基于切片耦合理论的斜齿轮时变啮合刚度分析

面向斜齿轮时变啮合刚度(time varying meshing stiffness, TVMS)精确求解问题,提出基于切片思想及切片耦合理论的斜齿轮啮合刚度计算方法。将斜齿轮沿齿宽方向等效为若干切片,每个切片等效为直齿轮,切片耦合作用等效为弹簧模型;设计了一种数值求解方法计算斜齿轮时变啮合刚度;然后,以一对斜齿轮副为例,分别使用有限元法、切片耦合法、切片无耦合法分析了斜齿轮时变啮合刚度。结果表明,切片耦合斜齿轮时变啮合刚度模型能够准确地模拟仿真斜齿轮时变啮合刚度特性,而切片无耦合斜齿轮时变啮合刚度模型在双齿过渡区不能准确地模拟斜齿轮啮合刚度。     

透平压缩机轴系扭振与齿轮啮合刚度影响

以大型透平压缩机组轴系为对象，提出了以连续质量的传递矩阵法求解在计及齿轮啮合刚度情况下轴系扭转振动的固有频率和振型的计算方法；并以某工业透平压缩机组轴系为例，探讨了齿轮啮合刚度对轴系扭振频率特性的影响。     

支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响研究

支承刚度对自动变速器齿轮副的啮合质量有着重要影响,研究支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响具有重要意义。以某七挡双离合自动变速器的一挡斜齿轮副为研究对象,建立了2种不同支承刚度的齿轴系统刚柔耦合模型,分析了不同工况下支承刚度对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响规律;通过FCL-250H齿轮精测试验台得到有/无磷酸锰转化涂层齿轮的齿形齿向参数,并将其代入有限元模型进行仿真分析;进行齿轮接触疲劳点蚀实验,对比齿面涂层处理前后齿轮的接触疲劳寿命,并从齿轮表面形貌、动力性能及跑合性能等角度进一步揭示了涂层的强化机理。研究结果表明：齿轴跨度增大,支承刚度减小,则齿轮单位长度所受最大载荷和啮合错位量对输入扭矩的变化更为敏感;有涂层齿轮跑合后更有利于啮合,其疲劳寿命得到提高。研究结果为汽车自动变速器齿轮传动系统的结构优化和齿轮疲劳寿命的提高提供了参考。     

降低斜齿轮噪声的对角修形优化设计

为了减小振动与噪音,提出以承载传动误差幅值、啮入冲击力与啮合线向加速度均方根最小的斜齿轮对角修形多目标优化设计方法：通过设计对角修形曲线,计算齿面网格节点修形量,经过3次B样条拟合为对角修形曲面并与理论齿面叠加构造了修形齿面,通过TCA、LTCA得到轮齿的承载变形,计算轮齿啮合刚度,并根据啮合冲击理论计算啮合力,建立斜齿轮振动模型,采用遗传算法确定了最佳修形齿面。通过算例表明：对角修形斜齿轮的啮入啮出位置发生了变化,啮入啮出端基本不承担载荷,承载后可以保持较高的重合度,因此在斜齿轮减振降噪中更为显著。     

刚柔耦合齿轮三维接触动力学建模与振动分析

基于多体动力学理论和迟滞接触动力学方法,提出了刚柔耦合齿轮三维接触动力学模型和动力学分析新方法.考虑轮齿与轮体间的相对柔性变形,啮合齿对间球-面三维动态接触和齿轮几何参数等因素,通过离散齿廓渐开线获得了齿面的离散接触面,从而建立了齿轮啮合传动动力学模型.通过数值求解与仿真分析,研究了单侧齿面接触、双侧齿面接触和刚柔耦合特性对齿轮啮合传动特性的影响规律,获得了啮合轮齿全齿面接触冲击力,力矩和角速度等齿轮啮合传动的动态响应特性.研究表明:新方法和动力学模型更真实地模拟了齿轮啮合传动的齿轮柔性变形和接触冲击等振动响应特性.该方法和数值计算结果为齿轮啮合传动和齿轮系统动力学研究提供了理论指导和参考数据.     

