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1.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a very useful method for the characterization of fuel cells. The anode and cathode transfer functions have been determined independently without a reference electrode using symmetric gas supply of hydrogen or oxygen on both electrodes of the fuel cell at open circuit potential (OCP). EIS are given for both polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) at current densities up to 0.76 A cm−2 (PEFC) and 0.22 A cm−2 (SOFC). With increasing current density the PEFC-impedance decreases significantly in the low frequency range reaching a minimum at 0.4 A cm−2. At even higher current densities an increasing contribution of water diffusion is observed: the cell impedance increases again. From EIS of SOFC a finite diffusion behavior is observed even at OCP, depending on water partial pressure of the anodic gas supply. This additional element reflects the influence of water partial pressure on the cell potential. The simulation of the measured EIS with an equivalent circuit enables the calculation of the individual voltage losses in the fuel cell.  相似文献   

2.
郭为民  刘江 《化工进展》2007,26(11):1511-1517
阐述了丙烷燃料应用于固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)的工艺及其原理,其中包括重整、部分氧化;综述了使用丙烷燃料SOFC阳极材料研究进展,现有的研究工作主要围绕着如何阻止积炭进行,主要途径是改善阳极性能和选用合适的阳极催化剂等;介绍了当今世界上针对便携式应用的各式SOFC的研究发展现状,特别介绍了单气室SOFC;对便携式SOFC的发展前景进行了展望。  相似文献   

3.
Carbon black (CB) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites were obtained and subsequently characterized, both microstructurally (DSC and DMA) and electrically. In addition, the electrochemical performance of these materials was tested in the form of bipolar plates, expressly manufactured for this purpose and incorporated in a conventional fuel cell. The results obtained allow for the conclusion that CB incorporation into PVDF yields polymer composite materials with electrical conductivity of about 2.4 S/cm, which may be thermically processed and given any convenient shape with the means conventionally applied in the field of polymer technologies. It was found that CB concentration slightly affects the microstructural parameters of the composites (melting temperature, glass‐transition temperature, Avrami kinetic parameters, etc.). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2817–2822, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10257  相似文献   

4.
Three different concepts for H2–Cl2 fuel cells have been evaluated. An ordinary PEM fuel cell based on a Nafion membrane, a fuel cell based on a combination of circulating hydrochloric acid and a Nafion membrane and a system based on a phosphoric acid doped Polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane. None of the investigated systems were able to demonstrate stable operation under the conditions used in this study, due to electrocatalyst corrosion, membrane dehydration and/or electrode flooding. All systems studied achieved open circuit voltages close to the reversible thermodynamic value for production of aqueous hydrochloric acid, suggesting formation of dissolved HCl in the electrolyte and fast electrode kinetics.  相似文献   

5.
Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) offer a high degree of design flexibility, ranging from a single cell to a massive multi-cell that can be used in various applications, including portable devices, transportation, and stationary applications. Unfortunately, the most significant barrier to the commercialization of DEFCs is getting low-cost and ethanol permeability, high conductivity performance, and extended durability of polymer electrolyte membranes, as key components that highly influence the overall performance. In this paper, the recent progress in developing the polymer electrolyte membrane for the application of DEFCs has been comprehensively reviewed. Focusing on an updated modification of polymeric materials in the last 5 years, including Nafion-based membrane, polyvinyl alcohol-based membrane, polybenzimidazoles-based membrane, chitosan-based membrane, and sodium alginate-based membrane, as well as factors and challenges that affected the performance of polymer electrolyte membranes have been discussed, including the main characterization, catalyst selection, cell design, and work in membrane and cell performance of DEFCs. All discussion addresses the strategy to improve the performance of polymer electrolyte membranes in DEFCs in order to penetrate the commercialization stages.  相似文献   

