二氧化氯应用于地表水处理研究

研究了二氧化氯随时间的衰减情况以及温度、pH值对衰减速度的影响,考察了二氧化氯氧化水中有机物、减少卤代烃生成量的效果。结果表明,二氧化氯在地表水处理中代替氯作为氧化和消毒剂是完全可行的。     

二氧化氯在水处理中的应用

通过介绍二氧化氯的性质和在水处理中的特性，来进一步阐述二氧化氯对三卤甲烷、味和嗅的控制。     

美国：“我”用二氧化氯

二氧化氯可能是历史上经受考验最多的消毒剂。这是因为相对氯在实践中已经延续了一百多年而言,人们对二氧化氯了解还不多。经研究,二氧化氯很可能被看作是经实践证明余下的消毒剂中风险最小的一种。越来越多的证据表明,ClO_2的主要副产物——亚氯酸根离子只要在饮用水中保持正常的含量,它本身就是一种合适的后段消毒剂。鉴于二氧化氯在水处理中的作用,本刊特别推出“二氧化氯”小专题,简要介绍了二氧化氯的消毒原理及制备装置等,希望能给广大水处理消毒设备应用单位和读者以参考。     

二氧化氯取代液氯作为消毒剂的可行性研究

就给水处理中的消毒问题，介绍了二氧化氯的消毒机理，消毒特性和消毒副产物等，并通过二级氯和液氯作为消毒剂在技术上，经济上优缺点的比较，指出当前我国采用二氧化氯取代液氯作为消毒剂具有可行性，努力为我国现有水厂水处理工艺的改进提供一定的参考。     

二氧化氯常压工艺在工业水处理中的优势分析

本文归纳了国内二氧化氯制备工艺技术的类型及水处理中应用对象,并通过实例,介绍了常压(微负压)制备工艺在水处理中的应用及效果,以此结合用户的特殊要求,将其与发生器进行了对比分析,总结出常压工艺在水处理中的优势,为大型工业水(包括造纸中段废水)处理的应用提供一些借鉴,以进一步促进我国工业水处理的有效进行。     

地热水除酚工程的工艺选择与设计

根据原水的水质和用水要求,经过工艺比选后,确定采用二氧化氯氧化和活性炭吸附联合工艺处理含酚地热水,二氧化氯氧化与活性炭吸附联用工艺具有明显的协同作用,可使有机污染物得到彻底净化,是一种更高效的水处理工艺。详述了地热水除酚工程的设计参数,供设计人员参考。     

化学氧化破坏藻体及胞内藻毒素释放特性研究

借助透射电子显微镜（TEM）并利用胞内、外微囊藻毒素分析技术,研究了受污染源水中铜绿微囊藻在几种水厂常用化学氧化剂作用下的藻体破坏形态特征,探讨了胞内藻毒素的释放特性及氧化剂对藻毒素的去除效果.结果表明,氯、臭氧和二氧化氯均能引起藻体破坏及胞内藻毒素的释放,其中臭氧对藻体形态的破坏最为严重,氯的作用相对较差,二氧化氯则介于二者之间;在氧化剂低投量（0.5 mg/L）下,二氧化氯引起胞内藻毒素的释放最为显著,臭氧对藻毒素的去除效果优于二氧化氯和氯.从藻毒素的安全去除角度考虑,在水处理过程中应该首选臭氧,其次为二氧化氯,氯的使用应当慎重.     

二氧化氯在水处理中有广阔的应用前景

加氯消毒会产生三氯甲烷和其它多种卤代有机物，对人体造成危害。二氧化氯无论在消毒效果，氧化能力，三氯甲烷和有机卤代物的形成以及毒理学上，都是可行的扫的取代品。采取适当的措施，二氧化氯能保证安全生产。同时，在经济上也是可以随的。所以，二氧化氯在水处理中肯定会有广阔的应用前景。     

几种水处理工艺去除小隐孢子虫卵囊的效果

总结了常规处理、直接过滤、改性滤料过滤、硅藻土过滤、气浮、微滤、超滤、UV灭活、臭氧及二氧化氯消毒等水处理工艺对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果与机理，分析了影响去除效果的主要因素。     

旋流澄清/多介质过滤/活性炭过滤工艺处理矿井水

程家沟煤矿井下水处理工程处理能力为3 000 m3/d,针对原水中COD、SS及石油类指标偏高的特点,采用预沉调节池/旋流澄清净水装置/多介质过滤/活性炭过滤/二氧化氯消毒处理工艺,出水水质满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水质标准要求。介绍了该工程的工艺流程、设计参数及工艺特点,以期为类似矿井水处理工程设计提供借鉴。     

Mutagenic activity in humic water and alum flocculated humic water treated with alternative disinfectants

Mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 , TA 98 and TA 97 has been determined for humic water and alum flocculated humic water, treated with the alternative disinfectants chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, ozone/chlorine and chlorine/chlorine dioxide.The most pronounced activity was found for chlorine treated water tested on strain TA 100 without metabolic activation (S9 mix). Ozone treatment prior to chlorination did not alter the activity, while treatment with chlorine in combination with chlorine dioxide reduced the activity to a level somewhat over the background. No mutagenic response was detected in waters treated with ozone or chlorine dioxide alone. In presence of S9 mix all water extracts studied were non-mutagenic.     

二氧化氯在污废水处理中的应用

介绍了二氧化氯的性质和二氧化氯发生器的性能、特点,详细说明了二氧化氯在各种污、废水处理领域,包括在城市生活污水、医院污水、工业循环水、油田注水及化工废水等领域的应用实例和处理效果。最后给出了投加二氧化氯对设备腐蚀情况的研究结果,表明投加二氧化氯不会对注水系统的腐蚀率造成影响。     

Development of chlorine dioxide-related by-product models for drinking water treatment.

