空心球/Al多孔材料弹性性能的预测

对于体积含量60%～70%的飞灰空心球/Al多孔材料(CAPM),其等效弹性模量理论预测值通常会比实验值高出大约50%.为此,本文用有限元方法对其等效模量进行了数值模拟,并且在考虑了CAPM中孔洞和基体之问的相互作用之后,对数值模拟值进行了理论修正.得到的结果与实验值吻合的相当好.     

Modeling of tensile fatigue damage in resin transfer molded woven carbon fabric composites

Tension–tension fatigue tests were performed on fabric-based composites processed using resin transfer molding. The composite systems consisted of epoxy and phenolic matrices reinforced with plain weave carbon fabric. The residual strength of open-hole laminates was also investigated for various numbers of fatigue cycles. The results based on the fatigue tests and microscopic observations suggested that considerable damage growth occurred in the early stages of fatigue. In order to examine the property deterioration of the laminates due to the fatigue damage, low frequency cyclic loading tests were carried out, while modulus measurements were performed in situ. Quantitative data were obtained, displaying the reduction in modulus for each material system. Finally, a model to predict the modulus deterioration based on a combination of the crimp model and the shear-lag model was developed. Good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results supported the model, which showed the quantitative effects of transverse cracking and debonding between the yarns on the laminate modulus.     

A micro-mechanics damage approach for fatigue of composite materials

A new model for fatigue damage evolution of polymer matrix composites (PMC) is presented. The model is based on a combination of an orthotropic damage model and an isotropic fatigue evolution model. The orthotropic damage model is used to predict the orthotropic damage evolution within a single cycle. The isotropic fatigue model is used to predict the magnitude of fatigue damage accumulated as a function of the number of cycles. This approach facilitates the determination of model parameters since the orthotropic damage model parameters can be determined from available data from quasi-static-loading tests. Then, limited amount of fatigue data is needed to adjust the fatigue evolution model. The combination of these two models provides a compromise between efficiency and accuracy. Decomposition of the state variables down to the constituent scale is accomplished by micro-mechanics. Phenomenological damage evolution models are then postulated for each constituent and for the micro-structural interaction among them. Model parameters are determined from available experimental data. Comparison between model predictions and additional experimental data is presented.     

Porosity dependence of thermal conductivity of ceramics and sedimentary rocks

The connected grain model of porous ceramics, developed earlier to explain porosity dependence of the elastic modulus, is extended to study thermal transport. The porosity and grain-size dependence of the thermal conductivity is calculated in terms of a power law. The exponent of the power law is dependent on the skewness of the grain-size distribution. The formalism is compared with the experimental results for isometric spherical-pore distribution in alumina, random-pore distribution in alumina, uranium dioxide and yttria-stabilized zirconia, sedimentary rocks and bricks. Good agreements are found between the experimental results and theoretical predictions based on the microstructure of the materials and their porosity dependence of the elastic modulus.     

A Continuum Mechanics Approach for Crack Initiation and Crack Growth Predictions

Very often, different approaches are used for crack initiation and crack growth predictions. The current article introduces a recently developed approach that can be used for the predictions of both crack initiation and crack propagation. A basic assumption is that both crack nucleation and crack growth are governed by the same fatigue damage mechanisms and a single fatigue damage criterion can model both stages. A rule is that any material point fails to form a fresh crack if the total accumulated fatigue damage reaches a limit. For crack initiation predictions, the stresses and strains are obtained either directly from experiments or though a numerical analysis. For the prediction of crack growth, the approach consists of two steps. Elastic‐plastic stress analysis is conducted to obtain the detailed stress‐strain responses. A general fatigue criterion is used to predict fatigue crack growth. Compact specimens made of 1070 steel were experimentally tested under constant amplitude loading with different R‐ratios and the overloading influence. The capability of the approach to predict both crack initiation and the crack growth under these loading conditions was demonstrated by comparing the predictions with the experimental observations.     

