反渗透膜碳酸钙污染过程模拟以及膜清洗研究

采用氯化钙和碳酸氢钙配置原水,模拟反渗透膜使用环境,测定膜污染后膜性能的变化趋势,并对膜进行了清洗,对比了不同阶段膜通量的恢复情况,并比较了不同清洗温度下膜通量的恢复情况。结果表明:在本实验条件下,膜通量随着膜污染的加剧呈现出先快后慢的下降趋势,而脱盐率呈先慢后快的下降趋势;污染的膜经过酸洗后,膜性能恢复到初始的98.6%;清洗温度越高,膜通量恢复越好。     

反渗透膜的污染与清洗

对反渗透膜的污染原因、污垢种类及其危害进行了综述。准确判断膜清洗时机 ,针对不同的膜材质和不同类型的污垢 ,选用恰当的清洗剂 ,采用合理的清洗工艺 ,清除各类污垢 ,快速恢复膜通量     

反渗透膜的污染与清洗

对反渗透膜的污染原因、污垢种类及其危害进行了综述，准确判断膜清洗时机，针对不同的膜材质和不同类型的污垢，选用恰当的清洗剂，采用合理的清洗工艺，清除各类污垢，快速恢复膜通量。     

平板膜污泥浓缩工艺中污染膜的膜清洗方式

该文研究了平板膜污泥浓缩工艺中污染膜的清洗,分析了不同种类、不同浓度化学药剂的清洗效果,重点评估了膜通量恢复率、膜表面形态、临界通量等性能。结果表明Na Cl O为最有效清洗药剂,清洗后膜水通量恢复最显著,膜表面孔隙率恢复最高,Na OH药剂不适宜于该工艺中膜的清洗。此外,试验确定0.1%草酸和1%Na Cl O的组合清洗方式为污泥浓缩工艺中膜清洗的最佳清洗方式,经组合清洗后的膜表面形态基本完全恢复,临界通量可高达32~35 L/m2·h。     

基于油水污染机理的动态膜清洗实验研究

制备α-Al_2O_3管状陶瓷膜基ZrO_2动态膜并将其用于油水乳化液的分离,对该过程的污染机理进行分析后,选择四种清洗剂对污染膜进行多方案清洗实验,通过理论分析确定了最佳清洗顺序,即"碱洗→吐温80→酸洗→柠檬酸"。单步清洗实验中,考察不同清洗剂浓度下的膜通量恢复率,确定各清洗剂的最佳清洗浓度与时间,清洗后渗透通量恢复情况为:氯化氢氢氧化钠柠檬酸吐温80;多步清洗试验表明,四步清洗效果最好,通量恢复率达到了79.8%;根据重复清洗试验结果,结合过滤阻力模型计算和红外测试分析,确定动态膜基膜能循环使用3~4次。研究结果对动态膜的清洗复用提供依据。     

动态无机膜处理污泥后的清洗条件

对动态无机膜处理污泥混合液后的膜清洗进行了研究。实验先用涂膜后的无机膜管处理污泥混合液,在膜管污染后再进行清洗实验。清洗过程中测量了高速冲洗、反冲、碱洗、酸洗后的膜管通量的恢复率,主要考察了酸碱洗顺序、时间、浓度对清洗效果的影响,在选择的清洗条件下还进行了涂膜后的反复清洗实验和与未涂膜的对比实验。结果表明：最佳清洗工艺为：高速冲洗-自来水反冲-碱洗（0．2mol／LNaOH）1h-酸洗（0．1mol／LHCl）1h;反复清洗后,涂膜后的膜管通量恢复均在90％左右：对比实验证明,涂膜后的膜管通量恢复率更高。     

聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜的超声辅助清洗及反冲清洗

聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜(PVDF)在处理污水过程中容易积垢、堵塞膜孔,因而在生产中必须经常进行膜清洗,但清洗效果不能令人满意.对PVDF膜进行了超声辅助清洗试验.得出超声波声强大、清洗效果好的结论,但是声强超过3000 W·m-2时,会破坏有机膜的结构.用10%的次氯酸钠溶液浸泡清洗的最佳时间为4 h,膜通量恢复率为24.4%;而在相同溶液浓度、相同时间下,利用超声辅助清洗,通量恢复率则达到62.3%.反冲清洗试验中,在无超声条件下,清洗90 min,通量提高到26.3 L·h-1·m-2,通量恢复率为21.8%;当开启声强为2500 W·m-2的超声,清洗相同时间后,膜通量为39.3 L·h-1·m-2,通量恢复率为81.9%,明显好于未使用超声时的效果.     

