高速低温喷涂气固作用行为及喷涂系统研究进展

高速低温喷涂是利用固相或含固相的低温粉末在高速度、高动能作用下碰撞基体表面沉积的喷涂方法,具有氧化轻微、 结合牢固、组织致密、综合力学性能优异等潜在优势,在高性能金属或金属基复合材料涂层制备、增材制造和零件损伤修复等领域获得广泛关注。以粉末低温高速碰撞沉积过程为主线,凝练现有冷喷涂和低温超音速火焰喷涂两种具体工艺的共性特征,阐明喷涂气流与粉末颗粒的气固两相交互作用规律,分析出合理调控颗粒温度和速度是改善沉积体性能的关键。其次分析高速低温喷涂设备系统的构成,详细讨论各核心部件的结构设计策略及对气固流动行为的影响,总结出通过调整工艺参数与喷枪结构,可以实现颗粒温度和速度的按需控制。最后,对高速低温喷涂工艺及设备系统发展目前尚存的关键问题进行展望。总结如何通过喷涂参数与装置设计,最终达成调控沉积体性能的目的,有助于深入理解高速低温喷涂的沉积机理,对研制高性能的喷涂设备系统具有参考意义。     

双立式爆炸焊接R-δ型可焊性窗口

针对双立式爆炸焊接新方法的爆轰驱动特点,通过研究双立式爆炸焊接条件下的焊接下限、焊接上限、临界起爆厚度、临界碰撞角和临界复板厚度等可焊性边界条件,构建了一种静态参数下的双立式爆炸焊接R-δ型可焊性窗口;该窗口综合反映了爆炸焊接中的复板特性和炸药特性两大焊接参数,所建立的铜、不锈钢、铝合金等材料的双立式爆炸焊接R-δ型可焊性窗口可直接运用于工程实践中;根据双立式爆炸焊接R-δ型可焊性窗口设置的15 mm超低药量试验下的304L/Q235b复合板实现了高质量的微小波状结合,说明该窗口可以作为确定双立式爆炸焊接工艺参数的依据.     

Lower boundary in metal explosive welding. Evolution of ideas

Like in any solid state method of metal bonding, a weldability area exists for each pair of explosion welded materials. Establishing the lower boundary of explosive welding is a relevant task because it makes it possible to specify the parameters of the explosive welding process. The existing concepts and models of the lower boundary are comprehensively reviewed, and the evolution of ideas on the subject is described. The axis “average mass of the explosion welded plates” is added to the original representation of the welding areas in the “hydrodynamic” coordinates “collision angle-collision velocity”. Such an approach makes it possible to analyse the bonding process in terms of energy. A new parameter - the pressure deforming pulse - is proposed. This parameter depends on the collision conditions and relates the pressure in the contact area to the time period within which the pressure operates. Thus, it presents the explosive welding lower boundary in the physical coordinates “pressure-time-temperature”.     

基于离散单元法(DEM)研究镀桶截面形状对机械镀过程物料运动的影响EI北大核心CSCD

镀桶的截面形状对机械镀过程的影响受限于机械镀设备等原因,相关研究较少。为研究不同截面形状的镀桶对机械镀过程中桶内物料运动规律的影响,采用离散元模拟软件EDEM建立不同形状(四边形、六边形、八边形、圆形)下镀桶内物料的运动模型,并从碰撞区域、碰撞频率、碰撞接触力和碰撞能量四个方面对桶内物料间的碰撞情况进行研究。结果表明:镀桶的截面形状对机械镀过程中桶内物料的碰撞和运动规律产生很大影响,在相同模拟条件下,八边形镀桶内物料运动的惰性区域最小;通过对不同形状镀桶内物料间碰撞频率、碰撞接触力和碰撞能量的对比分析,八边形镀桶中的物料运动规律最有利于机械镀工艺过程中镀层的形成和增厚,八边形为最优镀桶截面形状。另外,通过计算机数值模拟的方法探讨镀桶截面形状对机械镀过程中物料运动规律的影响规律,为机械镀设备发展和工艺优化提供理论依据。     