动力总成NVH分析齿轮啮合特性研究

研究动力总成中部分齿轮的啮合特性,及其对NVH的影响,介绍了发动机启动电机传动齿轮和变速器齿轮的啮合特性.分析启动电机传动齿轮重合度,通过提高重合度,解决电机传动噪声问题和提高齿轮寿命,噪声试验表明,声品质有所改善;同时,研究了变速器齿轮的啮合动刚度,通过分析单对齿轮刚度和啮合线长度变化,快速得到随时间变化的齿轮啮合变刚度,并形成齿轮啮合动刚度计算标准方法,开发相应计算程序,大幅提高了工作效率,该方法的特点是计算简单、高效以及能得到随啮合转角变化的齿轮啮合刚度.     

基于Prohl-Myklested方法的汽车变速器斜齿轮传动系统建模及非线性分析

针对变速器斜齿轮传动系统盘与轴横截面变化不大特点,基于改进无质量弹性轴当量抗扭刚度计算式的Prohl-Myklested方法,将该系统简化为较少自由度的集中参数模型,并仿真验证。获得圆盘两端轴段抗弯刚度不同情况的盘-轴系统刚度矩阵计算公式,建立具有各轴抗弯抗扭刚度不同、两端集中质量、非对称弹性支承特点的斜齿轮转子系统运动微分方程。计算传动系统非线性特性。结果表明,采用改进的Prohl-Myklested方法对汽车变速器传动系统进行降维处理模型能准确反映系统动力学特性;齿侧间隙、时变啮合刚度耦合作用导致系统产生复杂非线性现象,提取出齿侧间隙过大时故障特征,为该类齿轮系统故障诊断提供依据。     

基于接触有限元的斜齿轮副啮合动态响应及频谱特性分析

基于ABAQUS商业有限元软件,采用三维接触有限元方法,建立考虑轴及轴承刚度的一对斜齿轮副-轴-轴承系统动态啮合有限元模型。分析齿轮副在仅释放从动轮旋转自由度、释放从动轮所有自由度、在从动轮中心施加轴向静推力3种工况下的啮合动态响应。对响应中的角速度、角加速度、法向动态接触力开展频域特征分析,相较于现有研究获得详细的频谱特性、幅值特性。研究结果表明,考虑轴与轴承刚度后,齿轮副的振动响应加剧;响应的频域中呈现以啮合频率为载波频率、以从动轮转频及其倍频为调制频率的调制现象。     

齿廓修形人字齿轮副时变啮合刚度计算方法

为准确计算考虑轮齿修形和受载变形的人字齿轮副啮合刚度,推导了含齿顶和齿根修形的人字齿轮齿面方程,基于势能法和数值积分公式,提出了计及齿廓修形参数和退刀槽宽度的人字齿轮啮合刚度精确计算方法,并通过有限元仿真分析验证了算法的正确性;而后分析了不同退刀槽宽度、修形参数及输入转矩等对人字齿轮副重合度和啮合刚度的影响规律.结果 ...     

齿轮副动态啮合特性的接触有限元分析

齿轮副动态啮合特性对齿轮系统振动机理研究及动态设计都具有重要意义,而它又与齿轮副啮合位置变化、受载弹性变形及滑动摩擦等因素密切相关。本文首先建立了精确的啮合齿轮副有限元分析模型,并在此基础上提出了一种可综合考虑齿轮副连续弹性啮合过程中多种影响因素的接触有限元分析方法。然后,利用本文提出的方法分别研究了考虑滑动摩擦、齿廓修形及时变刚度等因素的齿轮副低速和高速工况下连续弹性啮合过程的动态啮合特性。研究表明：本文提出的分析方法不但可以有效研究由滑动摩擦引起的节点冲击激励,以及齿廓修形设计对齿轮副啮入、啮出冲击激励的影响,而且还能有效分析具有时变刚度激励的齿轮副参数振动响应特性,可为齿轮副动态啮合特性分析提供有效的分析工具。     

基于齿轮动态激励和弹流润滑的多目标优化

依据齿轮啮合动态激励基本原理和弹性流体动力润滑理论,建立同时追求齿轮啮合时变刚度激励最小、齿间最小油膜厚度最大(倒数最小)及齿轮传动总体积最小的约束多目标优化设计数学模型.对现有的用于两目标优化设计的粒子群优化方法加以改进,给出了约束3目标优化设计方法.利用Matlab编制优化程序,并对范例进行分析计算.优化过程及结果表明,采用较多的齿数,在小于1的范围内采用较大的正变位系数,适度采用较大的压力角可以增大轮齿啮合综合刚度谱图中基频谐波的幅值,有效地提高齿轮传动系统抵抗内部激励振动的能力及性价比.     