10CrNiMo结构钢弹性模量在低周疲劳过程中的变化规律

采用横截面为圆形的光滑试样,在六级轴向系列不同恒应变幅(0.3%~1.0%)控制下,研究10CrNiMo结构钢弹性模量在低周疲劳过程中的变化规律.结果显示:在不同级别应变幅控制下,随着应变幅值的增加,稳定循环下的弹性模量并不是恒量,而是以负幂指数函数规律减小,且最小与最大应变幅下的弹性模量相差超过15%;而在某一恒应变幅控制下的稳定循环区间内,弹性模量随着循环次数的增加而缓慢下降,但在疲劳失稳时,弹性模量迅速大幅降低.分析认为,出现上述现象的原因,与不同应变幅对材料造成不同程度的疲劳损伤及恒定应变幅控制下材料固有的持续疲劳抗力有关.     

Young’s modulus of low-pressure cold sprayed composites: an analysis based on a minimum contact area model

A theoretical and mathematical model based on minimum contact area (MCA) is developed to explain the bonding that takes place in the low-pressure gas dynamic spray (LPGDS) process. It is shown that by normalizing this MCA it is possible to compare the relative elastic modulus as a function of porosity. Theoretical predictions of relative elastic modulus are compared against results obtained through acoustic analysis and it is found that the correlation between is dependent on the porosity. For low porosity, the experimental and theoretical results differ substantially, while for higher porosity there seems to be good agreement between the two. To explain this behaviour it is theorized that full adiabatic shear bands (ASB) are created between only some of the particles. The higher porosity causes higher strain in the samples and thus more local deformation of the particles. This, in turn, causes more actual ASB formation. Since the theoretical model assumes full ASB formation, only the higher porosities cause enough strain to have a comparable relative elastic modulus. For the lower porosities, the local strain is less, and some of the bonds will not achieve full ASB formation. For these cases, the relative elastic modulus will be lower than that predicted.     

A combined finite element method and continuum damage mechanics approach to simulate the in vitro fatigue behavior of human cortical bone

The fatigue of bone, in particular the associated modulus degradation and accumulation of permanent strain, has been implicated as the cause of femoral neck fractures and the migration of total joint replacements. The objective of this study was to develop a technique to simulate the tensile fatigue behavior of human cortical bone. A combined continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and finite element analysis (FEA) approach was used to predict the number of cycles to failure, modulus degradation and accumulation of permanent strain of human cortical bone specimens. The simulation of fatigue testing of eight dumb-bell specimens of cortical bone were performed and the predictions compared with existing experimental data. The predictions from the finite element models were in close agreement with the experimental data. The models predicted similar development of modulus degradation and permanent strain as observed in the experimental tests. The technique is capable of predicting the accumulation of permanent strain without the need for simulating every single load step. These findings suggest that the complex fatigue behavior of human cortical bone can be simulated using the described approach and forms the first step for simulating the more complex mechanisms associated with femoral neck fractures and implant migration.     

复合材料疲劳寿命预测

在疲劳载荷作用下,复合材料的弹性模量会随着载荷循环数的增加而不断下降,而材料中的内部损伤则不断增大。为此,本文提出复合材料的疲劳模量和累积应变的概念,并由此定义出三种预测复合材料疲劳寿命的疲劳损伤模型。文中应用这三种模型对单应力水平和多应力水平下的玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的疲劳寿命进行了估算,并同实验结果进行了比较。     

An RVE-based micromechanical analysis of fiber-reinforced composites considering fiber size dependency

An RVE-based micromechanical elastic damage model considering fiber size dependency is presented to predict the effective elastic moduli and interfacial damage evolution in fiber-reinforced composites. To assess the validity of the present model, the predictions based on the proposed micromechanical elastic model are compared with Hashin’s theoretical bounds [Hashin Z. Analysis of properties of fiber composites with anisotropic constituents. J Appl Mech: Trans ASME 1979;46:543–50]. The proposed micromechanical elastic damage model is then exercised under uniaxial loading conditions to show the overall elastic damage behavior of the proposed micromechanical framework and to illustrate fiber size effect on the behavior of the composites. Moreover, comparisons between the present prediction and experimental data are made to further illustrate the capability of the proposed micromechanical framework for predicting the elastic damage behavior of fiber-reinforced composites.     

FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH LAWS FOR BRITTLE AND DUCTILE MATERIALS INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF STATIC MODES AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC DEFORMATION

A fatigue crack growth damage accumulation model is used to derive laws for the fatigue crack growth rates of brittle and ductile materials. The damage accumulated during cyclic loading is assumed to be proportional to the cyclic change in the plastic displacement in the crack tip yielded zone. The static mode contribution to the fatigue damage is assumed to be proportional to some power of the crack tip displacement. The laws are applicable in either the small or large scale yielding regimes provided that the stress ratio remains positive. Static modes are assumed to be controlled by the fracture toughness value in brittle materials, and by the gradient of the crack growth resistance curve in ductile materials. In the analysis of ductile materials it is assumed that the crack growth resistance of the material is not significantly altered by fatigue crack growth.
The growth rate equations are expressed in terms of the near field value of the J -integral, i.e. the value which would be calculated from assuming the material deformed in a non-linear elastic manner during the increasing load part of the fatigue cycle. Examples are given of the predictions of the growth law for ductile materials. It is predicted that after the initiation of stable tearing the crack growth rate, when expressed in terms of the cyclic change in the stress intensity factor, depends on both the structural geometry and the degree of crack tip plastic deformation. In both brittle and ductile materials the fatigue crack growth rate is predicted to accelerate as the failure criteria relevant to static crack instability are approached.     

聚酰亚胺无机杂化薄膜疲劳性能研究

现有报道较少涉及有机薄膜疲劳特性的研究。基于应力幅控制,对聚酰亚胺/二氧化硅(PI/SiO_2)复合薄膜的疲劳性能进行了实验研究,给出了不同应力幅值下材料的疲劳寿命,以及阻尼角、储能模量、耗能模量等随疲劳周次增加的变化规律。在此基础上,基于疲劳模量的概念,提出了一种改进型的针对聚合物及基体控制聚合物复合材料的疲劳寿命预测模型,其理论预测值与实验测试结果具有很好的一致性。     

On the application of the stochastic approach in predicting fatigue reliability using Miner's damage rule

The present paper investigates the application of the stochastic approach when the commonly adopted Miner's linear damage rule is implemented, both in its traditional and modified forms to include the presence of a random stress threshold (random fatigue limit), below which the rate of damage accumulation is reduced. Main steps are provided to obtain the simulated distribution of the accumulated damage under variable amplitude loading. When the stochastic approach is applied in the presence of a random fatigue limit, an additional correlation structure, which takes into account the fatigue limit value, must be introduced in the analysis. If the number of cycles to failure under constant amplitude loading is Weibull (Log‐Normal) distributed, then the corresponding accumulated damage is Fréchet (Log‐Normal) distributed. The effects of the correlation structure on reliability prediction under variable amplitude loading are also investigated. To this aim, several experimental datasets are taken from the literature, covering various metallic materials and variable amplitude block sequences. The results show that the choice of the damage accumulation model is a key factor to value the improvement in the accuracy of reliability predictions introduced by the stochastic approach. Comparison of the predicted number of cycles to failure with experimental data shows that larger errors are non‐conservative, regardless of the adopted correlation structure. When the analysis is limited to reliability levels above 80%, for these large non‐conservative errors, it is the quantile approach to be closer to actual experimental data, thus limiting the overestimation of component's life. For the experimental datasets considered in the paper, adoption of a stochastic approach would improve the accuracy of Miner's predictions in 10% of cases.     

Application of Contact Theory to Evaluation of Elastic Properties of Low Consolidated Porous Media

A new approach to the calculation of the elastic bulk modulus of low consolidated porous media is developed based on a physical consolidation model of rocks and the classical Hertz contact theory. The derived analytical relationships for the elastic bulk modulus, which take into account some micro-structural characteristics of packing, are compared with theoretical predictions from various micromechanics theories, Hashin-Shtrikman strict bounds as well as with experimental results available for low consolidated granular materials. The latter comparison demonstrates a good agreement.     

