激光焊接铝合金材料过程的建模与仿真

在试验基础上,利用有限元软件ANSYS对3A21铝合金材料激光焊接温度场进行了动态模拟。通过对激光焊接非线性瞬态过程的分析,分析与温度场有关的潜热、热传导、对流、辐射等材料热物理属性,建立了激光焊接的移动热源模型。仿真结果表明:激光焊接薄板铝合金的温度场梯度大,热影响区小;温度场中各点温度呈指数式升高和衰减;焊缝和近焊缝区温度升降急剧,焊缝宽度的仿真结果与试验结果相一致,从而验证了所建立的移动热源模型在激光焊接铝合金薄板温度场模拟中的适用性,在一定程度上揭示了激光焊接的成型机理。     

2024铝合金薄板激光拼焊工艺优化及有限元模拟分析

利用Nd:YAG激光器对厚度为0.5mm的Al-Cu-Mg系2024铝合金薄板进行激光焊接试验。通过正交实验研究了影响焊缝质量的因素,优化了激光焊接工艺参数,并基于ANSYS建立高斯热源模型,利用APDL语言编程实现热源的移动加载,从而对焊接温度场进行动态模拟,得出温度分布,最后进行温度场和焊缝宽度测量。对比表明,试验数据和模拟结果吻合较好。     

激光深熔温度场数值模拟热源模型分析

热源模型是激光深熔焊温度场数值模拟分析的关键。在分析连续和脉冲激光深熔焊焊缝形状特征的基础上，构建了组合热源模型，讨论了热源模型参数的确定方法。应用所建立的热源模型模拟分析了激光深熔焊焊缝边界形状，并与实验结果进行了比较。     

用于铝合金焊接数值模拟的高斯热源参数确定

高斯热源模型适用于焊接电弧冲击力较小的温度场数值模拟,如何有效确定高斯热源半径参数对于保证焊接模拟计算精度至关重要。在分析焊接瞬态温度场控制方程及边界条件的基础上,建立了2024铝合金焊接温度场有限元数值分析模型,选用高斯移动热源进行加载,计算与分析了高斯热源电弧有效加热半径对焊接温度场计算结果的影响,与红外线热成像仪实验得到的温度场结果进行对比并修正热源模型参数,确定了2024铝合金在给定焊接参数下的高斯热源有效加热半径值,为进一步准确、有效地研究焊接温度场、应力场分布规律提供参考数据。     

薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊三维有限元数值模拟

薄板7075高强度铝合金在经过搅拌摩擦焊接后,存在不同程度的焊后残余变形,对精度要求较高的航空结构件的制造和装配带来了困难.本文通过建立4mm薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊热源模型,利用ANSYS对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的温度场和应力应变场进行热机耦合数值分析,解释了薄板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的温度场和表面残余应力的分布.采用古典摩擦理论建立合适的热源模型,将搅拌头的机械载荷和压板的压力考虑到模型当中.分析结果表明,此数值模拟对研究薄板高强度铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊具有一定的借鉴意义.     

激光焊接热源和焊速对温度场影响的数值模拟

利用不同的工艺参数,进行A304不锈钢薄板激光对焊试验。建立了激光焊接的三维有限元模型,通过有限元方法,分析了热源模型和焊接速度对激光焊接过程中温度场和熔池形状的影响。结果显示,热源和焊速对温度场和熔池形状有很大影响,应用旋转高斯曲面热源模型得到的熔池形状与试验结果吻合良好。     

T型接头激光深熔焊热源建模及温度场数值模拟

为了研究T型接头激光深熔焊热现象,基于激光深熔焊能量分布特点,类比T型接头焊缝几何形貌,抽象出热源模型特征参数,间接考虑小孔效应,建立了新型体积分布式热源模型。应用这一热源模型对T型接头激光深熔焊温度场进行了数值模拟,得到了T型接头激光深熔焊温度场并在三组参数下进行了实验验证,与常用热源进行了比较。结果表明,传统体热源模型不能准确模拟T接头激光深熔焊加工过程,而新型热源模型所得焊缝横截面熔合线轮廓与试验所得T型接头焊缝熔合线吻合良好。新建模型及建模方法对T型接头激光深熔焊热力耦合分析具有一定的指导意义。     

激光焊接圆锥体热源模型及参数研究

激光焊过程中包含了一系列复杂的物理、化学反应现象.为合理描述激光焊温度场,采用圆锥体热源模型,用有限元分析软件ANSYS对激光焊温度场进行计算模拟,得到相应的温度场分布及焊缝熔深、熔宽.计算结果表明,所用圆锥体热源模型能较好符合试验结果,有效反映实际激光焊过程.同时根据试验测得的焊缝形状,结合数值模拟,用反演方法给出了模型参数的计算公式.该公式可以实现一定焊接工艺条件下确定激光焊接圆锥体热源模型的参数,并方便进行激光焊温度场模拟和焊缝宽度的预测.     

TC4薄板激光对接焊温度场的数值模拟

采用锥状热源模型,利用有限元软件对1 mm厚TC4钛合金薄板激光对接焊的温度场进行了数值模拟,对比了不同激光功率和焊接速度时的熔池尺寸和高温停留时间。研究结果表明,使用锥状热源建立焊接温度场三维对称模型,可以有效模拟TC4钛合金平板激光对接焊过程中温度场变化规律;在熔透焊接参数情况下,选择较大的焊接速度或者较低的激光功率,能够减少高温持续时间和晶粒粗化程度。     

铜合金薄板的脉冲激光弯曲成形数值分析与实验

借助有限元方法研究C194铜合金薄板的脉冲激光弯曲成形。建立脉冲激光弯曲成形的热力耦合分析模型,解决了激光热源加载、求解稳定性和精度控制等关键技术;对多点脉冲激光弯曲成形进行有限元模拟,通过对模型的温度场、应力/应变场和位移场的动态变化和稳态分布的分析,揭示了其成形机理和规律,薄板的整体弯曲成形是所有脉冲变形效应的叠加结果,且变形量与脉冲次数有着明显的线性关系。实验结果表明,数值分析结果与实验结果有较好的一致性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.