注水海底管道穿孔原因分析

采用宏、微观形貌观察,化学成分、腐蚀产物分析等方法对某油田平台注水穿孔海底管道的穿孔原因进行了分析。结果表明:穿孔弯管段碳含量超标,管道内壁疏松的腐蚀产物为Fe_2O_3和Fe_3O_4,是氧腐蚀产物;弯管段穿孔由冲蚀和垢下腐蚀共同作用引起,垢层下的穿孔则是由于垢下腐蚀导致的。     

某海底管道腐蚀的原因

采用腐蚀模拟试验、腐蚀产物分析、宏观分析等方法分析了某海底管道的腐蚀原因。结果表明:引起海底管道腐蚀失效的主要原因为垢下腐蚀。     

流速对垢下腐蚀的影响及其腐蚀机理

采用宏、微观形貌观察,化学成分分析等方法对输油管线穿孔原因进行了分析,并通过室内失重试验和FLUENT软件模拟研究了腐蚀机理。结果表明:管道穿孔主要是冲刷和垢下腐蚀共同作用的结果;当介质流速从0增加到2.5m/s时,试样表面的垢层沉积率先增大后趋于平缓;流体的切应力导致垢层堆积不均,穿孔严重,这是由Cl-和氧气在环境中引起的。通过FLUENT软件模拟找到实际生产中较易发生垢下腐蚀的区域——在管道弯曲处及管径减小处,这是因为在这些区域,已形成的腐蚀垢层被较高的剪切力剥离并被流体带走,介质更容易透过疏松的产物层与基体反应,因此垢下腐蚀严重,此外,在管道出口处,内弧侧发生明显细湍流,容易造成水垢堆积,使垢层覆盖不均,构成浓差电池,加剧腐蚀。     

某海底油水混输管道回收管段的腐蚀检测评价

采用宏观检查、力学性能检测、腐蚀产物成分分析等对某弃置海底油水混输管道的回收管段进行了评价,并通过水质分析、结垢趋势预测、细菌测试以及室内腐蚀模拟试验对该管输送介质的腐蚀性进行了分析。结果表明:该管道内壁腐蚀严重,输送介质具有强腐蚀性,腐蚀以CO2腐蚀为主,并存在垢下腐蚀和细菌腐蚀。基于回收管段的腐蚀检测评价结果,给出了该油田新建海底油水混输管道腐蚀控制和完整性管理的意见和措施。     

碳钢在CO2环境中无机垢下腐蚀研究进展

垢下腐蚀(UDC)是油气管道失效的重要原因之一。垢层下腐蚀环境区别于无垢层覆盖区域,可能产生严重的局部腐蚀,甚至引起管道穿孔。针对CO2环境下的无机物垢层,对油气管道中碳钢的垢下腐蚀研究进展进行了综述,简述了垢下腐蚀的作用机理、影响因素和控制方法。由于化学成分和环境的多样性,垢下腐蚀的作用机制并不唯一,发现在CO2环境下电偶腐蚀机理被普遍讨论,根据阴阳极的分布情况,从3个方面对电偶腐蚀机理进行了概括。垢下腐蚀速率主要与垢层性质和介质环境有关,总结了无机物垢层性质、pH值和不同工况条件对碳钢垢下腐蚀的影响。概述了垢下腐蚀的主要控制方法,着重介绍了缓蚀剂的作用机理,发现缓蚀剂的效果很大程度上受到垢层性质的影响。最后,对垢下腐蚀未来的研究方向及发展趋势进行了展望,为进一步揭示无机盐与CO2腐蚀产物混合层的保护性,有必要从半导体电子微观的角度进行分析。同时,在高浓度CO2环境下探讨垢下腐蚀的作用机制与影响规律,也是未来的研究方向之一。     

某海底管道失效原因

某海底管道在投产3a后发生了腐蚀穿孔,通过检测数据分析、腐蚀速率模拟计算、实物管段检测分析、内腐蚀模拟试验及缓蚀剂有效性分析等方法对其失效原因进行了分析。结果表明,投产后CO2和H2S含量增高,缓蚀剂未达到预期效果,产生严重的CO2局部腐蚀,这是造成海底管道腐蚀穿孔失效的主要原因。针对类似的失效情况,提出了海底管道安全运行的应对措施。     

某油田集输管线腐蚀失效分析

针对塔河油田某集输管线存在腐蚀问题，通过对输送介质及生产工况分析，认为该管道以内壁腐蚀为主，结合管道外部环境调研，对管道周边杂散电流进行检测，认为存在一定的杂散电流干扰，从腐蚀穿孔的位置和周边电力线有一定的规律分布性，存在管线的内部和外部腐蚀综合作用，对该管线开展详细的杂散电流检测，为下一步开展腐蚀治理提供依据。     

某油轮排海回流管线的腐蚀失效原因

某油轮排海回流管线发生腐蚀泄漏,穿孔直径约45mm,给油田造成了极大的安全隐患和经济损失。通过理化性能试验、扫描电镜和电谱分析、电化学试验研究了管线的腐蚀失效原因。结果表明:CO2生成的FeCO3等沉积导致的垢下腐蚀,是造成管线穿孔的主要原因。     

海上油田生产水管线的腐蚀原因

渤海某海上油田生产水管道发生腐蚀穿孔,对穿孔原因进行分析.结果表明:该油田生产水中含有大量亚铁离子和碳酸氢根离子,在运行过程中产生碳酸亚铁垢,由于碳酸亚铁垢表面存在裂纹,进而发生严重的垢下腐蚀;现用的防垢剂并不能很好地抑制碳酸亚铁垢,现场应采用双相不锈钢替换碳钢,解决垢下腐蚀问题.     

电化学方法研究海底管线腐蚀行为

模拟了海底管线的腐蚀情况，并利用极化曲线及电化学阻抗技术，研究了试验六个月情况下试片的腐蚀规律。结果表明，试样在开放的海水介质中靠近裂缝处腐蚀速率较快，远离裂缝处腐蚀速率相对较慢。而在模拟海底的试验环境下，管线腐蚀规律与开放海水中测量的结果相反，即靠近裂缝处腐蚀相对较慢，，远离裂缝处腐蚀相对较快。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.