奥氏体不锈钢AISI 316L腐蚀试验研究

在精对苯二甲酸(PTA)生产中,选取干燥机BM302壳体常用材料奥氏体不锈钢AIS316L为研究对象,在醋酸环境中,对AISI 316L受Br-及Cl-作用的电化学极化试验和电化学阻抗试验进行腐蚀性试验研究。试验结果表明,Br-或Cl-浓度的增加都会导致AISI 316L不锈钢腐蚀速率增加、击穿电位降低、腐蚀反应电阻减小,导致其耐腐蚀性能下降,腐蚀加剧。为PTA设备腐蚀的现场监测和设备维护提供参考依据。     

冷凝器列管腐蚀失效分析

 运用金相显微镜、X—射线衍射、扫描电镜和俄歇电子能谱分析仪对冷凝器列管腐蚀部位的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物进行分析，同时结合冷凝器列管的服役环境介质，所处应力状态和制做结构特点的分析，认为由于板管处的间隙造成氯离子的浓缩从而使冷凝器列管发生缝隙腐蚀，在应力作用下，裂纹从管外侧向内侧扩展造成泄漏，使材料发生应力腐蚀破裂。      

PTA装置高压蒸汽降温罐进气管断裂失效分析

通过对PTA装置高压蒸汽降温罐进气管断裂失效分析，提出改进与防护措施.     

圆柱螺旋弹簧的正断/切断型疲劳断裂模式与提高其疲劳断裂抗力的途径

结合承受扭转切应力和轴向正应力圆柱体的受力分析,讨论了圆柱螺旋弹簧发生的正应力断裂,纵向以及横向切应力断裂等3种疲劳断裂模式。结果指出,喷丸引入的残余正应力(即应力强化机制)只影响正应力而不影响纵/横向切应力断裂模式的疲劳强度(寿命)。但喷丸引起表面形变层内的组织结构改性(即组织结构强化机制)却能提高所有3种断裂模式的疲劳断裂抗力。     

氯气冷凝器腐蚀的ICT研究

应用工业计算机断层扫描成像(ICT)技术研究了某厂氯气冷凝器管板、列管以及焊接处的腐蚀情况.ICT用于腐蚀研究，不仅可以探测出材料中腐蚀裂纹、孔隙等缺陷的有无，还能对它们的大小、形状以及空间位置作出定量的评价.ICT扫描分析结果表明，在列管、管板和焊材的结合区域腐蚀最为严重，盐水侧的管板腐蚀呈蜂窝状，而液氯侧的孔蚀较盐水侧严重.ICT技术可有效地评价材料的腐蚀.      

2Cr13汽轮机叶片断裂分析

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线波谱仪(WDS)以及金相显微镜等仪器对某电厂汽轮机末级叶片断裂断口的宏观形貌、微观形貌、微区元素成分以及断口附近的金相组织进行了较详细的观察与分析,并结合叶片的服役条件和环境最后推断:该叶片发生的断裂主要是由于晶间应力腐蚀所致。     

双耳托板螺钉断裂原因分析及改进措施

双耳托板螺钉装配过程中在托板与杆部结合处发生断裂。对断裂螺钉进行断口形貌分析,确定断裂性质为过载断裂;对同批次螺钉进行了金相、硬度、拉力试验、楔负载试验以及模拟安装试验,结果表明,螺钉断裂原因主要与断裂位置流线密集有关,同时热处理制度不匹配和流线被切断对断裂有促进作用。针对螺钉断裂有关原因提出了改进冷镦工艺、调整热处理制度和优化头(托板)杆加工工艺等改进措施,并对改进效果进行了验证,结果表明改进有效,新工艺加工的螺钉装配过程未再发生相同断裂现象。     

汽车悬架簧早期疲劳断裂原因的试验研究

采用同一种55CrSi钢但抗拉强度相差7%的两种钢制成的弹簧,虽经过同一台喷丸机床喷丸强化处理,但在疲劳抽检试验时发现,强度稍高的簧达到了规定的疲劳断裂寿命(N=4×105cycles)要求,而强度稍低者的疲劳断裂寿命为N=2.6×105cycles。制造者认为,材料的抗拉强度偏低是导致发生早期疲劳断裂的主要原因。但是通过本文完成的大量试验及其分析表明,由于弹簧在线生产中喷丸强度的偏低、喷丸工艺欠稳定、以及喷丸质量监控的缺乏等所导致的组织结构强化效应的降低,是发生早期纵向切断型(LSF)模式疲劳断裂的主要原因。这一分析结果表明,弹簧的喷丸强化工艺不良,是导致发生早期疲劳断裂的主要原因。由此可见,只有正确地认识和恰当地运用喷丸强化工艺中的"显微组织结构强化机制",才有可能有效地避免弹簧发生早期纵/横向切断型(LSF/TSF)模式的疲劳断裂,从而制造出具有高疲劳断裂抗力的NTF模式疲劳断裂的弹簧。     

钛对PTA发展的决定性作用

1　 PTA及其发展精对苯二甲酸—— PTA(HOOC(C6H4)COOH)广泛用于合成纤维、薄膜、音像带、涂料及工程塑料等行业 ,国内外需求越来越多。因而 PTA装置不断在建设与增大。至2 0 0 0年计划建设约 30处。阿莫柯 (Amoco)公司是石油炼制与石油化学的综合企业 ,年销售额约 35 0亿美元 ,石油化学部门占 (80～ 90 )亿美元 ,主产品为PTA等。阿莫柯公司是世界上最大的 PTA制造企业 ,主要生产厂在美国休斯敦。 PTA制造工艺由阿莫柯公司发明与开发 ,虽然已超过专利有效期限 ,谁都可采用此工艺 ,但生产上很难达到高水平与好效益。阿莫柯公司由…     

PTA氧化反应冷凝器用钛焊管国产化分析

大宗有机原料——精对苯二甲酸(PTA)装置中,目前设备厂仍被要求首先选择钛无缝管和进口钛焊管作为PTA氧化反应冷凝器的换热管。分析了中国PTA市场需求及新投装置的规模,认为PTA氧化反应冷凝器用钛管将会有较大的市场需求,需要加快推进国产钛焊管的应用。重点分析了钛焊管与钛无缝管在加工工艺和产品质量等方面存在的差异,认为钛焊管比钛无缝管更适于用作PTA氧化反应冷凝器的换热管。经过十多年的发展,我国钛焊管的加工技术与产品质量都已与进口产品相当,国产钛焊管取代钛无缝管应用于PTA氧化反应冷凝器已成为必然趋势。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。