陶瓷膜处理油田采出水的膜清洗方法研究

陶瓷膜凭借机械强度高、化学稳定性好、不易受到微生物侵蚀等优点，在油田采出水处理领域应用广泛。然而膜污染的问题制约了其发展，为此进行了膜清洗方法的研究。发现物理清洗对污染膜的清洗效率较低，通量恢复率低于40%。筛选了氧化剂、表面活性剂、强酸、强碱等四个类型的清洗剂，发现不同类型清洗剂中硝酸、氢氧化钠对膜的通量恢复率最高，分别为83%、49.5%。进行组合式化学清洗方案的开发，研究了药剂浓度对通量恢复率的影响，最终筛选出“2%氢氧化钠+2%硝酸”的清洗方案。在长期运行发现该方法的通量恢复率稳定在92%～100%，且陶瓷膜本身的过滤性能正常。对比污染膜和清洗后膜的SEM和EDS，发现膜表面污染层主要由有机物和无机金属元素组成，该清洗方案能对其进行有效的去除，且没有破坏膜结构。接触角的测定结果表明化学清洗提高了膜的亲水性，增加了膜的抗污能力。     

双功能膜-序批式生物反应器中膜的污染与清洗

采用双功能膜-序批式生物反应器处理实际洗浴污水,考察了膜污染特征及清洗情况。通过实际清洗及对清洗前后膜组件表观观测,发现双功能膜-序批式生物反应器中的膜污染大多是可逆的;不同清洗顺序、化学药剂与膜接触时间不同对膜过滤性能恢复的效果不同;物理清洗可以有效去除膜表面淤积的污泥及颗粒沉积物,使膜的过滤性能恢复至新膜的60%～80%;用0.5%的NaClO和0.5%的H2SO4溶液进一步浸洗膜组件,可使膜过滤性能得到全面恢复,膜通量恢复到接近初始状态。     

MBR污水处理工艺长期运行中的膜强化清洗方式

基于上海城镇污水处理厂AAO-MBR膜工艺长期运行中膜不可逆污染严重、离线化学清洗难以恢复理想通量的问题,对其清洗方式进行改进。在原清洗方式的基础上增加草酸二次清洗,探究污染膜产水能力恢复情况,并通过中试试验进行验证。结果表明：膜清洗方式改进后,离线清洗对膜污染物的去除更加彻底,清水通量可恢复至新膜的95.1%,较原清洗方式提高了27.2%。在相同通量下中试运行24 d后,膜运行压力比原清洗方式低18.2 kPa,膜污染速率明显减慢。研究通过改进MBR长期运行平板膜的污染物清洗方法,为今后MBR污水厂膜清洗提供参考,具有较好的工程指导意义。     

不同电子受体条件下的聚磷试验研究

在SBR系统内,研究了聚磷菌分别利用氧、硝酸盐及既利用氧又利用硝酸盐条件下的聚磷特性。试验表明：聚磷菌所利用的电子受体是以其存在的顺序而依次发生的,聚磷菌利用硝酸盐代替氧为电子受体可以实现反硝化聚磷,反硝化聚磷是稳定的代谢行为。在生物除磷系统中至少存在三类聚磷菌。     

好氧聚磷污泥反硝化除磷特性研究

以培养成功的好氧聚磷污泥为研究对象,考察其在硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐存在下的反硝化除磷特性。结果表明,好氧聚磷污泥在在未经厌氧/缺氧驯化条件下已具有良好反硝化聚磷特性。好氧聚磷污泥可利用硝酸盐作为电子受体进行脱氮除磷,在硝酸盐耗尽后停止聚磷,在一定的浓度范围内聚磷量与硝酸盐消耗量具有线性关系。在以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体的条件下,好氧聚磷污泥与反硝化聚磷污泥具有相似特点:在初始亚硝酸盐浓度较低情况下可少量聚磷,在其浓度较高时聚磷受到抑制。亚硝酸盐有可能为解偶联剂,在其还原的过程中并不耦合发生聚磷。反硝化速率随着其硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐初始浓度的升高而降低。     

强化生物除磷系统中聚磷菌菌群特性

为了研究强化除磷系统中聚磷菌(PAOs)菌群特性,通过批次试验分别考察了厌氧/好氧(A/O)污泥和厌氧/缺氧(A/A)污泥吸磷特性。试验结果表明:A/O污泥好氧吸磷速率(qPo)大于缺氧吸磷速率(qPa),而A/A污泥qPo却小于qPa。基于此试验结果可得出目前普遍应用qPa与qPo的比值表征反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)占PAOs的相对百分比的方法不合理。聚磷菌菌群构成与电子受体类型有关,根据电子受体类型可将PAOs分为三种,即:PON(既能以氧作为电子受体,也能以硝态氮作为电子受体)、PO(只能以氧作为电子受体)和PN(只能以硝态氮作为电子受体)。     

