的基本加工原理、特点以及加工过程中的影响因素，论述了微磨料空气射流加工的材料冲蚀机理和切口特征。重点分析了一些主要的加工参数，例如空气压力、磨料材料、尺寸、供给率、喷嘴的形状和尺寸、喷射距离以及工件材料，对切削性能和切口特征的影响。并提出了微磨料空气射流加工技术中有待进一步深入开展的研究工作。     

磨料水射流抛光技术及其发展

磨料水射流抛光技术是应用于表面抛光加工的新技术.利用含有细小磨料粒子的抛光液在高压作用下,与工件表面发生冲击、冲蚀而微去除材料,以达到抛光目的.论述了磨料水射流抛光技术的基本原理和特点,以及影响抛光效果的主要工艺参数,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

超声辅助磨料水射流加工机制及去除模型研究

为了增强磨料水射流的加工效果,设计了超声辅助微细磨料水射流加工系统。通过喷嘴内变幅杆的超声振动,将声能与射流压力能叠加,增强磨料水射流的脉动行为,形成脉冲射流。通过数值计算的方法研究了流场轴线上的声压分布及磨粒在流场中的运动特性,探究了脉冲射流的加工机制及硬脆材料去除机制。通过切槽实验分析了系统压力、振幅及靶距对冲蚀深度的影响规律,实验结果证明,施加超声振动可有效降低系统压力,最佳靶距为8～10 mm。基于实验结果,利用MATLAB建立了硬脆材料的去除深度预测模型。     

基于磨料水射流的C/SiC复合材料切槽加工实验研究

实验采用磨料水射流对C/SiC复合材料进行切槽加工实验研究,探究了加工参数对切割深度的影响规律;分析了切槽形貌、材料损伤形式和切割机理。结果表明,在一定参数范围内,切割深度随射流压力和靶距的增大而增大,随进给速度的增大而减小;造成切槽深度、切缝宽度不均匀的主要原因是磨料水射流的雾化作用和二次冲蚀作用;切割面损伤形式主要为基体微裂纹、纤维断裂、界面层脱粘;材料去除形式为碳纤维和碳化硅基体材料脆性断裂去除;碳纤维对基体裂纹扩展具有一定的阻碍作用。     

微磨料水射流抛光硅片的实验研究

采用微磨料水射流对硅片进行抛光实验研究。根据后混合磨料水射流原理,通过设计实验,在选取合适磨粒直径和其他参数的条件下,采用微磨料水射流对硬脆性材料的表面进行抛光是完全可行的。并以正交试验设计为依据,分析在抛光硅片过程中,微磨料水射流主要加工工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响。通过分析该实验结果的相关指标,可知抛光效果较好,因此用微磨料水射流对硅片的抛光是可行的。     

微磨料空气射流加工玻璃微流道结构研究

采用微磨料气射流加工技术(MAJM),对普通硅酸盐玻璃进行微流道槽加工.对通过掩膜加工与非掩膜加工效果相比较,得出在掩膜加工过程中,由于磨料的二次反弹冲蚀作用,所加工出的槽,槽壁较陡;在掩膜加工过程中,改变喷射距离、喷射压力、喷嘴移动速度和磨料流量四个加工参数,对加工槽的轮廓、加工过程中的材料去除率、磨料的流量效应进行研究,得出当喷射距离为4 mm,喷射压力为0.5 MPa,喷嘴移动速度为1.0 mm/s,磨料流量为0.117 g/s时,加工效果最好.通过倾斜喷射与掩膜加工相结合,研究了磨料磨粒的二次反弹冲蚀现象,为复杂三维微结构的加工,提供了一种新方法.     

