WC/FeAl金属间化合物基金属陶瓷涂层的冷喷涂制备

采用WC/Fe/Al混合粉末,通过机械合金化制备40v0l％ WC/Fe(Al)固溶体复合粉末,利用冷喷涂沉积涂层并结合热处理原位反应制备了WC/FeAl金属间化合物基金属陶瓷涂层.研究了球磨时间对复合粉末相结构、晶粒尺寸及组织结构的影响,并分析了冷喷涂WC/FeAl金属间化合物基金属陶瓷涂层的组织和显微硬度.结果表明,机械合金化可获得WC陶瓷颗粒呈微/纳米多尺度分布的WC/Fe(Al)金属陶瓷复合粉末,球磨36 h的复合粉末基体相平均晶粒尺寸约为90 nm,冷喷复合涂层组织致密、多尺度WC颗粒在基体中均匀弥散分布,涂层显微硬度约为1060 HV0.3,涂层在650℃热处理后发生Fe(Al)固溶体向FeAl金属间化合物的原位转变,制备出了WC/FeAl金属间化合物基金属陶瓷涂层.     

WC晶体结构特征对HVOF喷涂纳米结构WC-CoCr涂层组织及性能的影响

为提高纳米结构WC-CoCr涂层的综合力学性能,采用超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）工艺制备纳米结构和超细结构WC-CoCr涂层。探讨了不同晶体特征的WC粉末对颗粒飞行和沉积变形过程的脱碳行为、涂层微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明：含有高密度位错的超细WC粉末在喷涂过程中发生了严重的氧化脱碳,形成了大量的W₂C相,涂层孔隙率较大,断裂韧性显著降低。而含有显著孪晶的纳米WC颗粒具有抑制WC脱碳和增强涂层断裂韧性的作用,纳米结构涂层呈现低脱碳率、高致密性、高硬度和高断裂韧性的优良综合性能。     

具备Al2O3原位合成特性的WC复合粉末设计与涂层

利用球磨法将Al粉添加到亚微米结构WC-12Co粉末中,设计并制备了具有Al2O3原位合成特性的纳米结构WC-Co-Al粉末。XRD分析显示球磨10h、30h和50h后的粉末中WC平均晶粒尺寸为93.1nm、39.0nm和44.8nm。超音速火焰（HVOF）喷涂时,WC-Co-Al粉末比球磨前WC-12Co粉末扁平化更好,涂层孔隙率为0.57%,比WC-12Co涂层（1.62%）更低。粉末中的Al元素与氧气反应原位生成了Al2O3硬质陶瓷颗粒,有效抑制了WC的氧化脱碳。WC-Co-Al涂层显微硬度为1298?3HV0.1,比WC-12Co涂层高出约36%,这得益于Al2O3颗粒的增强效应,WC晶粒纳米化和孔隙率降低。     

HVOF喷涂制备的多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层的组织与空蚀行为（英文）

采用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂制备了一种新型的由纳米、亚微米、微米WC颗粒和Co Cr合金组成的多尺度WC-10Co4Cr金属陶瓷涂层,对比了双峰和纳米结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层,在分析了涂层组织的基础上,研究了多尺度涂层的孔隙率、显微硬度、开裂韧性和抗空蚀性能,并分析了多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层的空蚀行为和机理。结果表明,HVOF喷涂制备的多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层具有≤0.32%的孔隙率和高的开裂韧性,涂层中未发现明显的纳米WC脱碳现象。与双峰与纳米结构涂层相比,多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层表现出最优异的抗空蚀性能,在淡水中的抗空蚀性能分别比双峰涂层和纳米结构涂层提高了大约28%和34%。多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层的优异抗空蚀性能归结于其独特的微纳米结构和优良的性能,能有效阻碍空蚀裂纹的形成和扩展。     

具备原位合成Al_2O_3的WC复合粉末与涂层的设计及制备

利用球磨法将Al粉添加到亚微米结构WC-12Co粉末中,设计并制备了具有Al2O3原位合成的纳米结构WC-Co-Al粉末。XRD分析显示球磨10、30和50 h后的粉末中WC平均晶粒尺寸为93.1、39.0和44.8 nm。超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂时,WC-Co-Al粉末比未球磨的WC-12Co粉末扁平化更好,涂层孔隙率为0.57%,比WC-12Co涂层(1.62%)更低。粉末中的Al元素与氧气反应原位生成了Al_2O_3硬质陶瓷颗粒,有效抑制了WC的氧化脱碳。WC-Co-Al涂层HV_(0.1)显微硬度为12.98±0.73 GPa,比WC-12Co涂层提高约36%,这得益于Al_2O_3颗粒的增强效应,WC晶粒纳米化和孔隙率降低。     