Factorial experiments were conducted using source waters from seven drinking water treatment plants in Ontario, Canada to develop statistically based model equations capable of predicting chlorine dioxide consumption and chlorite and chlorate formation upon chlorine dioxide application. The equations address raw water quality and operational parameters including pH, temperature, chlorine dioxide concentration, reaction time and water organic content (as described by non-purgeable organic carbon x ultraviolet absorbance measured at 254 nm, NPOC x UV254). Terms describing two-factor interaction effects were also included, improving the accuracy of the predictive equations in fitting measured response concentrations as evaluated through internal and external validations. Nearly 80% of the predictions for chlorine dioxide consumption and chlorite formation were observed to be within 20% of the measured levels. Over 90% of the predicted chlorate levels were within +/- 0.1 mg/L of the measured levels. Chlorine dioxide concentration and NPOC x UV254 were key parameters when developing the predictive models.     

二氧化氯、氯胺顺序投加联合消毒工艺的研究

以天津市某自来水厂的滤后水为研究对象,采用二氧化氯、氯胺顺序投加联合消毒工艺对其进行消毒处理。运用化学分析和生物学试验的方法,考察了经不同投量的组合消毒后消毒剂残余量的变化,以及联合工艺的消毒效果和持续消毒能力。试验结果表明,经不同投量组合的二氧化氯、氯胺顺序投加联合消毒后,出水中的细菌总数及总大肠菌群均达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求。氯胺投量对总余氯和二氧化氯残余量的影响显著,而二氧化氯的投加量对其残余量的影响不大。二氧化氯、氯胺顺序投加联合消毒工艺在低投量组合下就能达到良好的消毒效果,且持续消毒能力强。     

Formation of assimilable organic carbon during oxidation of natural waters with ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, permanganate, and ferrate

Five oxidants, ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, permanganate, and ferrate were studied with regard to the formation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and oxalate in absence and presence of cyanobacteria in lake water matrices. Ozone and ferrate formed significant amounts of AOC, i.e. more than 100 μg/L AOC were formed with 4.6 mg/L ozone and ferrate in water with 3.8 mg/L dissolved organic carbon. In the same water samples chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and permanganate produced no or only limited AOC. When cyanobacterial cells (Aphanizomenon gracile) were added to the water, an AOC increase was detected with ozone, permanganate, and ferrate, probably due to cell lysis. This was confirmed by the increase of extracellular geosmin, a substance found in the selected cyanobacterial cells. AOC formation by chlorine and chlorine dioxide was not affected by the presence of the cells. The formation of oxalate upon oxidation was found to be a linear function of the oxidant consumption for all five oxidants. The following molar yields were measured in three different water matrices based on oxidant consumed: 2.4-4.4% for ozone, 1.0-2.8% for chlorine dioxide and chlorine, 1.1-1.2% for ferrate, and 11-16% for permanganate. Furthermore, oxalate was formed in similar concentrations as trihalomethanes during chlorination (yield ∼ 1% based on chlorine consumed). Oxalate formation kinetics and stoichiometry did not correspond to the AOC formation. Therefore, oxalate cannot be used as a surrogate for AOC formation during oxidative water treatment.     

二氧化氯消毒法在饮用水生产中的应用探讨

简要介绍了二氧化氯的物理化学性质及功能,在此基础上具体阐述了二氧化氯在饮用水生产中的应用,着重介绍了二氧化氯的基本特性,在水中的形态及其生产程序,并探讨了二氧化氯消毒工艺的应用及存在的问题,以期指导实践。     

给水用二氧化氯发生器消毒的探讨

对应用于给水消毒中的二氧化氯发生器的制备工艺、控制方式、运行管理等进行了探讨 ,认为目前一些水厂在二氧化氯发生器的使用上仍存在着一些误区 ,结合在青岛平度兴平水厂中应用二氧化氯器进行总结 ,旨在促进二氧化氯在我国水厂的推广使用 .     

强化消毒法对水中粪肠球菌灭活效果研究

在实验室条件下,研究了自由氯、氯胺和二氧化氯在不同剂量下对水中粪肠球菌的灭活效果.结果表明,自由氯、氯胺和二氧化氯对水中粪肠球菌具有较好的灭活效果,当消毒剂投加量为1 ～4 mg/L,接触时间为30 min时,粪肠球菌的灭活率基本在99％以上;自由氯的消毒反应速率最快,其次是二氧化氯,氯胺的反应速率最慢.     

Sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine or monochloramine.

The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of temperature (4-30 degrees C) on the inactivation kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with sequential disinfection schemes involving the use of chlorine dioxide as the primary disinfectant and free or combined chlorine as the secondary disinfectant in synthetic water. The synergy previously reported for sequential inactivation of C. parvum oocysts with ozone/free chlorine or ozone/combined chlorine did not occur when chlorine dioxide was used. instead of ozone, as the primary disinfectant within the temperature range (4-30 degrees C) and the pre-treatment levels investigated. Sequential ozone/chlorine dioxide and chlorine dioxide ozone experiments revealed that the lower level or absence of synergy for chlorine dioxide/free chlorine and chlorine dioxide, monochloramine was likely the result of chlorine dioxide reacting with oocyst chemical groups that are mostly different from those reacting with ozone, free chlorine, or monochloramine. The CT concept was found to be valid for the primary inactivation kinetics of C. parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide, thus allowing the use of the simpler CT approach for the development of C. partum inactivation requirements with chlorine dioxide. General consistency was found between the secondary inactivation kinetics of C. parvum oocysts with free chlorine and monochloramine after chlorine dioxide pretreatment obtained in this study with oocyst viability determined by a modified in vitro excystation method and those reported in the literature for the same sequential disinfection schemes based on an animal infectivity assay.