冲蚀波纹的形成机理及研究进展

冲蚀波纹是指在冲蚀磨损条件下,靶材表面形成的一种冲蚀形貌。通常冲蚀波纹是在液固或气固两相流的工作条件下,机械部件表面经过一段时间的冲蚀后在原来光滑平整的材料表面出现的类似波纹或鱼鳞坑状的磨损形貌。本文综述了冲蚀波纹产生、理论及实验研究发展现状,分析了表面形貌对近壁流场的影响,对波纹形貌在减小冲蚀磨损方面的作用进行了展望。     

磨料射流铣削工艺参数优化

目的对表面粗糙度和材料去除率作为输出参数的磨料水射流铣削45#钢过程进行研究,旨在寻找最优加工参数。方法对射流去除材料机理进行了分析,设计并进行了以磨料粒度、射流压力、横向进给距离、靶距为加工工艺参数的田氏正交实验。采用Minitab对不同实验参数组合下磨料水射流加工45#钢的表面粗糙度、材料去除效率进行了数据分析,并从材料去除机理方面,对4种加工工艺参数对于铣削表面质量和材料去除效率的影响程度和影响趋势,以及各因素之间的交互作用进行了分析。结果对射流铣削面表面粗糙度影响较显著的因素是横向进给距离,射流压力次之;对于材料去除效率,磨料粒径的影响最显著,横向进给距离次之。结论综合材料去除效率和表面粗糙度值,选出最优加工参数:磨料粒径2000目,射流压力120~160 MPa,喷嘴横移距离1.0~1.5 mm,靶距约30 mm。     

Developments in the non-traditional machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composites

The non-traditional machining of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites is relatively new. However, researchers seem to pay more attention in this field recently as the traditional machining of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites is very complex. This research investigates different non-traditional machining, such as electro-discharge, laser beam, abrasive water jet, electro-chemical and electro-chemical discharge machining of this composite materials. The machining mechanism, material removal rate/machining speed and surface finish have been analysed for every machining process. This analysis clearly shows that vaporisation, melting, chemical dissolution and mechanical erosion are the main material removal mechanisms during non-traditional machining. The thermal degradation and the presence of reinforcement particles mainly damage the machined surface. The understanding of electro-discharge, laser beam and abrasive water jet machining is more developed than that of electro-chemical and electro-chemical discharge machining for particulate reinforced MMC.     

基于水射流自动补偿细长轴加工振动研究

细长轴在加工过程中切削力的作用下易产生加工振动。为提高细长轴加工质量,提出采用水射流辅助支撑细长轴的新型加工工艺方法,可自动补偿细长轴加工产生的振动尺寸误差,并建立有无水射流辅助支撑细长轴加工的振动模型。通过实验验证此方法的可靠性,实验结果表明:水射流辅助支撑细长轴加工可使表面粗糙度Ra得到显著改善,有效提高了细长轴的加工精度。     

An experimental study of the effect of high-pressure water jet assisted turning (HPWJAT) on the surface integrity

This study deals with the effect of High-Pressure Water Jet Assisted Turning (HPWJAT) of austenitic stainless steels on chip shape and residual stresses. The machining of the austenitic stainless steels represents several difficulties. Recently, research has shown that the introduction of a high-pressure water jet into the gap between the tool and the chip interface is a very satisfactory method for machining applications. In this article, the effect of a high-pressure water jet, directed into the tool-chip interface, on chip shapes breakage and surface integrity in face turning operations of AISI 316L steel has been investigated. Tests have been carried out with a standard cutting tool. The cutting speeds used were 80 and 150 m/min, with a constant feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev and a constant cutting depth of 1 mm. Three jet pressures were used: 20, 50 and 80 MPa. Residual stress profiles have been analysed using the X-ray diffraction method in both longitudinal and transversal directions. The results show that jet pressure and cutting parameters influence the residual stresses and the chip shapes. Using a high-pressure jet, it is possible to create a well fragmented chip in contrast to the continuous chip formed using dry turning. It is also possible to control the chip shape and increase tool life. When the jet pressure is increased the residual stress at the surface decreases; however it is increased by an increase in cutting speed. It can be concluded that surface residual stresses can be reduced by the introduction of a high-pressure water jet.     

