钛合金激光焊缝的超塑性变形行为及显微组织

通过高温拉伸试验研究Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金激光焊缝的纵向超塑性变形行为,采用扫描电镜观察超塑性变形前后焊缝的显微组织.结果表明:TC4钛合金激光焊缝具有良好的超塑性变形能力,在900 ℃、10~(-3) s~(-1)工艺条件下伸长率达到最大值397%;在超塑性变形过程中,原始焊缝的针状马氏体首先转变为片层状的α+β组织,而后片层组织发生再结晶等轴化;随着变形温度升高或应变速率降低,等轴化程度增大.     

Ti-6Al-7Nb合金高温塑性变形行为及热加工图研究

本文以Ti-6Al-7Nb合金为研究对象,采用Gleeble-3500热模拟压缩试验机进行不同温度和应变速率压缩试验。分析了Ti-6Al-7Nb合金在变形温度1023 K、1073 K、1123 K、1173 K,应变速率为0.005 s-1、0.05 s-1、0.5 s-1、5 s-1和10 s-1,最大变形量为60%下的高温变形行为及热加工特性。结果表明：变形温度与应变速率对Ti-6Al-7Nb合金的流动应力影响较大,其中应变速率是影响加工硬化过程的主要因素。Ti-6Al-7Nb合金在发生热塑性变形时后的物相主要有：初生α相、片层状α相、次生α相、片层状β相以及发生球化的初生α相等。Arrhenius本构方程模型适用于低温低应变速率和高温高应变速率形变条件的Ti-6Al-7Nb合金高温变形。利用MATLAB构建计算确定了合金最佳塑性变形区间为：应变速率0.0067 s-1-0.1353 s-1和温度1100-1173 K,在该区间有可能获取Ti-6Al-7Nb合金最佳的塑性变形工艺参数。     

初始组织对Ti-6Al-4V合金高温变形机制影响研究

研究了两种不同初始组织(魏氏组织、马氏体组织)Ti-6Al-4V合金在温度区间为700~750℃,应变速率为10~(-3)~1s~(-1)之间的高温变形行为。结果表明:初始组织对Ti-6Al-4V合金高温变形行为有着重要影响,初始魏氏组织Ti-6Al-4V合金主要发生了绝热剪切变形,在试样内部形成了绝热剪切带,绝热剪切带的密度随着温度上升和应变速率下降而减小;α′马氏体组织Ti-6Al-4V合金主要发生了稳态变形,在试样内形成了晶粒尺寸在亚微米级甚至纳米级的超细晶组织,晶粒尺寸和组织均匀性随着温度升高和应变速率减小而增大。α′马氏体组织的晶粒细化机制主要是连续动态再结晶,α′/α+β相变过程为再结晶的发生提供了重要的驱动力。     

Ti60高温钛合金的超塑性拉伸行为及组织演变

通过高温拉伸试验研究了Ti60合金在940~1000℃、6.7×10-5~3.3×10-2s-1应变速率条件下的超塑性变形行为及组织演化规律。结果表明:Ti60合金具有较宽的超塑性变形温度及应变速率范围,在上述所有实验条件下都具有超塑性,伸长率220%~527%。最佳超塑性拉伸变形条件为980℃、3.3×10-4s-1,在此条件下,该合金伸长率达到最大值527%。在超塑性拉伸过程中,有晶界滑动、晶内变形、动态再结晶及扩散蠕变等过程发生,试样变形区由于发生动态再结晶,原始条状初生α相明显等轴化。     

置氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金高温塑性变形的影响

利用XRD分析了置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的相组成,应用Gleeble等温热模拟试验研究了置氢量对Ti-6Al-4V合金高温塑性变形的影响,计算了不同置氢量钛合金的变形激活能。结果表明：随置氢量的增加,Ti-6Al-4V合金口相含量增加,高温塑性变形的流动应力显著降低呈下凹型曲线变化,即存在一个最小值,应力最小值对应的置氢量随变形温度的升高而降低;置氢可以促进高温塑性变形过程动态软化与硬化的平衡;在相同应力水平下,适量的置氢可使变形温度降低50℃,或应变速率提高一个数量级。置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金变形激活能随置氢量增加呈下降趋势,变形由不受扩散机制控制转变为受扩散机制控制。     

氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织及超塑变形行为的影响

应用光学显微镜研究氢对Ti-6Al-4V显微组织的影响,并在温度800℃～860℃和应变速率10-3s-1的变形条件下进行超塑拉伸实验。结果表明,随着氢含量的增加,β相的比例提高,且由等轴组织转变为双态组织,随着氢含量的进一步增加,在α相中形成了氢化物;同时,适量的氢可以显著降低Ti-6Al-4V合金峰值应力,置氢0.32wt%H,其峰值流动应力降低了约55%;此外,适量置氢可以显著降低Ti-6Al-4V合金的超塑性变形温度,较原始合金最佳超塑变形温度可降低60℃～100℃,置氢0.11wt%H,在840℃获得了1190%的延伸率,较相同条件下的原始合金延伸率提高75%。文章研究结果可为超塑成形、超塑成形/扩散连接工艺及生产提供优化参考。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金超塑性变形时的组织演化

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对超塑性拉伸后的细晶Ti-6Al-4V合金分别进行了断口形貌分析和组织演化规律研究。结果表明:细晶Ti-6Al-4V合金室温拉伸时,断裂方式为准解理断裂;超塑性拉伸时,试样断裂的主要形式是韧窝-空洞聚集型断裂。在初始应变速率不变的条件下,随着拉伸温度的升高,α相晶粒尺寸增大,β相数量增多,空洞数量减少,且在840℃至930℃拉伸时,α相晶粒仍保持等轴状态,但在较高温度(960℃)拉伸时,α相晶粒被拉长,部分区域出现网篮组织。在拉伸温度不变时,随着初始应变速率的降低,α相晶粒尺寸增大,β相增多,空洞数量减少。高温(960℃以上)拉伸时,β相颗粒具有良好的塑性和较低的硬度,丰富的β相有利于晶界协调滑动,并对空洞的产生具有抑制作用。     

置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织演变与高温变形行为

利用Gleeble高温压缩模拟实验研究置氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金微观组织和高温变形行为的影响,并探讨组织与高温塑性的关系.结果表明:适量的氢可显著降低钛合金的高温变形流变应力,Ti-6Al-4V合金氢含量为0.3%时,流变应力降低36%～60%,最小峰值应力对应的氢含量随温度的增加向低氢方向移动,并且在保持相同应力水平下,高温变形温度降低50℃;氢还可以促进钛合金热变形过程中的动态回复和动态再结晶,有利于降低变形抗力,其应力-应变曲线无明显硬化阶段;此外,由于氢引起的高温变形组织变化与在更高温度压缩时所引起的组织变化相当.     

选区激光熔化制备Ti-6Al-4V合金的热处理工艺及力学性能

采用选区激光熔化技术(SLM)制备Ti-6Al-4V合金圆棒试样,通过不同的热处理工艺改善材料的拉伸性能,并对SLM制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金试样开展了高周疲劳性能测试。通过微观组织和疲劳试样断口分析,揭示了显微组织结构与拉伸性能的关系,以及Ti-6Al-4V合金的疲劳裂纹起始源和裂纹扩展机理。结果表明,热处理工艺对SLM成型Ti-6Al-4V合金的力学性能有显著的影响,920 ℃×1 h水冷,随后800 ℃×2 h炉冷的固溶时效热处理制度可以获得较好的综合室温拉伸性能。其室温组织为晶界上分布的α相和晶粒内部片层状分布的α+β相。SLM成型Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织中的晶界形成与扫描路径相关,热处理过程中α相会优先在扫描分区搭接处析出。与手册锻件的疲劳寿命曲线比较,在同样的最大应力水平下,增材试样的疲劳寿命比锻件的疲劳寿命低,这种降低的趋势随着应力水平的降低而逐步增大。在400 MPa的应力水平下(R=-1),锻件的疲劳寿命已经在2×10⁷水平,增材试样的疲劳寿命依然较低,约为锻件的1%。SLM成型Ti-6Al-4V合金的应力疲劳寿命偏低,是由于试样中存在未熔合缺陷造成。扫描分区搭接处易产生未熔合缺陷,而疲劳裂纹也会沿着这些缺陷扩展。     

β相稳定元素对TiAl合金高温变形行为的影响

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机研究了Ti-44Al、Ti-44Al-6Nb和Ti-44Al-6Nb-1Cr-2V合金在1 100～1 250℃和0. 01 s-1条件下的热变形行为。研究结果表明,添加β相稳定元素可降低TiAl合金的流变应力,在相同变形条件下Ti-44Al-6Nb-1Cr-2V合金具有更低的峰值应力。高温变形时,TiAl合金主要发生片层弯曲和拉长协调变形,以及片层团晶界处动态再结晶和B2相协调变形。动态再结晶程度随着变形温度的升高以及β相稳定元素含量的提高而增加,B2相协调变形和促进动态再结晶是TiAl合金的主要软化方式。添加β相稳定元素和控制B2相含量能有效改善TiAl合金热加工性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。