等离子喷涂纳米粒子混合WC-Co涂层性能研究

采用等离子喷涂技术制备了WC-Co涂层,所采用2种喂料分别为普通微米材料和混合纳米粒子的材料.分析了涂层的显微形貌、物相成分以及显微硬度、耐磨性等.研究结果表明:喷涂态的纳米WC粒子混合WC-Co涂层中的WC晶粒尺寸小于100 nm.纳米WC粒子混合涂层晶粒尺寸更小,WC颗粒分布更加均匀.WC颗粒的弥散强化和细晶强化作用使得涂层韧性、塑性更好.减缓了应力的集中,使微裂纹的产生和扩展几率降低.纳米WC粒子混合涂层更易生成高硬度的η1相以及立方结构物质,改善了涂层的塑性,使滑移方向更多,提高了涂层抵抗磨损的能力.纳米WC粒子混合涂层的细晶强化效应使得WC颗粒的接触数量更多,提高了涂层的硬度.普通涂层的磨损表面存在很多细小的裂纹,容易产生脆性断裂.纳米WC粒子混合涂层韧性较好,抗磨损能力更强.     

WC-Co复合粉末的原位合成及于硬质合金涂层制备中的应用

目的为解决超细/纳米WC-Co热喷涂时易于脱碳等瓶颈问题,制备具有高的硬度、断裂韧性、耐磨性和表面质量等优异综合性能的超细及纳米结构硬质合金涂层,并推广其在工业领域中的应用。方法以原位合成技术批量制备的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉末为原料,利用团聚造粒技术制备得到具有高球形度和致密性,并保持原有超细/纳米结构的喷涂喂料粉末,利用超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备低脱碳、高致密的超细结构WC基涂层。结果降低喂料粉末孔隙度可有效减少涂层中W2C等脱碳相的含量,在优化工艺下制备的超细结构WC基涂层的硬度达到1450HV0.3以上,韧性相对于常规微米结构涂层提高40%以上,在两种载荷和磨料条件下均表现出更高的耐磨性。结论利用原位反应技术批量合成的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉制备的硬质合金涂层具有优良的综合性能,可应用于对涂层的硬度、耐磨性、强韧性配合和表面质量有较高要求的工况。     

超音速火焰喷涂低碳WC/12Co涂层的组织及性能研究

采用离心雾化干燥法制得团聚颗粒,经连续高温烧结成两种不同松装密度的热喷涂粉末。采用以C3H8/O2为燃料的超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）工艺制备了WC/12Co涂层。对粉末及涂层做了显微组织观察和XRD分析,测定了涂层的厚度、显微硬度和粉末沉积效率。结果表明,在1120℃、1180℃烧结的粉末中主要有WC和W6Co6C,但无Co相;涂层有脱碳,有Co6W6C相,但未出现单质Co。涂层组织均匀致密,沉积效率可达65%。     

激光熔覆微纳米WC颗粒增强镍基金属陶瓷涂层的裂纹研究

采用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了微纳米WC颗粒增强镍基金属陶瓷涂层,研究了不同含量WC颗粒涂层的开裂行为。结果表明:当涂层中加入的WC含量分数不超过20%时,涂层具有较好的韧性,采用合适的激光熔覆工艺可以制备出无裂纹的Ni基金属陶瓷涂层。当涂层中WC质量超过30%时,涂层脆性增加,且其开裂敏感性随WC含量的增加而增加。涂层内的裂纹主要有萌生于涂层表层的粗大裂纹及萌生于气孔的内部微裂纹等。涂层中的微裂纹扩展机制主要为颗粒与基体间的界面脱粘以及基体金属的韧性开裂。涂层中未出现微米级颗粒增强金属陶瓷常见的颗粒开裂现象。     

碳化钨颗粒尺寸对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层形成的影响

通过探讨WC颗粒对扁平粒子厚度及喷涂后WC颗粒尺寸变化的影响，研究了超音速火焰喷涂过程中WC－Co深层的沉积过程。使用具有不同WC尺寸的四种WC-Co粉末，采用JET－KOTE喷枪系统喷制了WC－Co涂层。结果发现涂层中WC颗粒的大小主要取决于原始粉末中WC的尺寸．在粉末穿越火焰的过程中，大多数WC处于固态；WC-Co涂层的沉积涉及固液两相离子的扁平化，而不是象在优化条件下金属或陶瓷材料喷涂过程中仅存在单一液相的情况。很明显WC-Co粉末中的WC的大小对涂层的形成影响很大、在超音速火焰喷涂条件下当液固粒子碰撞到已形成的涂层表面上时，其中的大颗粒WC粒子容易被反弹脱落。基于实验结果，提出了计算由液相聚积固相形成的波固两相颗粒碰撞到表面时形成扁平粒子的厚度的模型。     

