电站锅炉省煤器出口水温升高对过热器吸热的影响

讨论了某台200 MW燃煤自然循环锅炉省煤器改造后出口水温升高而造成的屏式过热器超温,根据锅炉锅筒欠焓计算与水冷壁产汽量计算,并结合炉膛换热及出口烟温计算,分析了省煤器出口水温与屏式过热器吸热量之间的内在联系。现行锅炉热力计算方法未考虑省煤器出口水温与炉膛内蒸发受热面产汽量的依赖关系,不能体现省煤器出口水温较大幅度变化对炉膛吸热量的影响。     

超临界锅炉水冷壁工质温度的控制

分析了600MW超临界锅炉下辐射区水冷壁出口工质温度与水冷壁安全性和汽温调节的关系。系统地分析了超临界压力下水和水蒸汽的热物性和在燃用不同煤质对下辐射区水冷壁出口和中间点工质温度的影响。指出水冷壁辐射传热量变化和工质热物性剧烈变化是决定水冷壁工质温度的主要因素，另外，还包括省煤器出口工质温度、蒸发系统的储热量、直吹式磨煤系统调节动态响应特性等。提出了超临界锅炉汽温调节和煤水比调节应注意的几个主要问题。     

直流锅炉

工作原理和应用范围在自然循环和强制循环锅炉中,给水泵所起的作用只在于把所需水量送入汽包以形成一定的水位后就告结束。在沸腾管中所产生的蒸汽之所以能从汽包进入过热器,是由于工质在蒸发时体积增加而使压力上升的缘故。在直流锅炉中,其水流是按图1所示一次流过而完成预热、蒸发和过热。因此预热器(省煤器)、蒸发受热面和过热器三者就管内流程而言是彼此直接串联在一起的,汽包     

锅炉设备用高频焊接螺旋肋片管束放热与阻力特性的试验研究及节能效果分析

对用于锅炉设备的对流蒸发受热面和省煤器受热面,在采用高频焊接螺旋肋片管束时,须了解其放热与阻力特性。对用于自然循环锅炉对流蒸发受热面的该种管束,还须了解管束中每排的放热特性,以便算出各排的吸热量,为水循环计算提供依据。鉴于目     

1000 MW二次再热超超临界锅炉水动力及流动不稳定性计算分析

国电泰州电厂的1 000 MW超超临界二次再热塔式锅炉为单炉膛布置。由于超超临界二次再热锅炉汽水流程复杂,工质温度水平较高,容易出现水冷壁超温现象。锅炉在低负荷运行时,省煤器出口工质欠焓减小,容易造成工质汽化以及流动不稳定现象。采用流动网络系统的水动力计算模型,对锅炉在不同负荷时上、下炉膛水冷壁出口汽温进行了计算,与实炉数据进行了比较,并对30%THA负荷进行了流动不稳定性校核。计算结果表明:100%负荷及75%负荷时,上、下炉膛水冷壁出口汽温运行偏差低于设计编差;施加热负荷扰动后流量在一定时间后能恢复稳定,锅炉水冷壁的运行是安全稳定的。由此表明所建立的1 000 MW超超临界二次再热塔式锅炉水动力计算模型和所开发的程序是可靠的,研究结果为超超临界二次再热锅炉设计提供了参考。     

600MW亚临界锅炉低氮改造后汽温特性研究

以某台600MW亚临界锅炉为例,分析了低氮改造对其汽温静态特性和动态特性的影响.结果表明:低氮改造后炉内温度场、受热面结渣情况和锅炉运行模式均发生较大变化,对锅炉汽温特性产生较大影响;高负荷时锅炉汽温主要受分级燃烧导致的炉膛出口烟气温度上升和受热面结渣改善导致的炉膛出口烟气温度下降的综合影响;低负荷时锅炉汽温主要受分级燃烧导致的炉膛火焰中心高度降低和炉膛出口氧量的影响;快速降负荷过程中,炉膛火焰中心高度降低与汽轮机高压缸排汽温度下降对再热汽温的叠加影响是导致再热汽温易超跌的主要原因.     

600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉屏式受热面水动力及吸热量特性研究

针对高参数循环流化床(CFB)锅炉高温受热面热偏差特性直接影响锅炉安全运行的问题,根据超临界CFB锅炉炉膛内屏式过热器建立的复杂流动网络系统的数学模型以及吸热量模型,对某600 MW超临界CFB锅炉满负荷以及100 MW负荷2种不同运行工况下压降、质量流速分布、出口汽温分布以及沿工质流动方向壁温分布特性进行了计算分析,并进一步计算得到受热面吸热量分布。结果表明：屏式受热面在600 MW以及100 MW负荷下质量流速偏差分别为12.71%和13.96%,全屏出口汽温偏差分别为33 K和58.4 K,偏差均在安全范围内。600 MW负荷下,最高外壁温度为616.5℃,在材料允许范围内,吸热量分布呈靠近侧墙水冷壁及炉膛中心线处低、受热面中间处高的分布趋势。     

