Effect of salt crystallization on stones of historical buildings and monuments,Konya, Central Turkey

In this study, we investigated the chemical and physical properties of the volcanic rocks used as building stones in historical places and monuments. The chemical weathering effect of salt crystallization on these stones was measured on the laboratory conditions (in most cases, used samples were very small). For this purpose, the dry weight loss (DWL) test was conducted. The rocks of dacite, andesite and tuffs of volcanic origin have different durability against salt crystallization. The most stable rocks are dacites (DWL 2.06%) which were used in the construction of Hittite monuments at Eflatun. The durability of the stones is closely related to their chemical, mineralogical, petrographical and mechanical properties. The stones used in the historical buildings are generally much more stable than present-day building stones.     

从细节入手探索古建筑的传承

分析了目前国内建筑在文化传承方面存在的误区,从关注细节、营造意境两方面介绍了中国建筑的传承新思路,指出建筑师应尽快走出误区,创造新的手法去传承中国建筑的精髓。     

从晋祠建筑看古代建筑的抗震技巧

以晋祠古建筑为研究对象,通过对晋祠主殿、献殿及舍利生生塔等建筑结构的分析探讨,总结了古代建筑在抗震设计方面所运用的力学原理及布局方式,对国内建筑抗震设计的研究有重要意义。     

Analysis of the rural dwellings at new residential areas in The Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is a human-centered regional development project targeting the full-fledged socio-economic development of Southeastern Anatolia. As a project adopting the principle of sustainable development, GAP covers investments in such areas as urban and rural infrastructure, transportation, industry, education, health, housing, tourism and other sectors in addition to dams, hydraulic power plants and irrigation schemes on the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. The project has the main challenge of substantially improving the quality of life of the people and closing the development of GAP existing between this particular region and the other regions of the country. Under this project, activities for the resettlement of the people affected by the dams who live like nomad communities are taking place. In addition, improving physical and socio-economic features of existing settlements are considered.

In these studies, the sufficiency of socio-cultural, structural and functional planning features of rural residential buildings which were constructed for whose villages were under Batman and Tigris (Dicle) dam reservoir and who live like nomad communities in resettlement areas were investigated and tried to solve their problems by the General Directorate of Rural Affairs.     

Lithological maps of churches in the Diocese of Vitoria (Spain): Space–time distribution of building stones and ancient quarries

Analysis from a Geographic Information System of lithological maps of 487 churches has provided a picture of spatial and temporal distribution of building stones in the Diocese of Vitoria up until 1900 AD. Spatially, each lithology is placed according to building use. Geographically, masonry work always employed local stones, however, for more specific uses such as ashlar work, sculptures, vaults and tombs, the lithologies came from all over the zone studied. Temporally speaking, it can be seen that certain lithologies were preferred for particular architectural styles. This evolution could be explained by the impossibility of mechanically extracting stones from the quarry face. The original quarries are always located on high mountain chains close to mountain passes.     

古建筑木材的热稳定性及热解动力学研究

采用热重分析(Thermogravimetric analysis,TGA)的方法研究了布达拉宫古建筑群中三种常用木材(红松、铁杉和云杉)在空气和氮气中的热解特性,采用Kissinger法计算了三种木材中木质素的降解活化能.结果表明,三种木材在空气中热解均包括木材中水分脱出过程、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素热解过程以及残炭的氧化三个阶段;在氮气中,这些木材的热解只有脱水过程和半纤维素、纤维素及木质素热解两个过程,其原因是木材在氮气中热解的残炭不会进一步被氧化为一氧化碳和/或二氧化碳.采用Kissinger法计算得到三种木材中木质素在空气中的降解活化能依次为红松(218 kJ/mol)、铁杉(146 kJ/mol)、云杉(188 kJ/mol).     