大气等离子喷涂锆酸镧热障涂层

利用自制的稀土元素复合掺杂锆酸镧热喷涂粉末,采用大气等离子喷涂技术,在镍基高温合金表面制备La1.6Nd0.4Ce1.0Zr1.0O7(LNCZ)热障涂层,研究了喷涂参数对涂层沉积率、显微结构、结合强度及抗热震性能的影响。结果表明,增大喷涂功率,降低送粉速率可以有效地提高涂层的沉积率,但对涂层结合和抗热震性能不利。减小喷涂距离不仅提高沉积率,还有利于获得孔径细小、孔隙率适中的层状组织结构,该结构对提高涂层的抗热震性能极为有利。采用DH-1080大气等离子喷涂设备制备LNCZ涂层较好的喷涂条件为:功率40 kW,喷涂距离9 cm,送粉速率12 g/min。     

Parametric study on crashworthiness of automotive sheet alloy

Crashworthiness (or collision performance) is a critical design factor in optimizing automotive part products. In this study, a numerical sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effects of material properties on crashworthiness for automotive sheet materials. As standard material parameters, the measured mechanical properties of AA 6111-T4 sheet were considered, based on the anisotropic non-quadratic yield function, YId2004-18p, and a combination type non-linear isotropic-kinematic hardening law. The constitutive law was implemented into codes of the commercial finite element program ABAQUS, using user material subroutines. As for process simulations, spring-back after forming as well as sheet forming and collision were included in this evaluation.     

Energy and bond strength development during ultrasonic consolidation

A process model was developed that couples the effects of the three adjustable ultrasonic consolidation (UC) process parameters (amplitude, force and speed) into a single term – thermal weld energy due to frictional and volumetric heat generation. Infrared thermography was used to evaluate weld energy during UC and a relationship was established between weld energy and the peel strength of ultrasonically consolidated aluminum. An optimum processing widow was identified for bonding Al 1100-0 and Al 3003-H14 based on UC processing temperature and weld time. Bonding occurred well below the material melting temperatures, confirming that thermal softening in the bulk of the material or melting are not the bonding mechanisms and that bonding takes place in the solid-state.     

On Parameter Selection in Cold Spraying

For cold spraying, a method for the construction of the window of deposition and the selection of optimum process parameters is presented. Initially, particle impact velocity and the critical particle velocity for bonding are worked out and expressed explicitly in terms of key process and material parameters. Subsequently, the influence of particle velocity on coating characteristics is examined in view of the results of experiments and simulations. It has been found that main coating characteristics can be described as a unique function of the ratio of particle velocity to critical velocity, here referred to as ??. Finally, coating properties are linked directly to primary process parameters via parameter selection maps, where contours of constant ?? are plotted on a plane of gas temperature versus gas pressure. Inferences of the presented method and the resulting parameter selection maps are discussed for the example of copper as feedstock material.     

Investigation of the Bimetal Clad Drawing by Upper Bound Method

In this research, a mathematical model for the cold drawing of bilayered strip is presented by the upper bound method. In terms of effective process parameters such as drawing power, drawing force, layer reductions, and bonding strength of the bimetal strip, the effect of total relative thickness reduction has been investigated using the upper bound theorem. Also, bonding strength is calculated using the method. In order to verify the theoretical model, a series of experiments on bilayer strip drawing are implemented by aluminum and mild steel material strips. Through the study, it can clearly been concluded that the presented analytical approach is applicable for simulating and estimating the cold drawing process of the bilayer sheets and it is able to offer a good knowledge through producing the bimetal sheets.     

Effects of spray conditions on coating formation by the kinetic spray process

The kinetic spray coating process involves impingement of a substrate by particles of various material types at high velocities. In the process, particles are injected into a supersonic gas stream and accelerated to high velocities. A coating forms when the particles become plastically deformed and bond to the substrate and to one another upon collision with the substrate. Coating formation by the kinetic spray process can be affected by a number of process parameters. In the current study, several spray variables were investigated through computational modeling and experiments. The examined variables include the temperature and pressure of the primary gas, the cross-sectional area of the nozzle throat, the nozzle standoff distance from a substrate, and the surface condition of nozzle interior and the powder gas flow. Experimental verification on the effects of these variables was performed primarily using relatively large-size aluminum particles (63–90 μm) as the feedstock material. It was observed that the coating formation is largely controlled by two fundamental variables of the sprayed particles: particle velocity and particle temperature. The effects of different spray conditions on coating formation by the kinetic spray process can be generally interpreted through their influences on particle velocity and/or particle temperature. Though it is limited to accelerate large particles to high velocities using compressed air or nitrogen as carrier gas, increasing particle temperature provides an additional means that can effectively enhance coating formation by the kinetic spray process.     

