0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的热变形特性

为了探究0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的最佳动态再结晶条件和热变形机理,利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机对试验钢进行了等温热压缩模拟试验,试验变形温度为750~1050 ℃,应变速率0.01~10 s^-1,变形量60%。结果表明,峰值应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的升高而增大,在应变速率为0.01∼0.1 s^-1,变形温度为950~1050 ℃时,发生明显动态再结晶;具有双曲正弦函数型的本构方程能较好地描述0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的流变行为;0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的形变激活能为442.022 kJ/mol。基于动态材料模型和流变应力数据建立了热加工图。通过热加工图及微观组织的观察确定了变形温度950∼1050 ℃,应变速率0.01∼0.15 s^-1为最佳热变形条件;变形温度750∼950 ℃,应变速率1.2∼10 s^-1为流变失稳区。     

Incoloy901合金的热加工图与热变形行为

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟机研究Incoloy901高温合金在变形温度950～1150℃,应变速率0.005～1 s^-1,真应变0.6下的热变形行为。结果表明:变形温度大于1000℃,应变速率大于0.01 s^-1时,Incoloy901合金真应力-应变曲线呈现动态再结晶特征。根据应力-应变曲线构建Incoloy901合金的本构方程与热加工图,得出形变激活能Q=439.401 k J/mol,最佳热加工工艺为:变形温度1050～1150℃,应变速率0.005～0.1 s^-1,在此工艺范围内合金的高温变形功率耗散系数η较高,可达37%,能获得较好的动态再结晶组织。     

13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢热压缩变形行为与组织演变

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢进行单道次压缩变形试验,系统研究变形温度在950~1150 ℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为。利用双曲正弦模型建立了13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢的流变应力本构方程,求得试验钢的热变形激活能为412 kJ/mol,并基于动态材料模型(DMM)理论绘制了材料的热加工图,得出材料的最佳热变形工艺参数窗口为:变形温度1032~1072 ℃,应变速率0.039~0.087 s^-1。组织演变结果表明,试验钢在高变形温度和低应变速率的条件下,容易发生动态再结晶。当应变速率一定时(0.01 s^-1),变形温度从950 ℃升到1050 ℃,动态再结晶的体积分数从18.7%升高到60.1%,组织的再结晶程度提高,晶粒均匀细小;当变形温度一定时(1050 ℃),随着应变速率的降低,动态再结晶的晶粒长大粗化。     

TiB95合金热压缩流变应力研究

利用Gleeble3500热模拟机,研究TiB95合金在高温塑性变形过程中的流变应力行为,试验应变速率为0.01～10s^-1,变形温度为850℃～1050℃,变形量均为60%。对TiB95合金真应力-真应变曲线进行分析,结果表明：在相同的应变速率下,流变应力随着温度的升高而降低;而在相同的变形温度下,流变应力随着应变速率的减小而降低。同时,通过Zener-Hollomon模型建立的TiB95合金高温变形时的流变应力模型表征了变形温度、应变速率和变形程度对流动应力的影响,模型的计算精度较高,形变激活能Q为723.679kJ/mol。     

2195铝锂合金的热变形行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上实施热压缩试验,研究2195铝锂合金在变形温度360~500 ℃,应变速率0.1~10 s^-1时的热变形行为,并通过OM和EBSD研究了热变形中微观组织的演变。基于动态材料模型理论及Zener-Holloman参数,构建了2195铝锂合金的应变量为50%时的加工图及本构方程。结果表明,流变应力随变形温度降低或者应变速率的增加而提高,高温软化机制包括动态回复与动态再结晶。利用加工图及显微组织分析确定了试验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数为480 ℃/10 s^-1;发现失稳区形变组织和再结晶组织呈层状交替分布,且随着变形温度降低,形变组织层厚度增加;稳定区的微观组织具有明显的动态再结晶特征,形变组织基本消失。     

