基于改进空间滤波器的复合材料结构损伤成像方法

为降低Lamb波在复合材料结构中传播时存在的频散现象和各方向传播特性的不一致性给损伤监测带来的困难, 提出一种利用Hilbert变换改进的空间滤波器对复合材料结构损伤进行成像的方法。分析了基于空间滤波器的信号合成成像原理, 在此基础上利用Hilbert变换构造传感器时域响应信号的解析信号参与到信号合成成像过程中。通过对仿真声源的成像实验, 验证了该方法的可行性, 通过对碳纤维复合材料板结构上激励源和损伤的成像实验, 验证了该方法的功能。研究表明该方法能够识别损伤相对于压电传感器阵列的角度位置和损伤散射信号的到达时刻。      

基于Shannon 复数小波的复合材料结构时间反转聚焦多损伤成像方法

研究了一种基于压电传感器阵列和主动Lamb 波的结构损伤成像方法,有助于克服Lamb 波在板结构中、特别是在复合材料板结构中存在的频散、多种模式及模式转换的现象给结构健康监测带来的困难。分析了结构多损伤散射信号的时间反转聚焦原理,在此基础上提出了一种基于Shannon 复数小波和时间反转聚焦的信号合成成像方法。该方法中,确定Lamb 波响应信号的到达时刻是信号能够准确聚焦的关键因素之一。提出了利用Shannon 复数小波变换计算Lamb 波响应信号到达时刻的方法。在碳纤维复合材料板结构上对整套信号合成成像方法进行了验证。研究结果表明,该方法能够有效地对同一个监测区域中的多个损伤进行成像定位。相对于30 cm ×30 cm 的监测区域,定位误差不超过2 cm。该方法有助于结构健康监测技术的工程应用。      

密集型矩形阵列参数对激光Lamb波成像的影响分析

激光超声技术具有非接触、检测效率高等优点,在无损检测领域受到广泛关注;充分利用激光超声技术的高空间分辨率特性,结合密集型矩形阵列和激光Lamb波技术进行板中缺陷检测。采用连续小波变换对频带宽、时域分辨率低的激光Lamb波信号进行提取,得到特定频率下具有高时域分辨率的窄带信号;利用线性映射补偿技术消除所提取窄带信号中的频散,消除频散的信号用于缺陷成像;最后,结合幅值成像技术和符号相干因子成像技术对频散补偿后的信号进行处理,实现铝板中缺陷的成像和定位。在此基础上,进一步对不同的阵元数量和阵元间距对密集型矩形阵列指向性和缺陷成像质量的影响进行分析。当阵元数量为16,阵元间距为一个Lamb波波长时,主瓣宽度较窄且没有栅瓣出现,缺陷成像质量得到有效提高。     

基于频率-波数分析的激光Lamb波传播特性试验研究

Lamb波的频散和多模态特性,使得利用Lamb波信号的时域或频域特征实现缺陷的定量检测具有一定的困难。提出了一种在频率-波数内分析激光Lamb波传播特性的方法。基于全光学型激光超声检测系统,脉冲激光在固定位置激励,连续激光一维线扫描接收,获得时间-空间波场信号,可直观地显示激光Lamb波信号的传播特性以及激光Lamb波与缺陷之间的作用规律。采用二维傅里叶变换将波场信号从时间-空间域转换到频率-波数域,可有效识别信号中包含的各模态信息。为了保留空间信息,借鉴短时傅里叶变换的思想,采用短空间二维傅里叶变换得到沿扫描路径上波数的分布,从中可直观看出缺陷的位置。采用带通滤波结合连续小波变换的方法对短空间二维傅里叶变换的结果进行了优化。分别在有、无缺陷铝板中进行了试验研究,试验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于三维弹性理论的碳纤维板中Lamb波建模

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测是目前复合材料结构损伤监测技术研究的热点之一,了解Lamb波的传播特性对进行可靠的损伤监测非常重要.本文结合经典三维弹性理论与Lamb波的运动位移方程,对碳纤维复合材料板中传播的Lamb波传播特性进行了建模研究,在此基础上推导了碳纤维板的相速度频散曲线,并讨论了Lamb波传播方向与坐标轴之间的夹角及碳纤维铺层方向对频散曲线的影响,建模结果证明了这种建模方法的正确性.     