圆柱斜齿轮齿面接触动应力计算与分析研究

为了有效计算动态工况下斜齿圆柱齿轮副的齿面接触应力,建立了考虑时变啮合刚度激励和啮入冲击激励的滚动轴承支撑的斜齿圆柱齿轮副啮合型弯-扭-轴耦合六自由度振动模型,通过其计算了齿面啮合动载荷。提出了综合考虑轮齿动载荷、齿间载荷分配系数以及齿面赫兹接触的斜齿圆柱齿轮齿面接触动应力计算方法,同时也利用Abaqus有限元软件动力学模块分析了齿面接触动应力。分别计算了800 N·m、1 200 N·m、1 600 N·m三种负载扭矩下的齿面接触动应力变化过程,基于承载接触分析法的最大接触应力与AGMA标准计算值最大相差为11.6%,基于Abaqus有限元法的最大接触应力与AGMA标准计算值最大相差13.8%,而两种方法的齿面接触动应力变化曲线最大偏差11.3%,从而证实了本文提出的斜齿圆柱齿轮齿面接触动应力计算方法合理有效。     

Experimental investigation of spur gear tooth mesh stiffness in the presence of crack using photoelasticity technique

Gear mesh stiffness plays a very important role in gear dynamics and it varies in the presence of gear fault such as crack. The measurement of stress intensity factor can lead to the determination of gear tooth mesh stiffness variation in the presence of crack in a spur gear system. In this paper, the technique of conventional photoelasticity has been revisited to explore the possibility of using it as a supplementary technique to experimentally measure the variation of gear mesh stiffness. An attempt has been made to calculate the variation of mesh stiffness for a pinion having a cracked tooth and a gear tooth with no crack of a spur gear pair. An analytical methodology based on elastic strain energy method in conjunction with total potential energy model has been adopted and implemented within the mesh stiffness calculations. To visualize the state of stress in a structure using finite element and other currently available methods, photoelasticity is considered to be one of the oldest and most developed experimental technique. An experimental methodology based on conventional photo-elasticity technique for computing stress intensity factor (SIF) for cracked spur gear tooth is presented for different single tooth contact position and crack length. The relation between contact position, crack length, crack configuration, SIF and the variation of total effective mesh stiffness have been quantified. Finally, a comparison has been made and the results obtained from finite element method (FEM) based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), analytical method and proposed experimental method has been outlined.     

混合润滑状态下结合面法向动态接触刚度与阻尼模型

机械结合面的动态接触特性对评估机床整机性能有着重要的意义.针对混合润滑状态下固定结合面复杂的接触特性,提出了一种结合面的法向接触刚度与阻尼模型.采用三维Weierstrass?Mandelbrot函数获得粗糙表面形貌,并基于分形理论建立了结合面固体部分的接触刚度与接触阻尼模型;根据平均流动的广义雷诺方程建立了液体油膜接...     

Analytical and numerical treatment of a dynamic crack model

We discuss the propagation of a running crack in a bounded linear elastic body under shear waves for a simplified 2D-model. This model is described by two coupled equations in the actual configuration: a two-dimensional scalar wave equation in a cracked, bounded domain and an ordinary differential equation derived from an energy balance law. The unknowns are the displacement fields u  =  u(y, t) and the one-dimensional crack tip trajectory h  =  h(t). We assume that the crack grows straight. Based on a paper of Nicaise-Sändig, we derive an improved formula for the ordinary differential equation of motion for the crack tip, where the dynamical stress intensity factor occurs. The numerical simulation is an iterative procedure starting from the wave field at time t  =  t _i . The dynamic stress intensity factor will be extracted at t  =  t _i . Its knowledge allows us to compute the crack-tip motion h(t _i+1) with corresponding nonuniform crack speed assuming (t _i+1 ? t _i ) is small. Now, we start from the cracked configuration at time t  =  t _i+1 and repeat the steps. The wave displacements are computed with the FEM-package PDE2D. Some numerical examples demonstrate the proposed method. The influence of finite length of the crack and finite size of the sample on the dynamic stress intensity factor will be discussed in detail.     

