Characterization of surface texture generate multi-process manufacture

In recent years, surfaces are being engineered to make their surface texture more suitable to their function. Most of the “engineered surfaces” are manufactured by more than one manufacturing process which results in a texture that is based on the combined processes. In order to characterize the surface texture generated by multi-process manufacture, various methods have been developed. In this paper, the existing methods that are based on the technique of linearization of the bearing area curve are reviewed and a segmented regression model for the surfaces generated by multi-process manufacture is presented. The parameters of this model can be used to control the manufacturing processes or to verify the suitability of the surface for the intended function.     

Surfaces in Precision Engineering, Microengineering and Nanotechnology

This paper addresses the role of surfaces at the micrometric and nanometric length scales. Applications, functional behaviour, and manufacturing issues are reviewed with respect to state-of-the-art and emerging products fabricated using high precision technologies. Examples of surfaces obtained with precision engineering, microengineering and nanotechnology are presented, encompassing surfaces in computers, MEMS, biomedical systems, light and X-ray optics, as well as in chemical systems. Surface properties at micro and nanoscale are considered, including geometry as well as physical and chemical properties. Different manufacturing processes are reviewed with respect to surface fabrication, encompassing conventional machining, microfabrication, and nanomanipulation. Surface metrology at micro and nanoscale is briefly addressed, and its fundamental importance strongly emphasized.     

Micro machining for control of wettability with surface topography

A micro fabrication is presented to manufacture hydrophobic surfaces with micro-scale structures. Hydrophobicity is controlled with the shape and the alignment of micro pillars in the structure. The structures are manufactured in large areas at high production rates in the following processes: (1) the structure is fabricated on a tool by focused ion beam sputtering; (2) the reverse structure is formed on a metal plate by incremental stamping using the structured tool; and (3) the structure is transferred onto plastic plates by molding. A consecutive stamping is also proposed to fabricate several structures on a surface accurately with a structured tool, in which the moving pitch of the structured tool is numerically controlled. The effect of the surface topography on hydrophobicity is discussed with measuring contact angles on the structured surfaces in the water droplet tests. Hydrophobicity on the plastic plate is associated with the solid fraction on the structured surface based on the Cassie–Baxter model. A larger contact angle is observed for a smaller solid fraction of the surface.     

Dimensional Micro and Nano Metrology

The need for dimensional micro and nano metrology is evident, and as critical dimensions are scaled down and geometrical complexity of objects is increased, the available technologies appear not sufficient. Major research and development efforts have to be undertaken in order to answer these challenges. The developments have to include new measuring principles and instrumentation, tolerancing rules and procedures as well as traceability and calibration. The current paper describes issues and challenges in dimensional micro and nano metrology by reviewing typical measurement tasks and available instrumentation. Traceability and calibration issues are discussed subsequently. Finally needs and gaps are identified based on these observations.     

Tribological behavior of micro structured surfaces for micro forming tools

Mechanical micro machining processes, like milling and grinding are appropriate technologies for the flexible production of precise molds with complex shapes for metal forming processes. In most cases machining strategies are orientated towards form accuracy of the desired forming tool only. Thus, the generation of tribologically advantageous surfaces is often carried out in subsequent machining steps like honing. In micro scale the subsequent treatment of complex surfaces is very difficult. For that reason it is desirable to create the shape and a suitable surface texture with one tool in one step.This paper is focusing on the comparison of the tribological behavior of polished surfaces with structured surfaces machined by micro milling and micro grinding processes. Micro milling tools and grinding pins with ballend shape are used to create micro structured surfaces. The machining strategy (tool path and line pitch) was varied for both tool types in the same manner. The experiments were carried out on hardened cold working steel using tungsten carbide micro cutters with TiAlN coating and micro grinding pins with an abrasive diamond layer. White light interferometry was used to characterize the machined surfaces and determine the surface parameters. Moreover, a strip drawing test was set up to investigate the tribological behavior of the system consisting of the machined surfaces and thin sheet metals. The results of the strip drawing test suggest a relationship between micro structure and tribological behavior. Finally, the dependencies between machining technology, surface parameters and tribological behavior will be discussed.     

Approximate numerical models of 3-d surface topography generated using sparse frequency domain descriptions

Techniques which allow realistic surface data to be readily generated have great potential value to engineers because they facilitate the construction of models of physical processes to describe phenomena such as lubrication, wear, reflection of light, sliding friction, etc. Over many years considerable effort has been made by investigators to develop methods to parameterise the topography of engineering components. In comparison only limited effort appears to have been invested in developing techniques for modelling surface topography.This paper seeks to address this imbalance by investigating the potential offered by a comparatively well known analytical tool, the Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT) which is presently little used in surface metrology. The IFT can be applied to reconstruct 3-D surface topography from frequency domain data. In other work these authors have already proposed that some classes of 3-D surface can be reconstructed, i.e., modelled, with a high level of “fidelity” by applying the IFT to a relatively small group of Fourier Transform coefficients drawn from a complete ;real surface spectrum. This paper examines the success of the approach by discussing the form of surfaces reconstructed using this “sparse” spectral data. Illustrations of reconstructed 3-D surfaces are presented along with a qualitative comparison of surface parameters evaluated from the full “parent” surface and the reconstructed surface. (Data representing three processes and a range of nominal roughness values are employed.)Finally, the paper addresses the possible uses for the tool in surface metrology and also briefly explores areas in which further investigations could be undertaken to usefully generate greater insights in to this modelling process.     