Lamb波结构损伤检测温度补偿方法仿真与实验研究

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测和损伤检测是目前研究的热点之一。由于环境温度的改变使得结构的材料性能发生变化，从而导致导波在结构中的传播也发生变化。因此对于需要利用完整结构的基准状态信号对比当前信号来判定结构损伤存在与否的Lamb波线性损伤检测方法来说，波动传播温度影响的补偿就显得尤为重要。本文基于压电激励Lamb波传播过程分析研究了信号扩展时域温度补偿方法，分别进行了不同温度下Lamb波传播与损伤检测的有限元数值仿真和实验，利用基准信号选择和基准信号扩展的温度补偿方法处理波动响应信号。仿真和实验结果表明了温度补偿方法的有效性，得到了基准信号集中最大温度间隔要求，能够有效识别环境温度变化下的结构损伤。     

基于Lamb波的薄壁槽状结构损伤检测研究

研究复杂工程结构的结构健康监测技术具有现实意义。使用基于Lamb波的仿真和实验方法,对“U”形截面的铝合金构件中的损伤检测问题进行了研究。建立了构件的三维有限元模型并实现了Lamb波传播过程的动态仿真;实验中使用锆钛酸铅压电晶片（PZT wafer）来激发和接收在构件中传播的Lamb波。借助于连续小波变换（CWT）和希尔伯特变换（HT）等方法对仿真和实验中采集到的Lamb波信号进行处理,从中提取了与损伤有关的时域特征,建立了损伤位置和损伤反射波包飞行时间（ToF）之间的定量关系。     

基于虚拟时间反转的高分辨率复合材料板结构损伤成像

针对传统时间反转(TR)方法消除Lamb波传播时间和操作复杂的问题, 提出了虚拟时间反转(VTR)方法。该方法采用换元激励和接收机制以保留时间信息, 并运用信号运算代替物理TR操作。讨论了基于阶跃激励获取损伤监测路径传递函数的VTR实现过程。提出了基于VTR的高分辨率损伤成像方法。为了降低复合材料各向异性的影响, 在成像中进行了速度修正。实验结果表明, VTR方法能对碳纤维复合材料板中的Lamb波损伤散射波包进行部分再压缩和TR聚焦, 通过本文中成像方法也能清晰显示出板中单个和两个近邻损伤。      

基于超声导波的列车转向架结构损伤定位成像研究

转向架构架为列车重要部件,其健康状况直接关系到列车安全运行,而基于超声导波的无损检测技术能够用于结构健康监测。采用导波反演法获取构架材料的体波波速,结合Lamb波频散方程得到构架的Lamb波频散曲线,进而选择激励信号。载荷和构架边界都会使响应导波信号特征变得复杂,使得损伤定位误差增加。为减少时域信号误差的影响,采用完好结构与检测结构的激励信号与相应导波能量谱相关系数进行分析。通过此系数获取检测结构的损伤指数,经权函数对各导波传播路径加权,从而得到损伤概率密度大小,进行损伤定位诊断成像。在构架中分别沿焊接方向以及承载剪切方向引入切槽损伤进行实验测试。结果表明,该方法能够较准确地实现损伤定位。     

基于Lamb波和Hilbert变换的复合材料T型加筋损伤监测

为了监测整体成型复合材料结构的损伤,提出了一种基于Lamb波和Hilbert变换的能量损伤指数。首先,通过应用Hilbert变换提取Lamb波信号的波形包络;然后选取具有最大峰值的波包,将此波包在结构出现损伤后的能量变化值与损伤前的能量之比作为损伤指示;该方法不需要选择特定的Lamb波模式,克服了Lamb波在复合材料结构中存在的频散、多模式及模式转换给信号分析带来的困难;最后在复合材料T型加筋的损伤演化试验中,对该能量损伤指数进行了应用验证研究。研究结果表明：该能量损伤指数可以用于复合材料T型加筋的损伤监测,当能量损伤指数（EDI）值达到0.62时,所研究的复合材料T型加筋确定有损伤产生。     

Warped basis pursuit for damage detection using lamb waves

This paper presents a novel time-frequency procedure based on the warped frequency transform (WFT) to process multi-mode and dispersive Lamb waves for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The proposed signal processing technique is applied to time waveforms recorded at an array of scan points after waveguide excitation. The WFT is combined with a basis pursuit algorithm to extract the distance traveled by the ultrasonic waves even in the case of multi-modal dispersive propagation associated with broadband excitation of the waveguide. This is obtained through a decomposition of the acquired signals using dictionaries composed by optimized atomic functions which are designed to match the spectro-temporal structure of the various propagating modes. The warped basis pursuit (W-BP) analysis of several acquired waveforms results in distance signals that can be combined through classical beamforming techniques for acoustical source imaging purposes. A masking procedure is also proposed to suppress imaging noise. This approach is tested on experimental data obtained by broadband guided wave excitation in a 1-mm-thick aluminum plate with an artificially introduced through crack and tiny holes, followed by multiple waveguide displacement recording through a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Dispersion compensation, high-resolution source, and defect imaging are demonstrated even in domain regions that are not directly accessible for measurement.     