爆炸焊接制备大厚度Cu-Fe-Cu复合板

铜-铁复合板既有良好的延展性、导电和导热性,又有铁的铁磁性和铜的抗磁性,因此可广泛应用于电力、电子等行业。但铜和铁较差的相容性又使得两种金属难以用常规方法进行焊接。本文采用爆炸焊接方法进行了大厚度Cu-Fe-Cu复合板的制备。首先,采用爆炸焊接理论获得了可焊性窗口,确定了炸药爆速、装药厚度和间隙高度;随后,在数值模拟中同时使用SPH、Lagrange和Euler方法完整模拟了整个爆炸焊接过程,获得了复板的碰撞速度、结合界面温度和压力,验证了理论设计参数的有效性;最后,开展了爆炸焊接试验,成功制备了大厚度Cu-Fe-Cu复合板,分析了结合界面近区的硬度分布和界面结合强度,借助于试验和数值模拟结果讨论了界面波的形成过程。结果表明：数值模拟和试验得到的Fe-Cu结合界面的波形参数基本一致;铁和铜在结合面附近的硬度较母材分别增加了约34.2%和49.8%;第一和第二结合界面的剪切强度分别为212.7 MPa和225.3 MPa。     

核电压力容器SA508-3钢内部裂纹高温焊合实验

裂纹缺陷严重影响大型锻件的合格率及使用寿命。为保证核电大型锻件质量、提高核电压力容器安全性,以加热温度、下压量以及保压时间为参数,采用预置裂纹方式对核电压力容器用钢SA508-3进行内部裂纹高温焊合实验研究。裂纹焊合效果采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析及力学性能实验等进行评价。结果显示,在高温短时间小变形情况下SA508-3材料内部裂纹均能焊合,裂纹焊合最低条件为:加热温度1100℃,变形量10%,保压时间15 s;焊合后试样强度值与基体相似,但塑性值有较大波动;根据扫描电镜及能谱分析确定,试样连接过程中带入的大量夹杂物是材料塑性指标波动较大的主要原因。     

Temperature effect in thermosonic wire bonding

1 Introduction Currently, thermosonic wire bonding and flip chip bonding are the main electrical packaging types in first level IC chip manufacture domain. Wire bonding is simple and somewhat mature, and nowadays it holds 75% in all electrical packaging …     

Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying

Cold gas spraying is a relatively new coating process by which coatings can be produced without significant heating of the sprayed powder. In contrast to the well-known thermal spray processes such as flame, arc, and plasma spraying, in cold spraying there is no melting of particles prior to impact on the substrate. The adhesion of particles in this process is due solely to their kinetic energy upon impact. Experimental investigations show that successful bonding is achieved only above a critical particle velocity, whose value depends on the temperature and the thermomechanical properties of the sprayed material. This paper supplies a hypothesis for the bonding of particles in cold gas spraying, by making use of numerical modelling of the deformation during particle impact. The results of modelling are assessed with respect to the experimentally evaluated critical velocities, impact morphologies and strengths of coatings. The analysis demonstrates that bonding can be attributed to adiabatic shear instabilities which occur at the particle surface at or beyond the critical velocity. On the basis of this criterion, critical velocities can be predicted and used to optimise process parameters for various materials.     

An Experimental Investigation of Laser Cladding

Laser cladding uses a laser beam to fuse materials with enhanced metallurgical properties on a substrate. A thin layer of the substrate is molten achieving good metallurgical bonding with the added material. In this paper experimental data from an industrial application of laser cladding are presented and discussed. The material of the substrate was an aluminum alloy and the cladding material was copper based powder. Under constant laser power and beam diameter, experiments were performed using various powder feed rates, process speeds and gas supply. The dimensions of the clad as well as the alloying and dilution depth were measured. The experimental data were analyzed in order to obtain a working range for the process parameters.     

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动规律模拟

利用流体力学软件ANSYS FLUENT模拟了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动行为,着重分析了搅拌头旋转速度与回填速度对材料流动的影响规律并加以试验验证.模拟结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到套筒内外壁距离的增加而减小,流动速度最大值出现在套筒端面的外壁处.在套筒内部,流动速度最小的材料位于焊点的中心处,此处的材料流动状态可通过增加旋转速度进行改善;从扩大焊点有效面积的角度来讲,增加搅拌头的旋转速度优于增加回填速度.上述规律得到了试验验证.     