给水置换式省煤器系统在电站锅炉中的应用

将给水置换式省煤器系统运用到电站锅炉低负荷下SCR安全投运的改造中,将部分温度较低的工质水直接引流到下降管中,同时将部分省煤器出口温度相对较高的热水置换到省煤器入口。结果表明:通过给水置换的方式可提高省煤器实际入口工质水的温度,减小省煤器的传热温压,减少省煤器的换热量,提高省煤器出口的烟气温度,即提高了脱硝设备入口的烟气温度,达到了在低负荷下安全投运脱硝设备的目的;改造后锅炉可在低负荷下安全稳定运行,因脱硝设备不能投运而产生的NOx排放量也减少。     

410t/h锅炉过热汽温偏低的原因分析及对策

漳泽发电厂 4 10t h锅炉投产发电以来 ,由于设计问题 ,炉膛出口烟温偏离设计值 ,过热器吸热不足 ,蒸汽温度偏低 ,尤其是当 2号制粉系统单独运行时更为严重。经过增加低温受热面 ,合理调整双切圆燃烧系统 ,过热汽温偏低的问题得以解决 ,从而提高了机组运行的安全性和经济性     

410t/h锅炉过热汽温偏低的分析及对策

某电厂410t/h锅炉投产发电以来,由于设计问题,炉膛出口烟温偏离设计值,过热器吸热不足,蒸汽温度偏低,尤其是当2号制粉系统单独运行时更为严重,经过增加低温受热面,合理调整双切圆燃烧系统,过热汽温偏低的问题得以解决,从而提高了机组运行的安全性和经济性.     

Slag Monitoring System for Combustion Chambers of Steam Boilers

The computer-based boiler performance system presented in this article has been developed to provide a direct and quantitative assessment of furnace and convective surface cleanliness. Temperature, pressure, and flow measurements and gas analysis data are used to perform heat transfer analysis in the boiler furnace and evaporator. Power boiler efficiency is calculated using an indirect method. The on-line calculation of the exit flue gas temperature in a combustion chamber allows for an on-line heat flow rate determination, which is transferred to the boiler evaporator. Based on the energy balance for the boiler evaporator, the superheated steam mass flow rate is calculated taking into the account water flow rate in attemperators. Comparing the calculated and the measured superheated steam mass flow rate, the effectiveness of the combustion chamber water walls is determined in an on-line mode. Soot-blower sequencing can be optimized based on actual cleaning requirements rather than on fixed time cycles contributing to lowering of the medium usage in soot blowers and increasing of the water-wall lifetime.     

3．0Mt／a重催装置余热锅炉现状及节能技术改造

兰州石化公司炼油厂3．0Mt／a重油催化裂化装置的两台余热锅炉在运行中存在烟气侧运行阻力大、排烟温度高、省煤器给水入口温度低、存在尾燃等问题。采用翅片管结构省煤器、提高助燃空气温度、改造燃烧器、布置正压防爆固定旋转式蒸汽吹灰器对余热锅炉进行节能技术改造。改造后,两台锅炉炉膛压力分别由改造前的2.8kPa和2.7kPa降到1.9kPa和1.8kPa,余热锅炉烟气侧阻力降低;锅炉排烟温度由300℃降到205℃,烟气热量利用率和锅炉热效率得到提高;增设给水预热器后,省煤器给水温度及出水温度分别提高到150℃和240℃,外取热器及油浆蒸汽发生器多产蒸汽10t/h,两台锅炉总产汽量增加了60t/h,产生效益1908.42万元。     

一种太阳能吸热器过热蒸汽温度控制系统

介绍了一种应用于塔式太阳能热发电系统的水/蒸汽吸热器过热蒸汽温度控制系统。受到太阳辐射能间歇性和不确定性的影响,吸热器产生的过热蒸汽温度难于控制。控制系统根据吸热器在蒸汽流量变化、光功率变化和减温水流量变化等3种主要扰动下的过热汽温度动态响应特性,以减温水流量作为控制量,光功率和蒸汽负荷作为前馈信号,设计和研制了两段式过热蒸汽温度控制系统,使吸热器过热区出口汽温维持在允许的范围内。     

Second law analysis of a waste heat recovery steam generator

In recent years a great deal of attention is focussed on the efficient utilization of energy resources with minimum heat loss. There is a growing interest on second law analysis to minimize the entropy generation in various thermal units and thereby to improve and optimize the design and performance. In the present work, a waste heat recovery steam generator is considered, which consists of an economizer, an evaporator and a super heater. The unit produces superheated steam by absorbing heat from the hot flue gases. A general equation for the entropy generation has been proposed, which incorporates all the irreversibilities associated with the process. By using suitable non-dimensional operating parameters, an equation for entropy generation number is derived. The effect of various non-dimensional operating parameters, on the entropy generation number are investigated. The role of gas specific heat, non-dimensional inlet gas temperature difference ratio (τ), heat exchanger unit sizes (NTUB, NTUS, NTUE) on entropy generation number are also reported. The results will help to understand the influence of different non-dimensional operating parameters on entropy generation number, which in turn will be useful to optimize the performance of the unit.     