基于有限元法和锁相热像法对含缺陷构件的应力分析与疲劳性能评估

基于有限元法研究含盲孔缺陷构件的应力集中系数Kt随盲孔深度h和盲孔直径的变化规律。利用锁相热像法的热弹性分析模式(E-Mode)研究盲孔附近的应力分布,预测不同深度盲孔的Kt,与有限元结果相比较发现吻合良好。通过Altair Li软件中的耗散模式(D-Mode)和Altair软件分别研究构件在疲劳过程中的固有耗散量和温度信号的变化规律,以评估疲劳损伤的演化过程。以固有耗散和温度信号的变化规律作为疲劳损伤的指标,快速预测带盲孔试件的疲劳极限,进而预测试件的疲劳缺口系数Kf。理论计算的结果证明了锁相热像法的有效性。     

低弹性模量钛合金的研究进展

钛合金作为一种具有良好生物相容性、抗腐蚀性和力学性能的生物医用金属材料已经得到了实际应用。发展新型低弹性模量钛合金是该领域的研究热点之一。从理论设计和实验研究2个方面对低弹性模量钛合金的研究和发展现状进行了评述。以d电子合金设计方法和第一原理计算为代表的理论方法已经成为低弹性模量Ti合金设计的有效手段。多元合金化设计和优化的热机械处理工艺对发展新型多功能、高性能生物医用Ti合金十分重要。     

Impurity diffusion constants and vacancy–impurity binding energies in solids

Abstract

Activation energies for impurity diffusion in solids are discussed. New approaches based on elasticity are outlined to predict values of activation energy from the atomic size, surface energy, and elastic modulus of the matrix and impurity. The activation energy for self-diffusion in the matrix must also be known. It is shown that reasonable agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of activation energy are obtained for copper, aluminium, nickel, and iron matrices. The elastic strain energy model is extended to facilitate predictions of vacancy–impurity binding energies. Again good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained, except in the case of aluminium matrices.

MST/211     

Characterization of the Torsional Behavior of Photosensitive Polymer Obtained by Stereolithography

An experimental and numerical mixed method based on the torsion test with and without warping of cross sections has been developed in order to characterize the shear behavior of a polymer material obtained layer by layer from a photosensitive resin (CiBA SL5170) polymerized by laser beam by the stereolithography technique. In this article, first the stereolithography technique is briefly presented, as well as the torsion device with and without warping of cross sections. Experimental and numerical results in static torsion of the polymer SL5170 are presented: shear modulus and strength of the material. From test results, a modeling of the superposition ratio of tensile and torsion stresses is proposed. It shows that the torsion of beams is complex. Torsion stresses and the tensile stress owed to the warping of section are superposed. In small-deformations state, material behavior behaves in a linear elastic way; experimental and numerical results are quantitatively and qualitatively coherent and conform to predictions of the elastic torsion theory. From experimental analysis of fatigue and elastoplastic damage behavior of the polymer, a phenomenological approach of the isotropic damage model is proposed. Based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, this local approach starts from a variant of the Chaboche-Lemaître model coupling plasticity and damage. This formulation is justified by the necessity to take into account the real stress state produced in the polymer during the torsion test.     

低周疲劳过程中弹性模量的损伤特性

加工成圆形横截面光滑试样,采用损伤力学理论,通过轴向不同应变幅控制的低周疲劳试验,研究了10CrNi5MoV高强钢的拉伸卸载模量、压缩卸载模量和循环弹性模量的损伤特性,结果表明:三个弹性模量的损伤特性,依赖于应变幅的大小,应变幅越大,三个模量的损伤均越快;在试样失效之前,三个弹性模量的损伤并无明显变化,只是在试样失效时,各自的损伤变量D才迅速趋向于1。研究结果为10CrNi5MoV高强钢的工程应用提供了参考。     

The development of grain-orientation-dependent residual stressess in a cyclically deformed alloy

There have been numerous efforts to understand and control the resistance of materials to fracture by repeated or cyclic stresses. The micromechanical behaviours, particularly the distributions of stresses on the scale of grain size during or after mechanical or electrical fatigue, are crucial to a full understanding of the damage mechanisms in these materials. Whether a large microstress develops during cyclic deformation with a small amount of monotonic strain but a large amount of accumulated strain remains an open question. Here, we report a neutron diffraction investigation of the development of intergranular stresses, which vary as a function of grain orientations, in 316 stainless steel during high-cycle fatigue. We found that a large intergranular stress developed before cracks started to appear. With further increase of fatigue cycles, the intergranular stress decreased, while the elastic intragranular stored energy continued to grow. One implication of our findings is that the ratio between the intergranular and intragranular stored energies during various stages of fatigue deformation may validate the damage mechanism and can be used as a fingerprint for monitoring the state of fatigue damage in materials.