超宽带技术两大提案及其技术发展

短距离无线系统是今后较长时间内通信领域研究的热点，其中个人局域网概念的提出更推动了个人信息网络的发展。现着重介绍了作为无线个人局域网技术之一的超宽带技术的定义、标准化制定过程以及两种主要的物理层技术提案，并对其当前的应用和未来的发展做了相关论述。     

DS-UWB和MB-OFDM的应用优势分析

DS-UWB和MB-OFDM是两种基于IEEE802．3标准的超宽带无线通信技术,主要介绍了这两种技术体制的发展现状,并对它们的应用优势进行了比较,对超宽带无线通信技术的应用和技术体制的选择具有重要的指导意义。     

Error Rate Analysis for Coded Multicarrier Systems Over Quasi-Static Fading Channels

Several standards such as IEEE 802.11a/g, IEEE 802.16, and the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) for high data-rate ultra-wideband employ bit-interleaved convolutionally coded multicarrier modulation over quasi-static fading channels. Motivated by the lack of appropriate error rate analysis techniques for this popular type of system and channel model, we present two novel analytical methods for bit error rate (BER) estimation of coded multicarrier systems operating over frequency-selective quasi-static channels with nonideal interleaving. In the first method, the approximate performance of the system is calculated for each realization of the channel, which is suitable for obtaining the outage BER performance (a common performance measure for, e.g., MB-OFDM systems). The second method assumes Rayleigh distributed frequency-domain subcarrier channel gains and knowledge of their correlation matrix, and can be used to directly obtain the average BER performance. Both methods are applicable to convolutionally coded interleaved multicarrier systems employing quadrature amplitude modulation, and are also able to account for narrowband interference (modeled as a sum of tone interferers). To illustrate the application of the proposed analysis, both methods are used to study the performance of a tone-interference-impaired MB-OFDM system.     

存在CDMA干扰时超宽带系统性能分析

超宽带系统信号功率很低,并且占用很宽的频段,系统需要与其它窄带系统共存.因此,在进行系统设计时,必须考虑窄带干扰信号对超宽带系统性能的影响.文中采用特征函数的方法精确分析了多径信道环境下,存在CDMA信号干扰时直接序列超宽带系统的性能,推导得到系统的误码率公式;最后,在基于IEEE 802.15.3a推荐的多径信道环境下进行系统仿真和数值分析,结果表明,文中方法得到的系统性能与仿真结果基本吻合,能够较准确估计系统在存在CDMA窄带信号干扰时的性能.     

Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction in ECMA-368 Ultra wideband Communication Systems Using Active Constellation Extension

Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is an efficient approach for The ECMA-368 Ultra Wideband (UWB) wireless communication Standard. However, the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of MB-OFDM UWB signals, limits the power efficiency of the High Power Amplifier (HPA) due to nonlinear distortion. Hence the need to reduce the PAPR of MB-OFDM UWB signals. In this paper, the efficiency of some recently proposed methods including the Active Constellation Extension Approximate Gradient-Project technique (ACE-AGP) is evaluated in real ECMA-368 communication system, with the use of typical HPA models and the UWB channel models defined in IEEE 802.15.3a standard. The PAPR measure and the bit error rate (BER) are used as performance measures in this evaluation.The results indicate that the ACE-AGP algorithm introduces a significant reduction of PAPR about 6.7 dB and reduces the BER degradation in all UWB channel models with different data rates.     

A Technique for Frequency Synchronization in Multi-Band OFDM in Realistic UWB Channel

This paper presents a highly accurate frequency offset estimation algorithm for multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) systems effective for realistic ultra-wideband (UWB) environment. The proposed algorithm derives its estimates based on phase differences in the received subcarrier signals of several successive OFDM symbols in the preamble. We consider different carrier frequency offsets and different channel responses in different bands to keep the analysis and simulation compatible for practical multi-band UWB scenario. Performance of the proposed algorithm is studied by means of bit error rate (BER) performance of MB-OFDM system. In order to compare the variance of the synchronizer to that of the theoretical optimum, we derive the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the estimation error variance and compare it with the simulated error variance both in additive white Gaussian noise and UWB channel model (CM) environments, CM1–CM4. Next, we modify the estimation algorithm by proposing a multi-band averaging frequency offset synchronization (MBAFS) scheme. We establish superior BER performance with MBAFS compared to our first scheme. We calculate modified CRLB for MBAFS and compare it with simulation results for CM1–CM4. Both analysis and simulation show that MBAFS algorithm can estimate the carrier frequency offset effectively and precisely in UWB fading channels for MB-OFDM applications. We also analyze the computational complexity of both the proposed algorithms in order to verify their feasibility of implementation in practical UWB receiver design.     