The effect of cutting jet variation on striation formation in abrasive water jet cutting

Abrasive water jet machining is an emerging technology which can shape almost all engineering materials, but it also produces a characteristic striated surface finish which limits its potential applications. In this study, the characterisation of different materials' cut surfaces is investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The effect of abrasive particle distribution in the jet on striation formation is detailed. A non-invasive technique, Laser Doppler Anemometry, is used to analyse the abrasive particle distribution in the jet. Furthermore, the mechanisms of striation formation are discussed in detail and an effective striation minimisation technique applied to the cutting process is outlined.     

基于SIMULINK的水射流动态特性仿真

由于超高压发生器的瞬时压力脉动导致水射流的出口速度不稳定,进而严重影响水射流机床的加工质量.本文以某型水射流切割机床为研究对象,建立其水射流增压系统的数学模型,应用MATLAB中的动态仿真工具软件包SIMULINK,对超高压增压系统的压力脉动和高速水射流的出口速度进行仿真研究.通过仿真研究,为改善水射流系统的动态性能提供了依据.     

磁场辅助微细磨料水射流加工系统的研制

通过研制磁场辅助微细磨料水射流加工系统以提高微细磨料水射流加工的稳定性,增强磨料水射流的能量,提高其加工能力。该加工系统主要由多轴运动装置、磁场发生装置、气液增压系统、微细磨料混合装置及其控制系统组成。微细磨料水射流的增压系统采用气液增压方式;磨料供给装置采用前混合式;利用Ansys软件优化设计磁场分布,以便获得喷嘴内均匀分布的磁场;其控制系统主要以PLC为核心控制元件,实现对喷嘴的运动、磁场、系统供压、磨料供给等的集成控制。通过设计人机交互控制界面实现磁场辅助微细磨料水射流加工系统的在线操作及控制。     

Dynamic multiphase modeling and optimization of fluid jet polishing process

Fluid jet polishing is a machining process used increasingly in the ultra-precision manufacture of optical components and replication molds. While the process bears some similarities with abrasive water jet machining, it operates at much lower pressure and grit size. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics model based on latest multiphase turbulent flow computational methods, simulating dynamically the interface between fluid and air. The model is then used to optimize surface texture performance down to 1 nm Ra on electroless nickel plated optical dies, while removing diamond turning marks. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the nature of the removal mechanism.     

CFD aided design and experimental validation of an innovative Air Assisted Pure Water Jet cutting system

Water jet cutting has always been a promising technology because of its extreme simplicity and flexibility, even if it often suffers a lack of control on its process parameters, especially if compared to technologies such as laser cutting or electro-discharge machining. Recent studies have showed how the presence of water inside the orifice causes disturbances and instabilities which systematically affect the jet structure, both during the jet formation and the cutting process. These disturbances can be neglected in industrial applications, but they can play a relevant role in case of high-precision water jet machining. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to develop an innovative system able to modify the orifice flow field by means of a simple modification of the standard cutting head geometry; the system allows the controlled injection of air inside the primary orifice to prevent the jet instabilities and to adapt the level of jet coherence to the specific machining operation. The fluid dynamics aspects of the outflow process are investigated by means of a 3D numerical simulation with the Ansys Fluent CFD solver, while considerable experimental efforts are provided in order to validate the numerical model and finally evaluate the system performances on real case studies.     

Electrochemical micromachining using flat electrolyte jet

This paper describes the development of a novel machining method capable of micro-milling and electrochemical turning using a flat electrolyte jet. The workpiece is machined locally in the area hit by the jet which moves when an electrical current is applied to it. Use of a flat jet in place of a cylindrical jet improves milling speed, and turning process is realized by the flat jet hitting the surface of the rotating cylindrical workpiece. Since depth of cut can be determined by the electrical current or dwelling time of the jet on the surface, there is no need for precise positioning of the nozzle against the workpiece.