Single Mode Tuning Effects on Lamb Wave Time Reversal with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring

Lamb wave time reversal method is a new and tempting baseline-free damage detection technique for structural health monitoring. With this method, certain types of damage can be detected without baseline data. However, the application of this method using piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) is complicated by the existence of at least two Lamb wave modes at any given frequency, and by the dispersion nature of the Lamb wave modes existing in thin-wall structures. The theory of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal has not yet been fully studied. This paper addresses this problem by developing a theoretical model for the analysis of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal based on the exact solutions of the Rayleigh-Lamb wave equation. The theoretical model is first used to predict the existence of single-mode Lamb waves. Then the time reversal behavior of single-mode and two-mode Lamb waves is studied numerically. The advantages of single-mode tuning in the application of time reversal damage detection are highlighted. The validity of the proposed theoretical model is verified through experimental studies. In addition, a similarity metric for judging time invariance of Lamb wave time reversal is presented. It is shown that, under certain condition, the use of PWAS-tuned single-mode Lamb waves can greatly improve the effectiveness of the time-reversal damage detection procedure.     

基于主动Lamb波和小波变换的二维结构损伤定位研究

基于主动监测技术，将结构健康和损伤状态下的Lamb波激励响应信号进行对比，两者的差信号实际上是激励信号通过损伤折射后被接收到的类似声发射源产生的一种信号。该信号与激励响应信号比较将有时间延迟，通过Gabor小波变换确定时间延迟，从而获取损伤位置信息。实验证实这种位置信息是可靠的。     

Guided wave expansion in warped curvelet frames

Lamb wave testing for structural health monitoring (SHM) often relies on analysis of wavefields recorded through scanning laser Doppler vibrometers (SLDVs) or ultrasonic scanners. Damage detection and characterization with these techniques requires isolation of defect-induced reflections in the wavefield from the injected wave packet and from scattering events associated with structural features such as boundaries, rivets, joints, etc. This is a challenging task when dealing with complex structures and multimodal, dispersive propagation regimes, whereby various wave contributions in both the time/space and the frequency/wavenumber domain overlap. A new mathematical tool named warped curvelet frames (WCFs) is proposed to effectively decompose the recorded wavefields. The presented technique results from the combination of two operators, i.e., the curvelet transform (CT) and the warped frequency transform (WFT). The CT provides an optimally sparse representation of nondispersive wave propagators. Combining the CT with the WFT allows for a flexible analysis of multimodal wave propagation in dispersive media. Exploiting the spatial and temporal localization of curvelets, as well as the spectro-temporal adaptation of the analysis frame to the characteristics of each propagating mode, provided by frequency warping, a convenient decomposition of guided waves is achieved and relevant contributions can be effectively isolated. The proposed approach is validated through dedicated simulations and further tested experimentally to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in separating guided wave modes corresponding to acoustic events in close spatial proximity.     

Mode-selective excitation and detection of ultrasonic guided waves for delamination detection in laminated aluminum plates

Selective modes of guided Lamb waves are generated in a laminated aluminum plate for damage detection using a broadband piezoelectric transducer structured with a rigid electrode. Appropriate excitation frequencies and modes for inspection are selected from theoretical and experimental dispersion curves. Dispersion curves are obtained experimentally by short time Fourier transform of the transient signals. Sensitivity of antisymmetric and symmetric modes for delamination detection are investigated. The antisymmetric mode is found to be more reliable for delamination detection. Unlike other studies, in which the attenuation of the propagating waves is related to the extent of the internal damage, in this investigation, the changes in the time-of-flight (TOF) of guided Lamb waves are related to the damage progression. The mode conversion phenomenon of Lamb waves during progressive delamination is investigated. Close matching between the theoretical and experimentally derived dispersion curves and TOF assures the reliability of the results presented here.     

基于HHT的多模式Lamb波走时提取

薄板超声Lamb波层析成象研究中,走时是重要的信号特征,但多模式和频散特点给单一模式走时提取带来困难,一般信息提取技术对Lamb波分析较难有理想结果。该文提出利用HHT方法分析信号,先利用经验模式分解成本征模态函数,然后进行Hilbert变换分析边际谱并提取单一模式。与FFT、小波变换分析对比,HHT方法较好的反映了Lamb波信号多模式的随时间、频率分布。与小波变换提取走时数据结果相对比,HHT方法所得走时数据用来反演的图象更接近缺陷真实尺寸。     

Measuring Lamb wave dispersion curves of a bi-layered plate and its application on material characterization of coating

This paper investigates the Lamb wave dispersion curves of a bi-layered plate and evaluates the feasibility of using the dispersion data to characterize the coating's material properties. The measurement of dispersion curves is based on a focusing PVDF transducer operating in a pulse/echo mode. An image displaying technique is used to determine the dispersion relation of Lamb waves from the measured data. Multiple dispersion curves of Lamb waves are accurately determined over a wide frequency range (4 to 20 MHz). Lamb wave dispersion curves for thin metal sheets electrodeposited with nickel coatings are measured. The elastic constants of the nickel coating are determined by comparing the experimental dispersion data with the theoretical ones calculated numerically. Potential applications of this measurement method are addressed