6.
Carbon monoxide (CO) can extremely diminish the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance since it is preferentially absorbed on the platinum catalyst layer blocking and reducing the number of catalyst sites available for the hydrogen oxidation reaction. To gain a good insight of CO poisoning characteristics so as to provide a remedial solution for CO-poisoned PEMFCs, a two-dimensional, isothermal, and single phase CO poisoning numerical model taking into account the transport phenomena, electrochemical reactions and multi-component gas mixture transport is developed for such purpose. Linear and bridged-bonded adsorbed CO modes were considered to occur in parallel on the highly dispersed nano-crystalline Pt/C and PtRu/C catalysts. By performing computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations, this study clearly demonstrates the CO poisoning mechanisms and characteristics of PEMFCs. The numerical results obtained are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data showing the predictive capability of the model.  相似文献   

7.
质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC)因具有效率高、功率密度大、排放产物仅为水、低温启动性好等多方面优点,被公认为下一代车用动力的发展方向之一。然而,目前PEMFC在耐久性和成本方面距离商业化的要求还存在一定差距。为攻克上述两大难题,需要燃料电池全产业链的共同努力和进步。本文回顾了近年来质子交换膜燃料电池从催化剂、膜电极组件、电堆到燃料电池发动机全产业链的研究进展和成果,梳理出单原子催化剂、非贵金属催化剂、特殊形貌催化剂、有序化催化层、高温质子交换膜、膜电极层间界面优化、一体化双极板-扩散层、氢气系统循环等研究热点。文章指出,催化层低铂/非铂化、质子交换膜超薄化、膜电极组件梯度化/有序化、燃料电池运行高温化、自增湿化是未来的发展趋势,迫切需要进一步的创新与突破。  相似文献   

8.
刘跃岭  景琦  徐帆  李欢 《化工进展》2018,37(9):3346-3354
近些年燃料电池技术有了长足的发展,利用燃料电池处理废弃生物质并产电是一种新型途径,可以达到废物处理、能源回收的目的。然而,受限于燃料种类、电池性能、产物分离等因素,传统的燃料电池难以直接用于处理废弃生物质。本文首先针对中低温燃料电池如碱性燃料电池、质子交换膜燃料电池的研究现状进行了综述,结果表明,碱性燃料电池在以小分子有机物作为燃料时性能良好,但是容易受到产物CO2酸化影响;液相催化燃料电池在催化剂耐受性、生物质处理、电池功率密度等方面表现出优异的性能。然后介绍了电催化剂如过渡金属氧化物、多酸等研究现状,此类催化剂具有较强的氧化性、布朗斯特酸性和路易斯酸性等,具有很强的催化分解生物质的能力,针对液相催化剂不易分离的局限,介绍了催化剂固载化、纳米复合材料等研究进展。之后介绍了电极材料和膜材料的研究进展,碳极板因其综合性能和成本成为当前的主流选择,全氟磺酸膜性能优异,成为实验探究应用的理想材料,同时对一些复合材料的研究现状进行了简要介绍。最后,对化学燃料电池应用于生物质处理的方向进行了展望,液相催化燃料电池综合性能突出,在可处理生物质种类、催化剂循环等问题进一步优化之后,有望成为一种废弃生物质处理的新途径。  相似文献   

9.
对燃料电池供氢系统的研究进展进行了综述,介绍了重整制氧方法、反应器类型以及富氧气体的各种净化技术.对比了蒸汽重整、部分氧化重整和自热重整3种制氢反应各自的特点,对不同反应器的研究结果及优缺点进行了分析.总结了富氢气体中CO的脱除工艺,包括选择性氧化、甲烷化、变压吸附和膜分离,其中CO选择性氧化相对其他方法更具优势.探讨了制氢过程中各种技术的特点和急需解决的问题,并对供氢系统的应用前景做了展望.  相似文献   

