混凝预处理强化浸入式连续微滤工艺中试研究

通过中试考察了混凝预处理对浸入式连续微滤工艺处理有机物的强化去除效果。研究表明,选用三氯化铁做混凝剂时的膜过滤性能优于聚合氯化铝,三氯化铁投加量为4 mg/L,反应时间为6 min时膜的过滤性能较好;采用直接微滤膜工艺对有机物的去除效果较差,膜出水CODMn去除率仅为30%,投加4 mg/L三氯化铁后CODMn去除率提高了10.5%,采用混凝预处理对提高浸入式连续微滤工艺有机物的去除效果非常有效。     

微滤膜处理铁污染地下水的效果及膜污染控制研究

采用新型超高分子质量聚乙烯管式微滤膜为过滤介质,研究了微滤和曝气氧化/微滤组合工艺处理铁污染地下水的效果及机理。运行初始,微滤对铁的去除率为50%左右,曝气氧化/微滤组合工艺对铁的去除率可达90%以上,比单独微滤提高了40%～60%;运行后期管式膜表面生成铁质活性滤膜,单独微滤对铁的去除率也能达到90%以上。在前期膜污染以铁等无机物污染为主,后期为铁质活性滤膜和滤饼层污染。大流量水力冲洗和稀HC l浸泡可有效去除膜污染,NaC lO碱洗对膜过滤性能的恢复作用较小。     

采用微絮凝/大梯度磁滤工艺处理珠江水的研究

研究了微絮凝/大梯度磁滤工艺对珠江水的处理效果。结果表明,该技术对水中细菌、大肠杆菌、有机物、颗粒物都有很好的去除效果,对细菌的去除率达到99%、对大肠杆菌的去除率可达到95.4%、对有机物的去除率达到55%,稳定阶段对颗粒物的平均去除率达到80%。此外,该工艺省却了沉淀过程,降低了运行成本和工程投资。可见,微絮凝/大梯度磁滤工艺是一种处理效果好、经济、简单的水处理工艺。     

反渗透深度处理炼化废水的应用研究

采用反渗透工艺深度处理经连续微滤(CMF)预处理后的炼化废水.试验结果表明,反渗透对CMF出水COD的去除率高于93%,电导率降低了95%.出水可回用作循环冷却水系统补给水,有较好的经济效益和社会效益.     

混凝沉淀/微滤一体化装置处理长江原水的试验研究

采用自行设计的混凝沉淀／微滤一体化装置对长江（重庆段）原水进行净水处理，比较了不同混凝剂投加量下的处理效果。试验结果表明，聚合氯化铝（PAC）的适宜投加量范围为25～30mg／L；在增加PAC投量（30～40mg／L）的强化混凝条件下连续运行，对浊度、氨氮、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别可达100％、（55％～64％）、（40、6％～50．7％）、（67％～74．6％）。在连续运行的前12个周期内，微滤膜的过滤性能缓慢下降，J／J0降低到95．8％，此后膜过滤性能保持稳定。混凝沉淀／微滤工艺处理效果好，出水水质稳定，适宜处理长江（重庆段）原水。     

混凝/微滤用于反渗透海水淡化的预处理

考察了混凝/微滤工艺用于反渗透海水淡化预处理的可行性,并通过调整FeCl3和粉末活性炭(PAC)投量来确定最佳运行条件。结果表明,当FeCl3投量为2.5mg/L(以Fe3 计)、PAC耗量为40mg/L时处理效果最好,出水浊度<0.1NTU,污泥淤塞指数SDI<1.5,CODMn平均去除率为24%,满足反渗透的进水水质要求。此外,混凝及PAC的吸附作用可使海水中粒径<0.22μm的颗粒物变大,从而被微滤膜截留,这是出水水质良好的保证。     