Interference potential of PC noises on MB-OFDM UWB systems

Since PC noises in the UWB frequency band mainly comprise the harmonics of clock signals, a numerical analysis is made on the influence of clock harmonics on the bit error rate (BER) of multiband OFDM (MB-OFDM) UWB systems. Results show that clock harmonics cause a considerable BER degradation when a UWB terminal is placed close to a PC. They further show that frequency modulation of a PC clock signal, so-called spread spectrum clocking (SSC), has no effect for mitigating BER degradation, though SSC techniques are commonly used in PCs for reducing the power spectral density of radiated clock harmonic noises     

Pulsed-OFDM Modulation for Ultrawideband Communications

In this paper, we describe a novel approach for reducing the power consumption and complexity of a multiband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultrawideband (UWB) system by applying ideas from pulsed UWB systems. The approach is quite general and applicable to many other systems. Unlike the MB-OFDM system, the enhancement that we propose uses pulses with duty cycles of less than 1 as the amplitude shaping pulse of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. Pulsating OFDM symbols spread the spectrum of the modulated signals in the frequency domain, leading to a spreading gain that is equal to the inverse of the duty cycle of the pulsed subcarriers. We study the spectral characteristics of pulsed OFDM and the added degrees of diversity that it provides. We show that pulsed-OFDM signals can easily be generated by either upsampling an equivalent OFDM baseband signal with a reduced number of carriers or by replacing the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) of a normal MB-OFDM transmitter with a low-duty-cycle DAC. We establish that a pulsed-OFDM receiver can fully exploit the added diversity without using Rake receivers. It is shown that, while pulsed OFDM has superior or comparable performance to MB-OFDM in multipath fading channels, it also has intrinsic low-complexity and power consumption advantages compared with MB-OFDM. To establish this fact, we describe an example design for the IEEE 802.15.3a Standard and present full simulation results for the UWB indoor propagation channels provided by the IEEE 802.15.3a Standard activity committee.      

超宽带射频接收机的研制

超宽带(UWB)短距离无线通信技术是当前国内外研究的热点,直接序列超宽带(DS-UWB)方案和多带－正交频分复用(MB-OFDM UWB)方案是两个主要候选方案,其中多带-正交频分复用方案是较受重视的方案.本文针对MB-OFDM UWB系统,提出了一种双载波-正交频分复用(DC-OFDM UWB)的射频解决方案.该方案采用了两个相邻的子载波实现宽带通信,两个子载波是在中频部分采用合路/分路的方式,以降低硬件实现难度和系统的复杂度.设计了UWB射频接收机中的低噪声放大器(LNA)、频率合成器和解调器等关键部件,并建立了DC-OFDM UWB接收机实验演示平台.测试结果表明,研制的射频接收机满足FCC规定的射频指标要求,该方案也适用于其它的宽带通信系统中.     

MGF based performance analysis of dual-hop regenerative relaying IR-UWB systems

In this paper, a dual-hop regenerative cooperative relaying UWB communication system with detect-and-forward (DTF) and decode-and-forward (DF) in multipath channels is studied. The average system bit error rate (BER) and the system performance with DTF and DF relaying schemes are provided. The DF relaying with convolutional coding is employed in this cooperative relaying UWB system. Gaussian quadrature numerical method is used to obtain the moment-generating function (MGF) of the received energy. Our simulation results show the advantages of the DF based cooperative IR-UWB system over IEEE 802.15.3a channels.     

超宽带信号与常规通信信号的共存性研究

文章简要介绍了脉冲式超宽带信号对GPS系统的影响,以及脉冲式超宽带信号、直接序列超宽带信号、MB-OFDM信号对卫星数字接收机性能的影响,特别分析了不同的信号特征对这些系统干扰的相关性,为了提高系统频率的利用效率,并保证潜在的其他通信系统的性能,超宽带设备需要具有干扰的检测和避让的技术能力。     

Suppression of IEEE 802.11a interference using SVD-based algorithm for DS-UWB systems in wireless multipath channels

IEEE 802.11a systems which operate around 5 GHz and overlap the band of UWB signals will interfere with UWB systems significantly. In this letter, a novel narrow-band interference (NBI) suppression technique based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm is proposed in direct sequence ultra-wideband (DS-UWB) systems in wireless multipath channels. SVD is used to approximate the interference which then is subtracted from the received signals. In contrast to the conventional suppression methods such as the notch filter and the maximal-ratio combining partial RAKE (MRC PRAKE) receiver, our proposed technique is simple and robust, the hardware complexity of the receiver can be reduced greatly.     

