Biomimetics Applied to Centering in Microassembly

This paper describes the application of a biomimetic search method to develop Ideas for centering objects in microassembly. Biomimetics involves the imitation of biological phenomena to solve problems. An obstacle to the use of biomimetics in engineering is knowledge of biological phenomena that are relevant to the problem at hand. The method described here starts with an engineering problem, and then systematically searches for analogous biological phenomena using functional keywords. This method is illustrated by finding and using analogies for the problem of positioning and centering objects during microassembly. Relevant phenomena identified Involve microtubule organizing centers, photosystems, and retinal ganglion cells.     

A paradigm for the integration of biology in materials science and engineering

The integration of biology in materials science and engineering can be complicated by the lack of a common framework and common language between otherwise disparate disciplines. History may offer a valuable lesson as modern materials science and engineering itself resulted from the integration of traditionally disparate disciplines that were delineated by classes of materials. The integration of metallurgy, ceramics, and polymers into materials science and engineering was facilitated, in large part, by a unifying paradigm based upon processing-structure-property relationships that is now well-accepted. Therefore, a common paradigm might also help unify the vast array of perspectives and challenges present in the interdisciplinary study of biomaterials, biological materials, and biomimetic materials. The traditional materials science and engineering paradigm was modified to account for the adaptive and hierarchical nature of biological materials. Various examples of application to research and education are considered.     

Integrating Materials and Life Sciences Toward the Engineering of Biomimetic Materials

Research in the field of biological and biomimetic materials constitutes a case study of how traditional research boundaries are becoming increasingly obsolete. Positioned at the intersection of life and physical sciences, it is becoming more and more evident that future development in this area will require extensive interaction between materials and life scientists. To highlight this cross-talking, we provide a brief overview of the field, intended to illustrate how these disciplines can be integrated. We start with a short historical perspective, emphasizing the role of biologists in initiating early studies in the field. In the second part of the paper, a summary of important biochemical concepts and techniques relevant to biological materials is presented, with the goal of guiding nonspecialists towards the relevant techniques and knowledge required to investigate potential model systems. In the third part, we describe two case studies that emphasize the critical role of biosynthesis in understanding structure–function–property relationships in biological materials. We conclude with some remarks related to our own perception of how integration of materials and life sciences will lead to future developments in the field.     

The biomimetic study of composite materials

Composite materials employ both matrix and reinforcement properties to provide high performance, but they are difficult to design. Biomaterials in nature are composites that provide inspiring examples of completeness and efficiency. Biomimetic analyses and biomimetic design and testing are a new direction in the study of composite materials. In this article, several examples show how biomimetic methods can significantly improve material properties.     

仿生取向结构表界面及其摩擦各向异性研究进展

在长期的进化和生存竞争中,自然界生物表界面形成了优异的取向结构来执行传播、攀爬、移动与粘附等诸多行为,而基于形态结构的摩擦各向异性在其中扮演了重要角色。研究自然界取向结构表界面,从而揭示其摩擦各向异性行为和规律,并从中获得灵感,采用物理、化学手段进行仿生构筑和研究,对现代许多科技领域发展新型仿生功能性表界面材料具有重要意义。以露珠草和猪殃殃的倒刺结构、蛇腹部鳞片微结构、壁虎脚掌刚毛微结构为例,详细阐述了具有代表性的自然生物表界面的取向微结构形态及其功能,并对生物表界面产生摩擦各向异性行为的两种机理做了解释。在此基础上,简介了模板法、增材制造等几种仿生取向结构的制备方法,以及基于仿生取向结构的表界面摩擦各向异性研究成果。最后,列举了以蛇的蠕动行进、壁虎的高粘附为仿生对象,构筑具有摩擦各向异性的取向结构表界面,及其在仿生驱动、攀爬和定向输运等方面的应用实例,并展望了仿生摩擦各向异性领域未来的研究重点和发展方向。     

What-if Design as a Synthesizing Working Method in Product Design

What-if design attempts to support the designer by addressing design problems, both in his own field of expertise, as well as from adjoining domains. To this end, What-if design research focuses on the development of methods and tools for real-time, in-process, design support in order to enhance the search for optimal solutions. The main advantage of this way of designer support is that the design can be evaluated continuously on numerous fields of expertise, enabling the optimization of the search for design solutions.This paper focuses on a bottom-up approach for What-if design and describes examples that illustrate the working methods chosen.     