10.
张波  陈君  卢启威  杨晖 《化工进展》2008,27(5):765-769
通过采用传统电化学燃料电池的技术和材料,以寻求提高微生物燃料电池的电流密度,制作基于膜电极的微生物燃料电池。通过构建温控压力机,制作了一系列膜电极(MEA),并对作为正极的多种碳材料进行了筛选。使用定制的玻璃微生物燃料电池来放置膜电极和培养Geobacter sulfurreducens,对产生的电流进行评价。细胞的生长以乙醇为唯一碳源,因而代表了一种新型的乙醇/氧气燃料电池。相比以前的设计,基于膜电极的微生物燃料电池的电极表面每个单位会多产生出100倍的电流,并且可以被长久使用。  相似文献   

11.
Cell performances were evaluated with grafted polymer membranes as an electrolyte for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The membranes were prepared using a poly(ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene), or ETFE, film. The base polymer film was added to sulfonic groups using γ-radiation activated grafting technique as ion-exchange groups. These membranes had more suitable properties for DMFCs, i.e. higher electric conductivity and lower methanol permeability than perfluorinated ionomer membrane (Nafion). Nevertheless, the cell performance with the grafted membrane was inferior to that with Nafion. The analysis of electrode potentials vs. reversible hydrogen electrode showed larger activation overpotential for both the electrodes on the grafted membranes. We concluded that this is due to poor bonding of the catalyst layers to the grafted membranes.  相似文献   

12.
王红星  王宇新 《化工学报》2006,57(1):97-103
为了优化氢氧质子交换膜燃料电池阴极的气体流道,建立了沿流道长度和深度方向的气体流道设计模型.模型考虑了阴极气体在流道中的动量传递、质量传递和电极反应等物理过程.将二维问题经积分均化后转化为较简单的一维问题,偏微分方程组转变为常微分方程组,使计算过程得以简化.以50 cm长的流道为例,计算了沿流道方向的浓度、流速以及电流密度的分布.还利用此模型分析了各操作与设计参数如入口流速、流道深度、交换电流密度等对浓度、流速和电流密度分布的影响.  相似文献   

13.
微生物燃料电池阳极改性修饰最新研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
阳极是影响微生物燃料电池性能的重要因素之一,开发简易、高效的阳极改性修饰方法对微生物燃料电池的实际应用具有关键作用。对目前微生物燃料电池阳极改性修饰的最新进展展开综述,总结了分析阳极材料的方法,并对阳极修饰方法未来发展趋势进行了展望。  相似文献   

14.
目前铂(Pt)及其合金仍是氢燃料电池首选催化剂,但是Pt高价格、低储量及循环稳定性差等缺点严重阻碍了氢燃料电池商业化,因此发展低成本、高性能的新型非Pt催化剂和低Pt催化剂是实现氢燃料电池商业化的关键。本文围绕燃料电池催化开发及使用过程中存在的成本、稳定性和毒化问题,回顾了近年来阴离子交换膜燃料电池和质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂分别在提高阳极催化剂活性、降低阴极催化剂成本领域的最新研究进展,包括催化剂的组成、结构以及颗粒尺寸等对催化活性、稳定性的影响。最后针对燃料电池催化剂存在的问题,指出未来应基于原位观测和表征技术加强对碱性氢氧化机理的研究,同时开发高温制备小尺寸高有序度的有序铂合金阴极催化剂的方法是未来的研究重点。  相似文献   

15.
A study of a direct methanol alkaline fuel cell (DMAFC) operating with sodium conducting membranes is reported. Evaluation of the fuel cell was performed using membrane electrode assemblies incorporating carbon supported platinum catalysts and Nafion® 117 and 112 membranes. A membrane electrode assembly was also prepared by the direct chemical deposition of platinum into the surface region of the membrane. Evaluation of the chemically deposited assembly showed it to be less active than those based on carbon supported catalysts. SEM &; TEM analysis indicate that this behaviour is due to the low surface area of the chemically deposited catalyst layer. The fuel cell performance with Nafion membranes is reported and is not as good as achieved with hydroxide ion conducting membranes suggesting that Nafion may not be suitable for DMAFC operation.  相似文献   