凸轮机构两质量动力学模型的运动误差及接触力分析

针对凸轮机构线性单质量、单自由度动力学模型的局限性,利用集中参数法提出了一种两质量的动力学模型．以凸轮输出为余弦运动形式为例,分析了两质量动力学模型中从动件的输出位移、输出误差及凸轮与从动件间的接触力,并以一个设计实例进行了求解．结果表明：由两质量模型可以得到机构的运动误差、凸轮与从动件间的接触力及凸轮转速对运动误差和接触力的影响.这些结果对凸轮机构的设计具有一定的指导意义．     

大扁平比胎侧解析刚度建模及轮胎动力学分析EI北大核心CSCD

针对重载轮胎大扁平比结构建模问题,从动力学建模、实验模态分析、结构参数辨识等方面,基于解析弹性基础的欧拉梁模型,对重载轮胎的柔性胎体和大扁平比胎侧曲梁的低频动力学特性开展研究,建立了考虑充气预紧力的欧拉梁胎体模型,利用实验模态方法,探究了不同充气压力下的柔性胎体振动特性;考虑胎侧曲梁预紧力弦效应和结构弯曲效应,建立了大扁平比胎侧曲梁解析刚度模型;基于模态测试结果,进行柔性胎体与解析胎侧结构参数辨识。研究结果表明:在0~180 Hz频率范围内,重载轮胎以结构周向弯曲振动为主,可利用基于弹性基础的柔性梁模型表征;大扁平比胎侧曲梁的解析刚度与胎侧的几何、结构和充气压力参数直接相关;轮胎充气压力影响柔性胎体梁的轴向预紧力和胎侧的弦刚度,进而影响轮胎弯曲振动特性。     

The effect of pallet connection stiffness,deck stiffness and static load level on the resonant response of pallet decks to vibration frequencies occurring in the distribution environment

This paper summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the relationship between pallet design and the resonant response of pallet decks to sinusoidal vibration. Sine sweep frequency vibration tests between 3 Hz and 50 Hz were conducted to determine the effect of pallet deckboard stiffness, joint stiffness and the static load level on the resonant response of pallet decks. As the stiffness of the pallet joints and deckboards increases, the resonant frequency of the unit load increases and transmissibility decreases. As the static load on the pallet increases the resonant frequency of the unit load decreases and the transmissibility increases. The survivability of a unitized product, sensitive to vibration, during shipping and distribution is affected by the pallet design. Pallets designed using rigid connections and stiffer decks will reduce damage to vibration‐sensitive products. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental verification and application of a practical corrosion model for uniformly depassivated steel in concrete

A practical corrosion model for predicting the corrosion rate of uniformly depassivated steel in concrete was previously developed. The model is built on Stern’s earlier work that an optimum anode-to-cathode ratio exists on the steel surface for which the corrosion current reaches a maximum value. Based on this principle, analytical and numerical techniques were used to obtain a relationship among the steel corrosion rate, concrete resistivity, the oxygen concentration on the surface of the member, oxygen diffusion coefficient, and cover thickness. The main objective of this paper is to present an extensive experimental verification and application of the developed model. For this purpose, three experimental programs carried out by other research groups were selected. The first set of data was used in the verification of the model when different types of cement are used in concrete. The second study was selected to verify the model with the measured corrosion rates obtained by different instruments to eliminate any concerns that may originate from the corrosion measurement technique. Finally, in the last verification study, the model’s interpretation of the effects of concrete resistivity and the oxygen concentration on the corrosion rate is verified. In all cases, it has been demonstrated that the developed model predicts the experimental observations with reasonable accuracy.