反硝化除磷污泥系统驯化及其性能影响因素研究综述

传统生物脱氮除磷工艺存在碳源竞争、溶解氧需求大和菌群结构竞争等诸多问题,反硝化同步脱氮除磷能够在缺氧条件下以硝酸盐为电子受体,在脱氮的同时进行超量聚磷,实现氮磷同步去除,具有节约碳源、能源、污泥产量低等优点,符合污水处理工艺节能减排的绿色发展理念.反硝化聚磷污泥的驯化是运行反硝化同步脱氮除磷工艺的前提,文中综述了一步法...     

不同电子受体对生物除磷效果的影响

试验对不同电子受体对生物除磷的影响和各自优势进行了研究。在3个SBR反应器中,分别考察了以NO3--N和NO2--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷现象,以及传统以O2为电子受体的生物聚磷现象。试验结果表明传统生物聚磷在吸磷效果上要优于两种反硝化除磷方式,但后两者的耗氧量和碳源需求减少。以NO3--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷在除磷效果上要优于以NO2--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷,但脱氮效果差。     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷过程的研究

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1mg·L^-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L^-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.     

Understanding the detrimental effect of nitrate presence on EBPR systems: effect of the plant configuration

The interaction between enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EPBR) and biological nitrogen removal may result in EBPR failure in full‐scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This work studies one of the common causes of this failure: the presence of nitrate in the anaerobic phase, which may act as an inhibitor for polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) activity or may activate the competition between PAO and denitrifying bacteria for the carbon source. Several batch experiments were performed with different carbon sources (acetic acid, propionic acid and sucrose) at different nitrate concentrations using PAO‐enriched sludge from two different pilot plants: an anaerobic/aerobic sequential batch reactor (SBR) and an anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A²/O) continuous plant. The results imply that the operational conditions of the A²/O pilot plant selected a PAO population capable of i) coexisting with nitrate without an inhibitory effect and ii) outcompeting denitrifying bacteria for the carbon source, in contrast to the SBR pilot plant where nitrate had an inhibitory effect on EBPR. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nitrate and Nitrite Removal Using a Continuous Heterotrophic Denitrifying Granular Sludge Bioreactor

The denitrification potential of a continuous denitrifying granular‐sludge bioreactor for concentrated nitrate/nitrite wastes was investigated. Granules were cultivated using nitrite as sole electron acceptor. Complete denitrification could be achieved at nitrite, nitrate, and nitrate‐nitrite mixture (50:50) loading rates up to 2.7, 3 and 3 g N L^–1d^–1, respectively. The maximum nitrite and nitrate reduction capacities were limited by the biomass concentration. Removal of nitrate and nitrite was studied with constant biomass concentration at different pH values. A lower pH value resulted in a considerable increase of inhibitory effects of both nitrite and nitrate whereby nitrate exhibited the more significant impact.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal with nitrite by a real‐time step feed sequencing batch reactor

BACKGROUND: Nitrite is toxic to anoxic phosphorus uptake when it exceeds a threshold concentration. In this study, denitrifying phosphorus removal with nitrite as electron acceptor was investigated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operated using a real‐time step feed strategy. RESULTS: The nitrite pulse concentration was initially determined by batch experiments. pH increased with use of nitrite for phosphate uptake, and decreased when the nitrite was used up. Nitrite was added promptly after the pH reached the peak value, and phosphate uptake continued, driven by the nitrite addition. The pH was adjusted to 7.50 using HCl with each pulse of nitrite addition. ORP could be used to determine the endpoint of denitrifiying phosphorus removal. However, the variation of second derivative of ORP with time was much more sensitive and should be a more suitable control parameter than ORP itself to determine the endpoint of denitrifying phosphorus removal. CONCLUSION: Compared with denitrifying phosphorus removal with nitrate as electron acceptor, denitrifying phosphorus removal with nitrite using real‐time step feed can save 22.3% of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) for phosphorus removal and 49.4% of PHA for nitrogen removal. In addition, the reaction time could be shortened. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

传统生物除磷脱氮工艺和反硝化除磷工艺对比

介绍了传统生物除磷脱氮和反硝化除磷的机理,比较了几个有代表性的传统除磷脱氮工艺和反硝化除磷工艺。通过分析认为反硝化除磷菌(DPB)能够以硝态氮为电子受体,从而大大节省耗氧量,缓解常规工艺对外加碳源的需求。如何在不增加工艺流程复杂性的同时,在工艺中充分富集DPB是反硝化除磷的关键。