同时扩增与收获脐带血来源造血干细胞及间充质干细胞的研究

目的为利用生物反应器,实现脐带血(Umbilical cord blood,UCB)来源的造血干细胞(Hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs)与间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)的同时扩增与收获。方法为在不添加血清、只添加细胞因子组合(SCF15ng·mL-1,FL5ng·mL-1,TPO6ng·mL-1,IL-315ng·mL-1,G-CSF1ng·mL-1,GM-CSF5ng·mL-1)及海藻酸钙壳聚糖胶珠包被基质细胞支持的条件下,采用玻璃包被的聚苯乙烯(Glass coated styrene copolymer,GCSC)微载体与生物反应器相结合的策略,考察了UCB-HSCs与UCB-MSCs在转瓶及旋转壁式生物反应器(Rotating wall vessel bioreactor,RWVB)内的共培养。结果RWVB中的扩增效果最佳,12天内有核细胞(Nuclear cells,NCs)扩增了3.7±0.3倍;集落形成细胞(Colony-forming units in culture,CFU-Cs)扩增了5.1±1.2倍;CD34+CD45+CD105-(HSCs)细胞扩增了5.2±0.4倍;CD34-CD45-CD105+(MSCs)细胞扩增了13.9±1.2倍。培养结束后,通过自由沉降的方法分离UCB-HSCs和粘附在GCSC微载体表面的UCB-MSCs。同时,细胞多向诱导分化及免疫表型分析结果显示,粘附在GCSC微载体表面上的细胞能够向骨、软骨及脂肪细胞分化;并能够表达间质细胞相关表面标志CD13,CD44,CD73和CD105,而不表达造血细胞的相关表面标志CD34,CD45及HLA-DR,与骨髓MSCs相一致。结论为添加细胞因子、基质细胞及微载体支持的条件下,在生物反应器内能够实现UCB-HSCs和UCB-MSCs的同时扩增与收获。     

气升式环流中空纤维膜生物反应器内骨髓间充质干细胞的培养与扩增

骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)具有多向分化的潜能,是重要的组织工程"种子细胞"和理想的基因治疗靶细胞,但在骨髓中的含量非常少,需体外扩增才能满足临床需求.今将第四代MSCs与Ⅰ型胶原溶液混合后接种于中空纤维膜(HFMs)内,置37℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度的培养箱内1 h后形成凝胶,然后将此HFMs接种至气升式环流生物反应器(ALB)内,进行MSCs的三维动态培养与扩增.实验过程中每24 h取样测吸光度、计细胞数、绘制细胞生长曲线,测定细胞代谢参数,并对扩增的细胞进行流式细胞仪分析及多向诱导分化检测.结果表明:在气升式环流中空纤维膜生物反应器(ALHFMB)内,O2含量基本保持恒定;细胞代谢旺盛,MSCs扩增倍数明显增加,7 d后扩增近16倍;扩增的细胞仍保持MSCs表型并具有较强的成骨、成软骨及成脂肪的多向分化能力.     

MBR技术的形成、应用范围与发展新趋势

<正>1关于MBR膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)集生物反应器的生物降解和膜的高效分离于一体,是膜技术和污水生物处理技术有机结合产生的新型高效污水生物处理工艺。其工作原理是利用反应器的好氧微生物降解污水中的有机污染物,同时利用反应器内的硝化细菌转化污水中的氨氮。最后,通过中空纤维膜进行高效的固液分离出水。MBR利用膜分离装置将生化反应池中的活性污泥和大分子有机物有效截留,替代传统活性污泥     

气升式环流中空纤维膜生物反应器内骨髓间充质千细胞的培养与扩增

骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）具有多向分化的潜能,是重要的组织工程“种子细胞”和理想的基因治疗靶细胞,但在骨髓中的含量非常少,需体外扩增才能满足临床需求。今将第四代MSCs与Ⅰ型胶原溶液混合后接种于中空纤维膜（HFMs）内,置37℃、5％CO2、饱和湿度的培养箱内1h后形成凝胶,然后将此HFMs接种至气升式环流生物反应器（ALB）内,进行MSCs的三维动态培养与扩增。实验过程中每24h取样测吸光度、计细胞数、绘制细胞生长曲线,测定细胞代谢参数,并对扩增的细胞进行流式细胞仪分析及多向诱导分化检测。结果表明;在气升式环流中空纤维膜生物反应器（ALHFMB）内,O2含量基本保持恒定;细胞代谢旺盛,MSCs扩增倍数明显增加,7d后扩增近16倍;扩增的细胞仍保持MSCs表型并具有较强的成骨、成软骨及成脂肪的多向分化能力。     