Equalization for DS-UWB Systems—Part I: BPSK Modulation

Ultra-wideband wireless transmission has attracted considerable attention both in academia and industry. For high-rate and short-range transmission, direct sequence based ultra-wideband (DS-UWB) systems are a strong contender for consumer market applications. Due to the large transmission bandwidth, the UWB channel is characterized by a long root-mean-square delay spread and the RAKE receiver cannot always overcome the resulting intersymbol interference. We therefore study equalization for DS-UWB systems. This paper is comprised of two parts. In this first part, we consider DS-UWB with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation, which is the mandatory transmission mode for DS-UWB systems promoted by the UWB Forum industry alliance. We derive matched filter bounds for optimum equalization taking into account practical constraints like receiver filtering, sampling, and the number of RAKE fingers when RAKE preprocessing is applied at the receiver. Our results show that chip-rate sampling is sufficient for close-to-optimum performance. For analysis of suboptimum equalization strategies we further study the distribution of the zeros of the channel transfer function including RAKE combining. Our findings suggest that linear equalization is well suited for the lower data rate modes of DS-UWB systems, whereas nonlinear equalization is preferable for high-data rate modes. Moreover, we devise equalization schemes with widely linear processing, which improve performance while not increasing equalizer complexity. Simulation and numerical results confirm the significance of our analysis and equalizer designs and show that low-complexity (widely) linear and nonlinear equalizers perform close to the pertinent matched filter bound limit.     

An Adaptive Timing Synchronization Scheme for Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Based Ultra-Wideband Communication Systems

This article deals with a new energy based adaptive timing synchronization scheme (ATS) which estimates the symbol timing information within two (2) OFDM symbols and updates the information with different frequency bands (adaptive in sense) in a multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) based system. The new approach provides significant improvement in system performance for high delay spread ultra-wideband (UWB) channel model (CM) environments where fast and low-complexity timing synchronization is a critical issue. This paper also addresses a crucial aspect of UWB channel which is frequency dependent delay characteristics. This effect contributes to different dispersion and timing shift of an UWB signal for different frequency bands. In this work, the wideband channel delay characteristics are studied and delay parameters are found considerably different over frequency bands 3.1–4.6 GHz. Based on this observation, the ATS which estimates and maintains the timing delays of each band separately is presented. The performance of ATS algorithm is measured by mean-squared error (MSE), synchronization probability, signal to interference ratio (SIR) reduction due to synchronization errors and bit error rate (BER) through the computer simulation for several UWB CM environments CM2–CM4. Each of these UWB CMs is simulated for 100,000 noisy channel realizations for both coded and uncoded MB-OFDM system. It is shown that ATS gives signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement of 1.1 dB at BER of 1 × 10⁻³, 1.2 dB at BER of 2 × 10⁻⁴, and 0.7 dB at BER of 2 × 10⁻⁴ for CM4, CM3, and CM2 respectively for coded MB-OFDM system over a non-adaptive synchronization scheme [Yak et al., Proceedings of IEEE PIMRC, Berlin, Germany, vol 1, pp 471–475, September 11–14, 2005].     

超宽带系统在窄带干扰条件下的性能研究

超宽带（Ultra Wide-Band，UWB）系统发射信号的带宽在一个非常大的频段范围内，易与已存在的窄带无线通信系统的带宽形成重叠。因此，有必要研究UWB系统在频段重合范围内的抗干扰能力。文中首先分析了直接扩频超宽带系统在最小均方误差准则检测方式下，RAKE接收机的比特误码率（Bit Error Rate，BERl，然后研究了普通窄带系统的功率谱密度，最后做出了仿真分析。结果表明，在CM1信道传播下，窄带干扰对UWB系统不会造成很大影响，而在CM2信道传播下会照成一定影响，必须通过其他通信手段如信道编码来降低BER，实现通信的可靠性。     

Performance of BICM-SC and BICM-OFDM systems with diversity reception in non-gaussian noise and interference