连续式拉拔机传动凸轮参数优化设计

根据凸轮机构在冶金设备连续拉拔机上作为运动和动力传动的应用 ,研究分析了拉拔机凸轮在设计制造等方面要达到的要求 ,运用优化方法确定了连续拉拔机的凸轮曲线参数 ,并附有计算实例。     

Adaptable Design

Increasing competition for better product functionality, quality, features, customization, environmental friendliness, lower cost and shorter delivery time presents unprecedented challenges for product manufacturing enterprises. These challenges cannot be completely addressed by advanced manufacturing technologies alone as some of which are originated from product design. Advanced design technologies and tools for early product design processes are critically needed where most important decisions are made with respect to the product functionality, quality, manufacturability, cost and environmental performance. This paper discusses adaptable design (AD) as a design paradigm for both business success and environmental protection. Adaptable design aims at developing products that are adaptable in their design and/or their production. Adaptability is defined as the extension of the utility (service) of products. Two types of adaptabilities are proposed as product adaptability and design adaptability. Two types of design adaptations are also identified, which include foreseeable specific adaptations and unforeseeable general adaptations. The former can be described by specific adaptability and the latter by general adaptability. Three key elements of AD are presented including functions independence, a measure of adaptability and a function based design process model of the AD. Based on these concepts and design objectives, adaptable design methods and general design guidelines are proposed. Examples are included to illustrate the concepts, design methods and guidelines.     

基于模糊综合评判的压铸模顶出机构设计

运用模糊设计的原理和方法,研究大型复杂压铸模顶出机构的设计问题,提出了一种组合式顶出机构的设计方法,包括机构的模糊综合评判模型、三级模糊综合评判的流程以及机构的权重和设计方案对因素等级的隶属度表.该设计方法既能保证压铸件质量,又能兼顾生产率、经济性、可靠性和操作性,并给出了压铸模顶出机构的工程设计实例及其分析.     

An Approach to Life Cycle Oriented Technical Service Design

The importance of technical, i.e. product related services has significantly increased over the past years. Traditionally, technical services are provided during product usage. In light of the potential impact of technical services on the entire product life cycle, the application of life cycle engineering techniques to service design is suggested. Consequently, the presented research work aims at developing a service design process. Based on three main strategies for combining products with related services, a corresponding design process is proposed. It simultaneously considers the product, process and information dimensions of services.     

表面接枝仿生聚合物刷的润滑性能研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

关节软骨表面刷状的水溶性生物大分子赋予了人体关节优异的润滑性能。受此启发,表面接枝仿生聚合物刷被广泛研究,已经成为改善材料表界面润滑性能的有效手段。然而,目前依旧缺乏关于仿生聚合物刷提高润滑性能研究进展的综述研究。先介绍物理吸附和化学键合两种接枝仿生聚合物刷的表面修饰方法,并比较它们在改善表界面润滑性能方面的优缺点。然后详细论述三种带有不同电荷的仿生聚合物刷(中性聚合物刷、聚阴/阳离子刷和聚两性离子刷)的结构及其对润滑性能的调控作用,探讨其摩擦界面的润滑机制,并总结在构建高润滑性能表界面方面的最新研究进展。最后展望仿生聚合物刷在生物界面润滑领域的未来发展趋势。相关讨论可以为开发具有优异润滑性能的新型仿生材料提供参考。     

Mathematical Transforms in Design: Case Study on Feedback Control of a Customizable Automotive Suspension

Engineering design and analysis is replete with examples of mathematical transforms. This paper discusses the use of mathematical transforms at the operational stage implemented by superimposing the system with a control system to (1) convert a decoupled or coupled system to uncoupled, (2) achieve robustness to noise factors and (3) eliminate imaginary complexity. This paper proves with examples that such controller design and implementation is much easier for an uncoupled or decoupled design as compared to a coupled design. The case study presents a new customizable automotive suspension with independent control of stiffness, damping and ride-height. This system was proposed, designed and built using axiomatic design principles. The mechanical design is decoupled with respect to the functional requirements (FRs) of stiffness and ride-height; moreover ride-height is affected by the load on the vehicle (noise factor). This paper presents the design and implementation of a feedback control system for the customizable suspension to uncouple the system and to make it robust to the noise factor.     