TC21钛合金热压缩本构方程及热加工图

为准确获得TC21钛合金塑性加工的变形特征和热加工条件，合理设计锻造工艺参数，利用Gleeble-3500热模拟机进行等温恒应变速率热压缩试验，研究了TC21钛合金在变形温度为830～1010℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为，采用Arrhenius双曲线正弦函数推导出TC21钛合金本构方程。并基于动态材料模型(Dynamic Materials Model, DMM)建立了TC21钛合金的热加工图。结果表明，在本试验的变形条件下，该合金的流变应力随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的升高而增大。根据热加工图确定了合金的热加工安全区域为：变形温度为900～940℃、应变速率为0.01～0.05 s^-1和变形温度为970～1010℃、应变速率为0.01～0.08 s^-1。     

微合金元素Nb对高碳合金钢动态再结晶行为的影响

为研究微合金元素Nb对高碳合金钢动态再结晶行为的影响,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行单道次压缩试验,测定了高碳合金钢在变形温度为950~1150 ℃、应变速率为0.01~5 s^-1的流变应力曲线,利用Zeiss光学显微镜观察了奥氏体动态再结晶晶粒形态,通过回归计算获得了相应的再结晶激活能,建立了热变形方程。结果表明:较高的变形温度和较低的应变速率有利于含铌高碳合金钢发生动态再结晶;含铌高碳合金钢的动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随着变形温度的升高而增大,当变形温度为1050 ℃时,含铌高碳合金钢已大量出现动态再结晶晶粒;0.040%铌加入到高碳合金钢中,在应变速率为0.1 s^-1,变形温度为1150 ℃时推迟了钢的动态再结晶开始时间约2.23 s,动态再结晶形变激活能增加了52.26 kJ/mol。     

DH780钢的热变形行为及热加工图

采用Thermecmastor-Z热模拟试验机研究了试验钢在800~1150 ℃、应变速率0.01~10 s^-1的热压缩变形行为,并观察变形后显微组织。基于试验数据分析,确定了试验钢在奥氏体区的热变形方程,建立试验钢在0.8真应变下的热加工图。结果表明:试验钢的流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的升高而减小;试验钢在奥氏体区的热变形激活能为385.91 kJ/mol。根据试验钢功率耗散及流变失稳判据确定最佳热加工工艺参数为热变形温度范围1050~1150 ℃和应变速率0.01~0.1 s^-1。在该范围内,试验钢发生完全动态再结晶,功率耗散系数为17%~32%。     

GH3128合金的高温流变行为与组织演变规律

通过对GH3128合金进行热模拟压缩试验,研究了该合金在变形温度950~1150 ℃、应变速率0.01~10 s^-1及应变量30%~70%条件下的流变特征。通过绘制合金流变应力曲线,并基于Arrhenius模型建立了GH3128合金的本构方程。在此基础上,获取了变形量30%~65%的材料加工图,并结合GH3128合金完全再结晶条件图,明确了合金在高温变形过程中组织演变同塑性变形参数之间关系。此外,通过对碳化物的金相分析,探明了合金在热变形过程中碳化物的演变规律。结果表明:GH3128合金热加工激活能约为305 kJ/mol,合理的加工区域为:变形温度1050~1100 ℃,应变速率0.1 s^-1左右。此时合金内碳化物基本回溶,组织再结晶充分,晶粒尺寸可控制在10 μm以下。     

7022铝合金的高温力学性能和材料本构方程研究

塑性成形过程中，金属在模具型腔中处于三向应力状态且其变形温度随着流变应变处于动态变化中，因此，合金的流变应力受变形温度、变形量等多因素的综合作用。利用高温压缩模拟试验和有限元分析软件，研究了7022铝合金在变形温度为350、400和450℃,应变速率为0.01、0.1、1和10 s^-1,总变形量为50%时的流变应力、变形温度与应变速率之间的关系；利用Arrhenius材料本构关系，构建了7022铝合金的材料本构方程。结果表明：在应变速率和变形温度的综合影响下，7022铝合金的峰值流变应力随着应变速率的增加以及变形温度的下降而升高，在变形温度为350℃、应变速率为10 s^-1的形变条件下流变应力达到最大，为156.0 MPa。并通过拟合曲线等方式得到7022铝合金的热激活能为144.332 kJ·mol^-1。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。