PAC累积逆流吸附与微滤联用处理反渗透浓水

采用粉末活性炭(PAC)累积逆流吸附与微滤(MF)联用工艺处理某石化厂废水回用车间的反渗透(RO)浓水,重点考察了对RO浓水中有机污染物的去除效果。结果表明:该工艺能有效去除RO浓水中的有机污染物,对UV254的去除率高达90%以上,对COD、DOC的去除率分别为64.2%、75.7%。采用PAC累积逆流吸附可大大减少PAC用量,节省处理成本。经化学清洗后,微滤膜的通量可以基本恢复。     

二次微絮凝中试试验研究

为改善砂滤池过滤效果,开展了混凝沉淀后出水二次微絮凝中试试验研究。结果表明:针对南方某自来水厂原水常规水质,当待滤水浊度在4NTU以下,常规絮凝工艺与二次微絮凝工艺对浊度的处理效果相当;当待滤水处于4～9NTU时,二次微絮凝工艺有效降低滤后水的浊度;不论常规絮凝工艺还是二次微絮凝工艺,只要把待滤水浊度控制在1NTU左右,滤后水浊度可以控制在0.1NTU左右;二次微絮凝工艺对TOC与三氯乙醛的处理效果都优于常规絮凝工艺;当二次投加PAC的量为0.3mg/L时,滤后水铝含量远低于国标限值。     

沉淀-混凝-微滤组合工艺处理含锡废水

采用沉淀-混凝法和沉淀-混凝-微滤组合工艺处理含锡废水,分析两种方法对锡的去除效果和膜污染情况。试验结果表明,采用沉淀-混凝法除锡基本可以满足《锡、锑、汞工业污染物排放标准》(GB 30770—2014)的要求;当原水p H值约为3.0、锡浓度为17.7 mg/L、Na2CO3投加量为90 mg/L、三氯化铁投加量为2.90 mg/L(以Fe计)时,沉淀-混凝-微滤组合工艺对锡的去除率高达99.97%,并且该工艺膜污染速率缓慢,经过物理清洗后膜通量恢复率为92.2%。     

PAC—MF工艺处理微污染地表水水试验研究

本文采用粉末活性炭-微滤(PAC-MF)组合工艺处理微污染地表水,考察了组合工艺对水中典型污染的去除效果。试验结果表明,粉末活性炭与微滤组合工艺能显著降低微污染水源中CODMn、浊度和紫外吸光度值(UV254),其平均去除率分别为62.4%、97.6%和51.2%,采用PAC-MF组合工艺处理微污染地表水能够达到优良的出水水质,并能够显著提高膜通量。     

Autopsy of high-pressure membranes to compare effectiveness of MF and UF pretreatment in water reclamation

A pilot-plant study was designed to compare the effectiveness of microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) as pretreatment for high-pressure membranes in reclamation of biologically treated wastewater effluent. Granular media, filtered secondary effluent from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant, was fed to MF and UF units that operated in parallel. Each of these filtrates served as the feedwater to two reverse osmosis (RO) units and one nanofiltration (NF) unit that operated in parallel. The decline in specific flux was substantially lower for high-pressure membranes receiving UF than MF pretreatment over the course of each of four pilot plant runs that lasted from 1 to 7 weeks. The removal of organic matter as measured by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was somewhat higher by UF than MF pretreatment (about 15% by UF compared with 11% by MF). Addition of ferric chloride ahead of the UF unit, but not ahead of the MF unit, may account for this additional removal of organic matter. However, the additional DOC removal appeared insufficient to explain the differential in foulant accumulation between high-pressure membranes receiving UF and MF pretreatment. Extensive autopsy analyses of these high-pressure membranes showed from 35% to 56% less organic carbon on those receiving UF rather than MF pretreatment. A more specific indicator of a differential in organic fouling was the accumulation of polysaccharides and this showed from 27% to 38% less on UF- than on MF-pretreated membranes. Yet another possible source of foulants is inorganic material given that the inorganic and organic weight percentages were nearly equal (56% vs. 44%) on the membrane surface. One specific source was aluminum added for phosphorus removal. Less fouling of high-pressure membranes pretreated by UF than MF could be due to the following: (1) a small, but very important, colloidal fouling fraction may have passed through MF but was rejected by UF pretreatment; (2) organic fouling was not related to organics in either the MF or UF filtrates but rather to organics that are generated in situ by microbial activity on the membrane surface; and/or (3) less passage of colloidal Al-P that carried over from secondary wastewater treatment.     