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HVOF-Sprayed WC-Co Coatings

Rare earth has been widely used in materials manufacturing to improve hardness and toughness. In this paper, conventional, nanostructured, and rare earth CeO₂-doped WC-12Co powders were sprayed by using HVOF spraying technology. Microstructure, hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the three coatings were investigated. The results showed that nanostructured WC-12Co coatings possessed the densest microstructure and excellent combination of strength and toughness. The WC particles with the size ranging from 50 to 500 nm distributed uniformly in the nanostructured WC-12Co coating. The average free path of Co matrix in rare earth-doped WC-12Co coating was shorter than that of conventional WC-12Co coating. XRD results showed no obvious decarburization in all three coatings. The addition of rare earth could improve the mechanical properties of the coating compared with that without rare earth. The hardness value of nanostructured WC-12Co coating (12.2 GPa) was similar to that of rare earth-doped WC-12Co coating (12.2 GPa), which was 15.1% higher than that of conventional WC-12Co coating. The elastic modulus and fracture toughness of nanostructured WC-12Co coating were the highest, and that of conventional WC-12Co coating was the lowest.     

A Comparison of Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Nanostructured and Conventional WC-12Co Detonation-Sprayed Coatings

In the present study, WC-12Co coatings were deposited by detonation-spraying technique using conventional and nanostructured WC-12Co feedstock at four different oxy/fuel ratios (OF ratio). The coatings exhibited the presence of phases like W₂C and W due to the decarburization of the WC phase, and the proportions of these phases were higher in the nano WC-12Co coatings compared with conventional WC-12Co coatings. Coating hardness and fracture toughness were measured. The tribological performance of coatings was examined under dry sand rubber wheel abrasion wear, and solid particle erosion wear conditions. The mechanical and wear properties of coatings were influenced by degree of decarburization and more so in the case of nanostructured WC-Co coatings. The results indicate that the extent of decarburization has a substantial influence on the elastic modulus of the coating which in turn is related to the extent of intersplat cracking of the coating.     

HVOF喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co涂层的组织结构分析

纳米结构WC-12Co涂层的研究目前已受到了广泛重视,对其组织结构及影响因素的研究有利于提高涂层性能.采用HVOF工艺制备了纳米结构、多峰结构及普通微米结构3种WC-12Co金属陶瓷复合涂层,并采用SEM、XRD等对粉末及涂层的显微形貌、组织结构进行了分析;探讨了粉末在喷涂过程中的氧化脱碳机理,并指出了与之相关的影响因素.结果表明:纳米结构WC-12Co涂层结构致密,孔隙率低,与基体结合状态良好;纳米粉末在喷涂过程中比微米粉末氧化失碳严重,并发生了不同的纳米晶粒的长大;纳米粉末在喷涂过程中的氧化脱碳程度不仅与喷涂工艺有关,还在很大程度上取决于粉末本身的结构特性.     

Propylene flow,microstructure and performance of WC–12Co coatings using a gas-fuel HVOF spray process

Five WC–12Co coatings were deposited by a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) system using constant oxygen flow and varying propylene flow. The phase composition, microstructure, as well as abrasive and sliding wear performance of the as-sprayed coatings were investigated. The degree of tungsten carbide (WC) decarburization in the as-sprayed coatings increases while the coating porosity decreases with the increase of the propylene flow. The coating hardness, fracture toughness, resistance to abrasive and sliding wear increases with the increase of the propylene flow, reaches maximum and then decreases. At the low flow of the propylene, relatively loose coating microstructure is formed, which leads to fracturing and pulling off the WC particles during abrasive and sliding wear process. Herewith, at the high flow of the propylene, the high degree of the WC decarburization and high brittleness of the coating leads to micro-cutting during abrasive wear as well as to cracking and delamination of the coating in the sliding wear process.     