16.
Micelle-encapsulated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used as catalyst support to deposit platinum nanoparticles. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images reveal the crystalline nature of Pt nanoparticles with a diameter of ∼4 nm on the surface of MWCNTs. A single proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with total catalyst loading of 0.2 mg Pt cm−2 (anode 0.1 and cathode 0.1 mg Pt cm−2, respectively) has been evaluated at 80 °C with H2 and O2 gases using Nafion-212 electrolyte. Pt/MWCNTs synthesized by using modified SDS-MWCNTs with high temperature treatment (250 °C) showed a peak power density of 950 mW cm−2. Accelerated durability evaluation was carried out by conducting 1500 potential cycles between 0.1 and 1.2 V with 50 mV s−1 scan rate, H2/N2 at 80 °C. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with Pt/MWCNTs showed superior performance stability with a power density degradation of only ∼30% compared to commercial Pt/C (70%) after potential cycles.  相似文献   

17.
燃料电池用非氟复合质子交换膜的研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
介绍了几种非氟复合质子交换膜,包括有机-无机杂化材料质子交换膜(ORMOER)和基于聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)的复合质子交换膜,主要从制备方法出发分析了每种复合膜的优缺点以及在燃料电池(PEMFC)中的应用前景。  相似文献   

18.
质子交换膜燃料电池研究及应用现状   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
介绍了国内外质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)研究的整体现状及水平,分别讨论了PEMFC的3个关键部件:质子交换膜的材料要求,电化学反应催化剂的特点,膜电极的组成、制备工艺和最新进展,重点讨论了全氟磺酸型质子交换膜的类型、优缺点和当前的研究方向。在此基础上,追述了近年来国内外以PEMFC作为电动汽车动力源的实际应用情况,并指出应用PEMFC存在的问题。可以看到,PEMFC具有广阔的应用前景,将会在电动汽车方面得到最早的商业化应用。  相似文献   

19.
The lack of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM, e.g. Nafion) in membraneless, laminar flow-based micro fuel cells (LF-FCs) eliminates several PEM-related issues such as fuel crossover, cathode flooding, and anode dry-out, as we reported previously. This paper explores the media flexibility of LF-FCs by working in acidic and alkaline media, as well under “mixed-media” conditions in which the anode is in acidic media while the cathode is in alkali, or vice versa. Operating a fuel cell under alkaline conditions has positive effects on the reaction kinetics, both at the anode and cathode, while the cell performance under “mixed-media” conditions offers an opportunity to increase the maximum achievable open cell potential (OCP). The lack of media-related constraints and the simplicity of the LF-FC design allow for these experiments to be performed consecutively in a single LF-FC without changing the system, except for altering the composition/pH of the fuel and oxidant stream. The performance of LF-FCs operated with different media is described and compared.  相似文献   

20.
The geometry of micro fuel cell design influences the reactants’ mixing and the depletion at downstream of the channel and thus effects the cell performance. This paper proposes a design for membraneless micro fuel cells with an H-shaped cross-section and a small passage between the anode and cathode channels. The small passage restricts the mixing of the anode and cathode fluids in the main channel. Numerical simulations with electro-chemical reactions have been carried out to investigate the distribution and crossover of the reactants and also the mixing and depletion regions in the system. Results show that optimizing the size of the passage between the anode and cathode channels plays an important role in reducing the mixing of reactants and in increasing fuel utilization. The H-shaped design shows that the mixing region is reduced in size by about 20%, so the H-shaped design has 10 times less fuel crossover than the conventional rectangular design. Moreover, fuel utilization is increased by about 8% with respect to that of the conventional rectangular design. 90° angles between the passage and the anode and cathode channels provide the best layout for this H-shaped design. The aspect ratio 0.083 for the anode and cathode channels exhibits 23% higher fuel utilization than the conventional rectangular design. Moreover, the size of the passage has a significant influence on the boundary layer thickness, the depletion region and the current density. A micro fabrication of the H-shaped design was made and the open circuit voltages were measured. The results are compared with those in the available literature.  相似文献   

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