Impact of microfiltration treatment of secondary wastewater effluent on biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes

The effects of microfiltration (MF) as pretreatment for reverse osmosis (RO) on biofouling of RO membranes were analyzed with secondary wastewater effluents. MF pretreatment reduced permeate flux decline two- to three-fold, while increasing salt rejection. Additionally, the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in the biofouling layer of the RO membrane was higher for an RO system that received pretreated secondary wastewater effluent compared to a control RO system that received untreated secondary effluent, likely due to the removal of inert particulate/colloidal matter during MF. A higher cell viability in the RO biofilm was observed close to the membrane surface irrespective of pretreatment, which is consistent with the biofilm-enhanced concentration polarization effect. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis revealed dominant biofilm communities of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes under all conditions. The Cramer-von Mises test statistic showed that MF pretreatment did not significantly change the bacterial community structure of RO membrane biofilms, though it affected bacterial community structure of non-membrane-associated biofilms (collected from the feed tank wall). The finding that the biofilm community developed on the RO membrane was not influenced by MF pretreatment may imply that RO membranes select for a conserved biofilm community.     

双膜法在防伪纸生产废水深度处理与回用中的应用

针对防伪纸厂废水处理站的二沉池出水,采用中试规模的连续膜过滤(CMF)/反渗透(RO)集成工艺进行深度处理,以期能够满足回用的要求.结果表明,超滤膜有较强的抗污染能力,其过滤出水浊度<0.5 NTU,SS值基本为零,SDI值<3,完全能够满足RO的进水要求;RO产水COD平均为1.7 mg/L,电导率为10 μS/cm,满足防伪纸生产工艺回用水质的要求.采用双膜法深度处理防伪纸生产废水并回用具有工程可行性.     

Comparing microfiltration-reverse osmosis and soil-aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse of water

Microfiltration (MF) followed by reverse osmosis (RO) and soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) are the two principal technologies considered for indirect potable reuse of wastewater. This study, conducted at the Northwest Water Reclamation Plant, Mesa (Arizona), evaluated MF/RO and SAT (>6 months residence time) treated tertiary effluent with respect to organics removal. Effluent organic matter was characterized as total organic carbon (TOC), by UV absorbance (UVA), solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. Several trace organic micropollutants, including EDTA, NTA, and alkylphenolethoxylate residues, were analyzed by GC/MS. The study revealed that final TOC concentrations of MF/RO and SAT are 0.3 and 1.0 mgl(-1), respectively. Based on the characterization techniques used, the character of bulk organics present in final SAT water resembles the character of natural organic matter present in drinking water. Depending on the molecular weight cut-off, RO membranes can efficiently reject high molecular weight organic matter (characterized as humic and fulvic acids). However, approximately 40-50 percent of the remaining TOC in permeates consists of low molecular weight acids and neutrals representing a molecular weight range of approximately 500Da and less. In the SAT treated effluent, EDTA and APECs were removed to approximately 4.3 and 0.54 microg/l, respectively, but were below the detection limit in the MF/RO treated effluent.     

双膜法在市政污水处理厂的应用

天津市某污水处理厂再生水回用工程采用双膜法工艺,近期设计规模为2.0×10^4m^3/d,本文介绍了其工艺流程、设备配置情况、工程设计参数等.运行结果表明,采用双膜法对废水进行处理后出水水质良好,可以达到回用标准,其中超滤出水浊度为0.01～0.04 NTU,反渗透产水电导率＜ 15 μs/cm,脱盐率大于99％.经济性分析结果显示,该双膜法再生水回用工程的吨水运行成本为1.584元,具有良好的经济及环境效益.     