Nanocrystalline WC-Co HVAF Coatings by Utilizing Novel Powder Manufacturing Route Using Water-Soluble Raw Materials

In this study, nanostructured WC-Co coatings were produced using experimental nanocrystalline WC-12Co and WC-24Co powders produced by a novel chemical synthesis route. Test coatings were produced using HVAF spraying keeping the temperature as low as possible during the deposition in order to avoid decomposition of the nanocarbides. In experimental powders, two different Co incorporation methods were used: a conventional way in which cobalt was incorporated as a metallic Co powder and a chemical synthesis way in which cobalt acetate was used as a cobalt source. When using cobalt acetate, it decomposes to metallic cobalt during the process. Experimental powders in which cobalt acetate has been used as cobalt source resulted poor deposition efficiency. With warmer parameters, powders resulted better DE, but significant WC decarburization and the dissolution into the matrix phase occurred. Powders in which Co has been introduced as Co powder showed enhanced DE enabling spraying with decreased temperature and higher particle velocity, resulting in coatings with less WC decomposition. Especially, an experimental powder in which Co has been incorporated both as Co powder and as Co-Ac results very fine nanocarbide structure with significantly less WC decomposition having a hardness value of 1201 HV0.3, even with 24% Co.     

Synthesis and processing of nanocrystalline tungsten carbide: Towards cemented carbides with optimal mechanical properties

Nanocrystalline tungsten carbide has been obtained by reduction/carburization at low temperature from precursors obtained by freeze-drying of aqueous solutions. Nanocrystalline WC powders with a adequate content of carbon were mixed with submicrometric Cobalt powder (12 wt.%), obtained by same synthesis method, and sintered in vacuum furnace. The cemented carbides fabricated from experimental powders were compared with both commercial ultrafine and nanocrystalline WC-12Co mixtures consolidated by the same route. The synthesised powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, elemental analysis and scanning and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. On the other hand, density, microstructure, hardness and fracture toughness together with X-ray diffraction analysis of the sintered materials were evaluated. The cemented carbides obtained from synthesised powders exhibited a WC platelet-based homogeneous microstructure. This anisotropic growth might be due to the presence of stacking faults parallel to the basal plane in the starting WC powder, which would promote the defect-assisted preferential growth. These materials showed excellent mechanical properties, with a superior hardness/fracture toughness combination compared to materials prepared from commercial mixtures.     

Synthesis of WC-Co composite powders with two-step carbonization and sintering performance study

In this study, WC-Co composite powder was synthesized by two-step carbonization method using W, Co and C as raw materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the η phase (Co₆W₆C) was kept at 1100 °C for 1 h under vacuum, and it could be completely carbonized into WC-Co composite powders. The surface morphology of WC-Co composite powders was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of η phase and second phase (W phase) on WC morphology and Co phase distribution were investigated. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was used to analyze WC-10 wt% Co cemented carbide particle distribution. Comparison of transverse rupture strength, hardness and fracture toughness of two kinds of WC-10 wt% Co cemented carbides synthesized by WC-Co composite powders + WC and WC + Co respectively, the cemented carbide of composite powders + WC increases the fracture toughness from 11.4 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2 to 12.4 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2.     

三种超音速热喷涂工艺制备WC-12Co涂层的组织结构分析

用新研制的超音速等离子喷涂(S—APS)和2种进口超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)设备制备了WC—12Co涂层，分析了3种喷涂工艺对涂层的表面和断面显微形貌、组织结构、孔隙率和氧化、脱碳，以及涂层的显微硬度、结合强度的影响。结果表明，在所试验的条件下，超音速等离子喷涂WC—12Co涂层显示出最致密的组织结构和最高的显微硬度。     

工艺条件对WC-12%Co超细硬质合金性能的影响

采用不同粒度的WC粉,加入VC、Cr3C2做抑制剂,制备WC-12%Co超细硬质合金。采用D60-25型钴磁仪测量合金磁饱和,利用排水法测定合金密度,采用三点弯曲法在CMT4504拉伸机上检测合金的抗弯强度,试样抛光后在JEOL-6701F扫描电镜下观察合金的显微组织。研究了不同的WC粉末粒度、球磨时间、烧结工艺对WC-12%Co的超细硬质合金性能的影响。结果表明:过压烧结可明显提高合金抗弯强度、硬度和密度;随着球磨时间的增加,合金硬度不断上升,抗弯强度先增后减;采用0.55μm粒度WC粉制备的合金的硬度明显高于0.70μm粒度WC粉制备的合金。在本次实验中,选用0.55μm的WC粉末原料,混合料球磨85 h,通过过压烧结,可制备出性能优良的WC-12%Co超细硬质合金,硬度HV≥1 800,抗弯强度≥3 400 N/mm2。