In this paper, we present a general mathematical framework for performance analysis of single?carrier (SC) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems employing popular bit?interleaved coded modulation (BICM) and multiple receive antennas. The proposed analysis is applicable to BICM systems impaired by general types of fading (including Rayleigh, Ricean, Nakagami-m, Nakagami-q, and Weibull fading) and general types of noise and interference with finite moments such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), additive correlated Gaussian noise, Gaussian mixture noise, co-channel interference, narrowband interference, and ultra-wideband interference. We present an approximate upper bound for the bit error rate (BER) and an accurate closed-form approximation for the asymptotic BER at high signal-to-noise ratios for Viterbi decoding with the standard Euclidean distance branch metric. For the standard rate-1/2 convolutional code the proposed approximate upper bound and the asymptotic approximation become tight at BERs of 10-6 and 10-12, respectively. However, if the code is punctured to higher rates (e.g. 2/3 or 3/4), the asymptotic approximation also becomes tight at a BER of 10-6. Exploiting the asymptotic BER approximation we show that the diversity gain of BICM systems only depends on the free distance of the code, the type of fading, and the number of receive antennas but not on the type of noise. In contrast their coding gain strongly depends on the noise moments. Our asymptotic analysis shows that as long as the standard Euclidean distance branch metric is used for Viterbi decoding, BICM systems optimized for AWGN are also optimum for any other type of noise and interference with finite moments.     

多速率超宽带通信系统中天线传输性能的研究

利用实验测量结合数值仿真的方法,研究了特定室内环境中,不同形状超宽带单极子天线对不同速率多带正交频分(MB-OFDM)超宽带通信系统传输性能的影响.仿真与实验中,MB-OFDM平台采用MATLAB的simulink工具实现,天线与传播环境构成的广义信道特性则通过矢量网络分析仪进行测量.结果表明,单极子天线形状对不同速率MB-OFDM系统的传输误比特率性能有显著影响,文章的方法可用于多速率超宽带通信系统收发天线的优选和性能评价.     

A Survey on Various Coherent and Non-coherent IR-UWB Receivers

The recent developments in radio technologies, paves its way to impulse radio (IR) ultra-wideband (UWB) communication, which is used for low power, short range and high bandwidth communication, thereby exploiting a large portion of radio spectrum. In this paper, a brief review of the work done by various researchers on coherent and non-coherent IR-UWB receivers has been analysed, based on their bit error rate (BER) performances, as well as pros and cons of using these receivers. An in depth study on the receivers concludes that, non-coherent IR-UWB receiver is preferred over its counterpart coherent IR-UWB receiver even though it comes at the expense of poor BER performance. The simulation results prove that, though the performances are same, the low complexity of energy detector (ED) receivers gives an edge over the autocorrelation receivers. Further, ED receiver suffers from noise, which paves way to using weighted ED (WED) receiver. The superiority of WED receivers over all the other non-coherent UWB receivers is further confirmed by the simulation performed in AWGN and IEEE 802.15.4a UWB channels. It can also be concluded from the review that, some special receivers such as generalized likelihood ratio test, multi-symbol differential detector and decision feedback differential transmitted reference, when clubbed with UWB systems, lead to further improvement in BER performance.     

UWB for multi-gigabit/s communications beyond 60 GHz

The recently allocated 71–76 GHz and 81–86 GHz bands provide an opportunity for realizing Line Of Sight (LOS) links for directional point-to-point “last mile” applications. An efficient use of this spectrum may allow wireless to finally “catch up” with wires, leading to systems such as “multi-Gigabit wireless Ethernet,” and “wireless fiber.” However, the transmission at such a frequency range is characterized by several additional challenges compared to lower frequency bands, from both technological and propagation point of view, which makes difficult to use them efficiently. In this scenario, IR (Impulse Radio) UWB (Ultra Wide Band) technology might offer some more degrees of freedom for the design of a highly integrated and low cost transceiver. This work has at its core the design and BER (Bit Error Rate) performance evaluation of an IR-UWB architecture based on an 85 GHz up-conversion stage of train of Gaussian pulses having duration lower than 1 ns. Finally, we compare performance of this architecture with the ones of a more traditional continuous wave communications system with FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) modulation. Simulation results show that BER performance, in presence of RF non-linearities, for an IR-UWB transceiver architecture operating at 85 GHz (with same data rate and bandwidth) are better than a coherent BFSK scheme working in a similar scenario. Finally, some conclusions are reported, pointing out the UWB antenna design and the future works related to the modeling of the channel at frequencies beyond 60 GHz and the implementation of the test bed.