倾角对环状热管蒸发器性能的影响

针对生产过程中低品位能量回收,设计了带有环状管蒸发器的不锈钢水工质重力型分离式热管,环状管由31.6 mm管径内管热水加热,环空间隙为15.0 mm,可视化地研究了26 kPa蒸发压力,0~90 °倾斜角度下多个充注率环状管蒸发器的壁温特性。结果表明：该类热管的环状管蒸发器运行时存在一高温区,随倾角增加而扩大;环状管内蒸发侧平均表面换热系数随倾角增大先增后减、再增大,与沸腾流型随角度发生转变有密切关联;与一些相似文献进行了对比,发现环状管蒸发器与普通重力型热管在换热性能均在10~20 °倾角达到极大值,而环状管蒸发器则在90 °时达到了另一极大值。     

纯低温双压余热发电系统性能分析及参数优化

针对新型干法水泥窑纯低温双压余热发电系统,进一步完善了性能评价方法,以 5 000t/d水泥生产过程为实例分析了窑头AQC、窑尾SP余热锅炉废气参数、高压段、低压段蒸汽参数、公共省煤器出口水温对余热发电系统性能的影响以及各参数之间的耦合关系.结果表明:在确定的水泥窑废气参数下,通过对纯低温双压余热发电系统热力参数的优化,能够进一步提高余热发电量.     

Performance improvement of methanol steam reforming system with auxiliary heat recovery units

The thermal energy of a methanol steam reforming system is balanced with heat-up by a methanol burner, heat absorption by an evaporator, and an endothermic reforming reactor. As the thermal energy of a methanol steam reformer is delicately controlled, its thermal efficiency is significantly improved. In this study, three different system configurations are compared, namely, (1) a reference methanol steam reformer with an external evaporator, (2) a methanol steam reformer with an internal evaporator and type-1 auxiliary heat recovery unit (AHRU) with a heat source gas, and (3) a methanol steam reformer with an internal evaporator and type-2 AHRU with a heat source gas and reformed gas. These three configurations are analyzed, and the two heat recovery units are investigated. Results show that the internally evaporated methanol steam reformer efficiently converts the methanol to a hydrogen-rich mixture as exit gases are utilized to heat up the inlet methanol/water mixture.     

Optimal thermodynamic and economic volume of a heat recovery steam generator by constructal design

The ratios of gas flow to steam flow are huge in heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) compared to other steam generators. So the volume which is occupied by components of the HRSG such as economizer, evaporator and superheater is important factor when the HRSG is applied in structures including buildings and ships. The optimum volume of a HRSG is deduced through optimization of entropy generation and cost evaluation. By increasing volume, second law of thermodynamics is improved, but this improvement may not be economical. In this work, the best dimensions and arrangements of flows in HRSG are obtained by constructal design and the optimization method is algorithm genetic. In this case, super heater temperature, pinch point, water/steam flow rate and gas pressure drop are derived from configuration which designed by constructal theory for HRSG. The effects of gas flow rate and inlet gas temperature are examined on the values of optimum volume.     

100 MW级蒸汽轮机系统稳态变工况运行特性

  目的  为有效提高循环效率,整体煤气化联合循环（Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, IGCC）发电系统因其自身所具备的热效率高、污染小、运行灵活等优势得到广泛关注。余热锅炉与蒸汽轮机共同构成了联合循环系统的底循环。  方法  文章主要采用能量平衡和热力学计算公式,运用MATLAB进行建模运算,研究了蒸汽流量、给水温度、过热蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度的变化对蒸汽轮机的输出功率、热效率和蒸汽总吸热负荷的影响,同时在稳态运行的条件下,对底循环的工作原理和传质传热流程进行分析。  结果  结果表明:增加高压蒸汽流量,减小低压蒸汽流量,可以在具有较高热效率前提下,使蒸汽轮机输出更高的功率。在优化运行参数下,吸热负荷比参考工况减小了45.7 kW,热效率由23.82%增至26.92%。  结论  高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽的温度升高,蒸汽轮机系统热效率越高,但吸热负荷和输出功率变化幅度很小,可适当提高高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽的温度,有利于提高蒸汽轮机的热效率。而给水温度升高时,输出功率不随给水温度发生变化,而蒸汽吸热负荷会随着给水温度的升高而降低。给水温度越高,蒸汽所需热负荷就越小,有利于减少热能的输入而提高蒸汽轮机的热效率。