Thermal Properties of Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe Based Interlayer Material and Its Application in TLP Bonding of IN 718 Superalloy

A new Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe filler material is prepared for transient liquid-phase (TLP) bonding of Inconel 718 superalloy by mechanical alloying technique. The melting temperature range of the filler material and its activation energy of melting are determined by differential scanning calorimetry technique. The activation energy and melting temperature of the alloy powder decrease with increasing milling time. Inconel 718 alloy was joined via TLP by using the newly developed filler material. The effect of TLP bonding temperature and time on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the joint was investigated. Three distinct microstructural regions were observed in the bonding area: isothermal solidification zone consisting of a single-phase solid solution, diffusion affected zone consisting of extensive diffusion-induced precipitates of metallic boride, and unaffected base material. The ultimate shear strength and microhardness of the TLP-bonded joint increase with bonding time and temperature.     

超音速等离子喷涂工艺参数对AlSi20%Al/Ni涂层结合强度的影响

为使AlSi-20%Al/Ni超音速等离子喷涂涂层获得优良的结合性能,采用正交实验法研究了喷涂距离、喷涂电压、喷涂电流等喷涂工艺参数对结合强度的影响。利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段对涂层的相组成和断口形貌进行分析,利用WDW-E100D微机控制式万能拉伸试验机对涂层结合强度进行测试。结果表明:涂层由AlSi和AlNi两相组成,影响AlSi-20%Al/Ni涂层结合强度工艺参数的主次顺序为喷涂距离、喷涂电压、喷涂电流,优化后的工艺参数为主气流量3.2m3/h,喷涂电流为380A,喷涂电压为130V,喷涂距离为90mm,在此参数下制备的涂层组织致密,其结合强度为65.5MPa。     

累积叠轧制备Ti/Ni多层复合材料的组织演变与力学性能研究

本文以工业纯Ti、纯Ni板材为初始材料,采用累积叠轧法(ARB)制备出Ti/Ni多层复合板材料。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、万能试验机、显微硬度仪对复合材料的组织、界面结构和力学性能进行观察和测试分析。结果表明：随着轧制道次的增加,复合材料中Ti层和Ni层显微组织细化明显,均匀程度提高,ARB5道次后,Ti、Ni层的平均晶粒尺寸分别为200 nm和300 nm;复合材料的抗拉强度、显微硬度和界面结合强度显著提高,ARB5道次后抗拉强度达到810 MPa,延伸率为24.4%,Ti、Ni层平均显微硬度分别为233 HV和229 HV。在ARB1-5道次轧制变形过程中,界面处无明显的原子扩散现象发生。     

爆炸喷涂工艺参数对AlCuFeSc准晶涂层力学性能的影响

目的 研究爆炸喷涂工艺参数对AlCuFeSc准晶涂层力学性能的影响规律,进一步提升铝合金表面AlCuFeSc准晶涂层的性能。方法 采用爆炸喷涂工艺制备准晶涂层,以正交试验方法对爆炸喷涂氧燃充枪比、喷涂距离、喷涂频率3个影响涂层性能的关键参数进行优化。借助显微硬度计、拉力试验机研究涂层的力学性能。采用SEM、XRD、EDS等手段表征粉末及涂层的微观物相结构。结果 在试验参数范围内,以涂层的表面硬度和结合强度性能为主要判定指标,各因素对涂层性能的影响从大到小依次为氧燃充枪比、喷涂距离、喷涂频率。综合考量涂层表面硬度和结合强度2个指标,得到了AlCuFeSc涂层的最佳制备工艺,氧燃充枪比为56%,喷涂距离为210 mm,喷涂频率为1次/s。在该最佳工艺参数下制备的准晶涂层致密且与铝合金基体结合良好,涂层表面硬度为583.4HV0.3,结合强度为63.24 MPa,孔隙率为0.648%,准晶相的含量为69%。结论 采用最佳工艺参数制备的AlCuFeSc准晶涂层相较于非最佳工艺参数喷涂涂层,其性能得到较大提高,可为未来准晶涂层的应用提供参考。