论古代巢居建筑的发展与传承

在阐述巢居建筑的诞生及发展的基础上,对巢居建筑的通风防潮、能够克服多变地形等特点进行了剖析,提出现今的巢居建筑分成外形仿生类和功能性仿巢居建筑,其中功能性的仿巢居建筑包括底层架空、因地制宜、节能环保的建筑。     

古建筑火灾烟气流动特性研究

对火灾中古建筑各区间温度变化情况进行了测量,并对着火室、着火室邻近房间、距离着火室较远的房间、庭院等处的温度变化曲线进行了分析,结果表明:模型着火房间和其他房间温度都能稳定一段时间后才开始剧烈升高,这段时间之前是相对安全的;火灾中靠近模型着火房间的房间温度变化最为显著,火源剧烈燃烧之后,温度梯度最大,距离模型着火房间最远的房间测点5～6处房间温度变化最小,温度梯度最小.庭院处的温度变化并不剧烈,可作为人员逃生的暂时路径.     

浅谈晋中地区古建筑雕刻装饰艺术

介绍了晋中地区古建筑雕刻艺术的制作材质和加工工艺,分析了雕刻艺术之于建筑装饰的作用,并探讨了雕刻纹样的文化内涵,从而使人们对古建筑雕刻装饰艺术有更深层次的认识。     

谈早期山西古建筑营造活动中土体材料的应用

对最早使用的建筑材料——土进行了简述,以山西为例探讨了土成为建筑材料的原因,通过对山西地区遗存下来的早期建筑进行初步的调查分析,说明了土体材料在山西早期建筑中的应用发展。     

从建构思维看古代建筑结构的类型与演化

建筑作为人类营建行为的产物,其结构形式的生成,亦是基于建构思维之上的。以往建筑史研究中关于结构形式的分类,偏于以表相特征为线素,本文从建构思维的角度,分析建筑结构的类型和演化,希望对建筑结构的认识和把握更为本质和明晰。     

浅谈古建筑的火灾特点及消防对策

针对山西省文物古建筑的现状，简述了古建筑存在的问题，古建筑火灾的特点及其消防对策。     

皂坑村古建筑群的形成与特色初探

通过对皂坑村地理环境和历史沿革的概述,介绍了皂坑村几幢典型的古建筑,并论述了该村古建筑在选址布局、建筑类型、空间格局、装饰艺术等方面的特色,以帮助人们更好地保护现有民居。     

The idea of building business processes: the responsive housebuilder

In many market sectors there has recently been an apparent step change for the better in how companies perform their core business. The result has been increased competitive advantage for companies in the electronic products, automotive, insurance, banking and mechanical sectors. Careful research has shown that the way forward for the construction sector to similarly benefit from the new methodology is to apply well established ‘business systems engineering7rsquo; (BSE) principles. But business systems engineering is concerned with both engineering and integrating the technological, financial, organizational and cultural aspects of business processes. The responsive housebuilder is the particular example selected herein to demonstrate the power of the approach. By re-engineering the design, financing, and production processes, the housebuilder first learns to survive economic turbulence. However, second it grows by increasing market share via the exploitation of new opportunities enabled by much reduced delivery times. The outcome is therefore a welcome addition to the construction sector survivability categories originally listed by Steven Groák in The Idea of Building.     

Soil properties, foundation stability, groundwater conditions, characteristics of building stones and mortar used in construction and proposed measures for restoration at the site of ancient Ayla in a Qaba, Jordan