机油泵拆装动画的设计与制作

简要讨论了机油泵拆装动画的设计与制作，包括AutoCAD建模和3D Studio MAX动画设计与实现。指出了AutoCAD建模应注意同一场景下单个零件的分层操作以及常用的造型方法。并从三维造型的引入、运动的设计制作与编辑、赋材质和渲染输出四个方面对制作过程进行了阐述。     

A synthetic DNA based approach to design of adaptive systems

Development of large engineered systems involves large amount of investments. Yet the value of these systems decreases significantly as requirements and environments change. For mission critical systems the capability of adapting to unpredictable situations is the key for success. While the importance of system adaptability has been recognized, little research has been done for “design for adaptability”. We take a “naturalistic design” approach to developing adaptive “lifelike” systems by exploiting natural “design” processes and mimicking its DNA based way of capturing, representing and applying “design” information pertaining to needed functions and changing operational situations. The concepts and examples of this approach are discussed.     

仿生织构类型及其对表面摩擦性能影响

随着经济的发展,机械加工零件表面的减阻耐磨及抗黏等性能变得尤为重要,为了提高生产加工过程的高效性和节能性,针对零件的表面问题引入仿生织构的概念。 仿生织构是仿照生物体表特殊的纹理在摩擦副表面加工出能够实现减摩降阻润滑效果的微/ 纳结构。 介绍了多种具非光滑结构表面生物,综述了几种典型仿生织构类型,阐明了每种织构类型的摩擦磨损机理;从织构类型、结构设计和加工方法、压强分布、摩擦因数和机理分析、应用与展望等方面进行评述,对应用最为广泛的凹坑型和沟槽型织构结合实例分析其摩擦磨损性能并附以数据论证,通过摩擦因数和磨损机理判断织构的减摩降阻效果,从而进一步实现参数优化。 分析表明:仿生织构对改善摩擦性能具有重要影响,其中摩擦因数是判断摩擦性能的重要因素,加以磨损机理的深入研究,使得减阻耐磨效果较优的织构类型可大幅提高工业效率,结合工业、航天、 汽车等行业中对仿生织构的应用,展望未来仿生织构的广泛研究及在摩擦过程中性能的优化,实现织构化普及应用。     

Design methodologies: Industrial and educational applications

The field of Design Theory and Methodology has a rich collection of research results that has been taught at educational institutions as well as applied to design practices. First, this keynote paper describes some methods to classify them. It then illustrates individual theories and methodologies focusing on industrial and educational use. Theories and methodologies that are found most practically useful are “math-based methods”, “methodologies to achieve concrete design goals,” and “process methodologies”, while at educational institutes in addition to these, traditional design methodologies are also taught. The paper discusses this gap between practical and educational usages.     

Design Knowledge Management with Reconstructible Structure

Critical Issue In knowledge management Is how to Increase the adaptability of knowledge as well as how to reconstruct similar knowledge. In order to construct the design knowledge for new products, designers need to reconstruct the design knowledge with new relationships.A new design knowledge expression method, Design DNA, Is proposed In this work far representing complicated relationships of design knowledge. Design DNA facilitates rearrangement of design knowledge and promotes the flexibility of knowledge structure. Design DNA Is based on Layout-oriented domain knowledge and Function-oriented domain knowledge, which enables to generate new design knowledge that will result in new part geometries for given constraints on the part functions.     

仿生微型机器人的研究与发展

仿生微型机器人是目前机器人发展的研究热点和趋势之一.本文对国内外仿生微型机器人的研究和开发作了综述和总结.指出了目前存在的问题,并对仿生微型机器人实用化的关键技术和发展趋势进行了探讨.