中空纤维膜在污水处理方面的应用与发展

城市污水以及工业污水的处理刻不容缓,通过中空纤维膜进行水处理,能有效的解决降解工业废水以及城市污水的难题。从不同中空纤维膜的膜材料(单组分膜、复合膜、共混膜)和处理方法(膜生物反应器、膜蒸馏、微滤/超滤、纳滤、工艺复合)方面来阐述中空纤维膜对污水处理的影响。     

中空纤维膜在污水处理方面的应用与发展

城市污水以及工业污水的处理刻不容缓,通过中空纤维膜进行水处理,能有效的解决降解工业废水以及城市污水的难题。从不同中空纤维膜的膜材料(单组分膜、复合膜、共混膜)和处理方法(膜生物反应器、膜蒸馏、微滤/超滤、纳滤、工艺复合)方面来阐述中空纤维膜对污水处理的影响。     

甲烷生物转化膜反应器的CFD模拟

针对甲烷气体在发酵体系中的传质效率偏低,提出了将中空纤维膜反应器应用于甲烷生物转化体系的方法。使用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)仿真软件FLUENT对中空纤维膜生物反应器内部流场进行CFD仿真模拟,探究纤维束长度和通气速率对反应器内气含率和液环速率的影响。结果表明,增大纤维束长度可有效提高反应器内的甲烷气含率和液环速率,从而促进气液两相进行高效传质。最终,通过CFD仿真模拟研究,获得了可用于高效生物转化甲烷生物反应器的最优纤维束长度和通气速率的设计区间,为中空纤维膜反应器的设计和实现甲烷高效生物利用提供研究基础,具有重要的指导意义。     

新型温敏性中空纤维膜的制备与表征

采用自由基聚合方法对中空纤维膜(hollow fiber membranes,HFMs)进行了N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)的接枝聚合,制备了一系列PNIPAAm-g-HFMs,同时考察了成纤维细胞在PNIPAAm-g-HFMs表面的培养与降温脱附情况。傅里叶红外光谱和元素分析结果表明PNIPAAm成功地在中空纤维膜上接枝聚合。动态接触角分析结果显示,当温度降至LCST以下,PNIPAAm-g-HFMs表面接触角明显降低;蛋白黏附测定结果进一步证实了当温度发生改变时,PNIPAAm-g-HFMs表面呈现亲疏水性质变化,即具有温敏性。37℃时,成纤维细胞在HFMs-0.005,HFMs-0.01和HFMs-0.05表面均能正常黏附、铺展与增殖;而HFMs-0.2不适宜细胞的黏附与生长。降温孵育后,黏附于PNIPAAm-g-HFMs表面的细胞发生明显的形态变化并从其表面发生脱附,细胞脱附率高达90%以上。以上实验结果表明,PNIPAAm-g-HFMs具有良好的温敏性,可实现细胞的降温脱附,可与生物反应器相结合用于贴壁型细胞的大规模扩增与降温收获。     

旋转壁式生物反应器中微囊化骨髓间充质干细胞支持造血干/祖细胞的体外扩增

为了构建一种新型的造血干细胞和基质细胞动态共培养体系,脐带血单个核细胞和包埋有兔骨髓间充质干细胞的海藻酸钠-壳聚糖-海藻酸钠(alginate-chitosan-alginate, ACA)微胶囊在旋转壁式生物反应器(rotating wall vessel, RWV)中进行了7d动态悬浮共培养.培养液不含血清,补充多种生长因子(SCF 50ng·mL-1,FL 50ng·mL-1,TPO 50ng·mL-1及IL-325ng·mL-1).每24h进行总有核细胞计数,并测量培养液的pH和渗透压,在0h、72h和168h进行流式CD34 细胞分析以及集落形成能力检验.结果表明在RWV动态共培养过程中,培养液的pH保持在7.2~7.4,渗透压保持在280~310mmOsmol·kg-1,均适合造血干/祖细胞的体外扩增.经过7d的无血清动态共培养,总有核细胞、CD34 细胞以及混合集落(colony-forming units in culture, CFU-Cs)分别扩增了107.05±6.08,26.52±1.5和19.2±3.18倍.这种新型的动态微囊化共培养体系支持了造血干/祖细胞的大规模体外扩增,基质细胞抑制了造血干/祖细胞的分化,微胶囊对造血细胞和基质细胞进行了免疫隔离,RWV则为细胞和微胶囊提供了优良的低剪切力的悬浮培养环境.     

巡视中空纤维膜的研发和产业进展

介绍了国内外用于人工肾的中空纤维透析膜、用于废水处理的微滤、超滤中空纤维及膜生物反应器（MBR）、用于海水淡化的中空纤维反渗透膜、用于气体分离及有机物代精馏的中空纤维膜、用于双亲和性吸附蛋白质的固定双配合剂多微孔中空纤维膜、用于回收海水资源的微滤和纳滤膜、用于脱氧核糖核酸链（DNA）切片的内含亲水性聚合物的中空纤维膜以及新型电池隔膜.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。