Ancient Ayla in Aqaba, Jordan was destroyed during a major earthquake incident that occurred in Aqaba in 1067 AD. The Gulf of Aqaba is a seismically active region. The latest strong earthquake incident occurred on November 22, 1995 when an earthquake of local magnitude 6.2 rocked the Gulf of Aqaba region. The main shock was followed by thousands of aftershocks. The Gulf of Aqaba-convering the geologic coordinates 28.0–29.6 N; 34.5–35..2 E is one of two natural bays surrounding the Sinai Peninsula which itself is located at the northernmost end of the Red Sea. The soil profile underlying Aqaba city consists of interlayering of various sedimentory Holocene Alluvium deposits. This study is aimed at investigating the soil and foundation condition at the site of the ancient Ayla. This includes groundwater conditions, bearing capacity of the strata supporting the walls of ancient Ayla, and structural stability of these walls. The study included an investigation of the characteristics of building stones used in the earlier construction as well as those proposed for use in the restoration of Ancient Ayla. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of existing mortars were evaluated. Gradation analyses were conducted to select a proper sand for use in the mortar mix. Mortar mix tests were conducted for the purpose of recommending a mortar mix for use in restoration works. Trends in the results of various mix tests were analyzed. Sample borings were made at the site to obtain soi profile and extract soil and water samples. Standard Penetration test was conducted at different depths. Laboratory tests were performed on these samples to determine pertinent physical properties of the soil and salinity of the water. Soils at the site were found to be predominantly granular with archaeological fill overlying beach sand which in turn overlies the coarser sand and gravel of the natural deposits. Except for the wadi area, groundwater was encountered at about 3 m below existing ground levels. Bearing capacity of the foundation was evaluated to be 3.5 kg/cm² for the dense granular materials (that represent the probable founding layer of the existing walls), and 2.0 kg/cm² for the weaker silty/clayed zone. Back analysis yields a safe wall height of at least 6.0 m. Therefore, no stability problems are present. Tilting and sinking were noted in some portions of the exterior walls as a result of dynamic lateral earth pressures exerted during the major earthquake incident of 1067 AD. Measures for wall foundation support during archaelogical excavations are suggested. Permanent excavations for exposing the walls should be limited to a free height of about 3 m at the location of western wall, and about 2.5 m at the location of the eastern wall. Stones used in the construction of ancient Ayla were found to consist of precut sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and granite. Weathering effects were clearly noted on the exposed stones in the walls. It is proposed to use a replacement stone consisting of sandstone group located at a source 35 km North of Aqaba. Measures suggested for the restoration of the walls addressed the lack of mortar in the inner walls and the replacement of disintegrated stone pieces in the external walls. Existing mortars were found to consist primarily of three types, namely a brown silty mixture, a gray mixture, but predominantly a mixture of fine gravel and a lime/gypsum binder. The major chemical constituents of the original mortar are 18 % SiO₂, 23 % CaO, and 34 % SO₃. X-ray diffraction peaks indicate the presence of gypsum, calcite and quartz. Comparative analysis data gave 7 % CaCO₃, 53 % Sand, and 40 % Solubles as average values of the constituents. Following the selection of two sand sources for use in the mortar mix, recommended mortar for restoration was a mix of lime, sand, ash, with ratios of 1:3:1.5.     

以荆紫关古建筑群为例谈保护规划

指出保护规划的制定是从整体出发、深入调查、进行实用而有效的评估,进而提出切实有效的规划设计方案,探讨了保护规划前期调研和后期设计内容的有机联系,解决了如何增加规划可实施性的问题,以达到自然环境和人文环境可持续发展的目的。     

古城建筑保护过程中色彩表达研究——以天水古城为例

结合文化特色,构建古建筑主题色彩,对古建筑保护十分重要。本文以天水古城为研究对象,通过人文等多方面分析,总结影响天水古城建筑色彩的多个因素,在区域内构建色彩保护区、色彩控制区、色彩协调区,以期为天水古城整体建筑色彩控制提供支持。     

Investigation of laterite stones for building purpose from Malabar region,Kerala state,SW India – Part 1: Field studies and profile characterisation

This paper describes the first part of a project that aims to evaluate laterite for building purposes from 4 widely placed major quarries of the Malabar region in Kerala in western India. The work reported herein is a comprehensive investigation of the laterite quarries, in view of assessing the characteristics of laterite for building purposes on a regional basis. The in situ characteristics of laterite like colour, texture, structure and hardness were determined by field study. Freshly quarried laterite building blocks from different depths of the quarry as supplied commercially, were evaluated for their engineering characteristics. The physical and mechanical properties of laterite were found to be dependent on the in situ profile characteristics of the rock, viz., colour, texture and structure. The properties of laterite were found to vary widely, based on the location and depth of the quarry. The process of selection of laterite for construction purposes, based on field observations, is also outlined in this paper.     

由阳城开福寺保护规划谈古建筑的保护

通过分析阳城县开福寺保护规划方案,探讨了城市化高速发展的情况下应该如何保护、开发、利用古建筑,从而使古建筑能产生更好的历史、文化、社会和经济价值。