Treatability of organic fractions derived from secondary effluent by reverse osmosis membrane

Dissolved organic matters (DOMs) from two batches of secondary effluent collected from a local water reclamation plant were fractionated using column chromatographic method with non-ionic resins XAD-8, AG MP-50 and IRA-96. Seven isolated fractions were obtained from the fractionation study and these fractions were quantified using DOC, UV(254) and SUVA values. The fractionation study revealed that the secondary effluent samples comprised about 47.3-60.6% of hydrophobic and 39.4-52.7% of hydrophilic solutes. The treatability of each isolated fraction was investigated by subjecting each fraction to reverse osmosis (RO) treatment individually. It was noted that RO process could achieve high DOC rejections for acid and neutral fractions (ranging from 80% to 98% removal) probably due to the negative charge of RO membrane. The results obtained also indicated that hydrophobicity of DOMs is significant in determining treatability of organic species by RO process. The performance of RO in terms of DOC rejection of un-fractionated secondary effluent was also investigated to assess possible effects of interactions among organic fractions on their treatability by RO process. It was noted that DOC rejection associated with the un-fractionated secondary effluent was generally higher (ranging from 2% to 45%) than the corresponding rejection obtained from each individual fraction isolated from the secondary effluent. This finding suggested there is a beneficial interaction among the fractions that in turn has contributed towards a better overall DOC rejection performance by RO treatment.     

生物氧化塔/过滤/RO工艺处理二级出水并回用

大连北海热电厂以某污水厂二级处理出水为水源,采用生物氧化塔/纤维束和砂滤二级过滤/RO组合工艺,建设了污水深度处理与回用工程(主要用作循环冷却水和锅炉补水处理系统的原水).运行结果表明,采用单膜法进行污水深度处理是可行的,具有处理效果好、运行稳定、工程投资省、运行费用低等优点.     

Cost factors and chemical pretreatment effects in the membrane filtration of waters containing natural organic matter

This paper compares the membrane processes available for water treatment. Membranes have the advantage of currently decreasing capital cost, a relatively small footprint compared to conventional treatment, generally a reduction in chemicals usage and comparably low maintenance requirements. Three membrane processes applicable to water treatment, micro- (MF), ultra- (UF), and nanofiltration (NF), are compared in terms of intrinsic rejection, variation of rejection due to membrane fouling and increase in rejection by ferric chloride pretreatment. Twelve different membranes are compared on the basis of their membrane pore size which was calculated from their molecular weight cut-off. A pore size of < 6 nm is required to achieve substantial (> 50%) organics removal. For a fouled membrane this pore size is about 11 nm. UV rejection is higher than DOC rejection. Coagulation pretreatment allows a higher rejection of organics by MF and UF and the cut-off criterion due to initial membrane pore size is no longer valid. A water quality parameter (WQP) is introduced which describes the product water quality achieved as a function of colloid, DOC and cation rejection. The relationship between log (pore size) and WQP is linear. Estimation of membrane costs as a function of WQP suggests that open UF is superior to MF (similar cost at higher WQP) and NF is superior to tight UF. Chemical pretreatment could compensate for the difference between MF and UF. However, when considering chemicals and energy costs, it appears that a process operated at a higher energy is cheaper at a guaranteed product quality (less dependent on organic type). This argument is further supported by environmental issues of chemicals usage, as energy may be provided from renewable sources.     

Treatment of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrates: comparison of precipitative softening, coagulation, and anion exchange

Disposal and treatment of concentrate from nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are major challenges to implementing membrane treatment processes. Intermediate treatment of membrane concentrate, between primary and secondary membrane stages, has the potential to increase membrane recovery rates and decrease the volume of concentrate produced. To achieve this, however, there is a need to better understand treatment of membrane concentrate. As a result, this work systematically evaluated lime softening, ferric sulfate coagulation, and magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) as individual, intermediate treatment processes for membrane concentrate. Six membrane concentrates, from NF and RO, with varying concentrations of calcium, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and sulfate were chosen for this study. Maximum removal of calcium was achieved by lime softening, whereas maximum removals of DOM and sulfate were achieved by MIEX. The results of this work show that intermediate treatment of NF/RO concentrate is capable of producing treated concentrate with water quality approximately equal to the initial source water.