Technological shifts in surface metrology

This paper gives an overview of the progress which has been made in surface metrology over the past ten years. It updates the surface classification system, and discusses the practical and theoretical reasons for the technological shifts which have occurred. This includes the use of surfaces with predetermined features as an alternative to traditional machined surfaces, and the move from simple to freeform shapes. The paper discusses technological shifts in association, filtration, numeric parametric techniques, fractals associated with function and standardisation. Many examples are given in order to contextualise the significance of these technological changes. This paper should help to predict the direction of future developments in surface metrology, and therefore emphasise its importance in functional applications in advanced manufacture.     

生物材料表面微纳结构对成骨相关细胞的影响

生物医用材料表面性能,包括表面形貌与化学组成,对诱导骨组织形成并形成骨整合具有重要作用。细胞行为对基底表面形貌和组成的依赖性决定了设计不同功能表面的重要性。作者小组多年来从事生物材料表面微纳结构相关研究。在微图形方面,结合微加工和磁控溅射技术制备出的羟基磷灰石微沟槽;采用溶胶一凝胶与复制微模塑相结合的方法制备了TiO2微图形;采用掩模曝光电化学微加工技术和喷射电化学微加工技术,在钛基底上制备多孔微图形;通过转移微模塑法与自组装技术相结合,得到壳聚糖与牛血清蛋白复合微图形。在纳米结构方面,采用电化学阳极氧化处理,获得一定管径和管长的二氧化钛纳米管。在微纳多级结构方面,结合高压微弧氧化和低压阳极氧化制备了微纳多级结构钛表面。除了考虑微纳结构单独效应之外,还考虑了微纳结构化与生物功能化的协同效应,即在具有微纳结构的生物材料表面通过层层自组装等手段进行生物化学修饰。最后通过成骨相关细胞培养实验及体内植入实验,考察各试样的生物活性。研究表明,微米尺度表面促进骨细胞粘附、增殖、分化等,而纳米尺寸结构以及微纳多级结构对细胞功能具有进一步促进作用。微纳结构化与表面功能化修饰存在有协同效应。这些研究结果为微纳米技术应用于人体植入研究提供了新方向。     

Manufacturing of multiscale structured surfaces

Multiscale structured surfaces are a way to provide advanced, otherwise not attainable functionality on a technical part. Applications of such parts can be manifold, and numerous works have already covered the transfer of natural examples into bio-inspired surfaces or the geometrical and functional metrology of such surfaces. After briefly presenting typical functionalities of multiscale structured surfaces, this keynote paper will focus on the available manufacturing processes and review their capabilities to generate multiscale structured surfaces. To compare such processes, the so-called “multiscality” is defined that characterizes the structured surfaces according to the lateral and vertical extent of the individual stacked elements and is used as a first indicator to assess the difficulty of their manufacture. As the boundaries of what is considered a multiscale structure are diffuse, ranges of low, medium and high multiscality are defined instead. After presenting the state of the art of manufacturing processes currently utilized for the manufacture of (not only multiscale) structured surfaces, this keynote paper summarizes the capabilities of single-step and multi-step/multi-physics approaches for their applicability across different scales and gives an outlook on which processes could potentially become relevant in the future.     

镁合金表面防腐蚀超疏水涂层制备研究进展

镁合金是一种有发展前途的绿色工程金属材料，但其较差的抗腐蚀性能限制了它的大规模应用。对镁合金表面进行超疏水处理，能够极大地提高镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。当超疏水试样浸泡在腐蚀溶液中时，该结构将在腐蚀介质中形成固-气-液界面层，减少镁合金表面与腐蚀介质之间的接触面积，从而降低腐蚀速度。超疏水表面需要满足微纳米结构和低表面能2个必要条件。可以采用二步法或一步法在镁合金表面制备超疏水表面，详细介绍了在镁合金表面构造微纳米结构的方法，包括激光处理、机加工、化学刻蚀、化学镀、电化学沉积、阳极氧化、微弧氧化、水热合成和喷涂等方法。超疏水表面一旦受到机械损伤，微纳米结构无法满足条件，超疏水表面的“气垫效应”消失，腐蚀介质就会直接与微纳米结构接触，因此需要保证构建的微纳米粗糙结构对镁基体具有良好的保护作用并具有自愈功能。通过制备复合涂层，提高下层微纳米结构的自愈合性能，上层涂层的超疏水性与下层涂层的良好物理屏障能力的协同效应可以改善涂层的长久耐腐蚀性能。综述了在镁合金上制备具有良好耐腐蚀性能的复合超疏水表面的方法，并对镁合金超疏水表面防护技术的研究方向进行了展望。     

激光织构化不同材料表面对润湿性能的影响

采用激光微织构加工技术分别在SAF2507双相不锈钢和碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)表面制备不同形状、面积占有率的微织构凹坑，通过润湿性试验分析时间、液滴体积、微织构形状与面积占有率、液滴种类对润湿性的影响。结果表明：液滴润湿材料表面过程中，固液接触角先随时间迅速减小，后保持在一个较为稳定的值；使用体积较大的液滴测量接触角时，液滴铺展的速度减缓，接触角的测量值变小；CF/PEEK表面的接触角随微织构面积占有率的增大而减小，SAF2507表面的接触角随微织构面积占有率的增大而增大；微织构面积占有率相同的表面，方柱形微织构表面的接触角小于圆柱形微织构表面，润湿效果更好；天然海水在光滑和织构表面的接触角均小于蒸馏水。     

An integrated macroscopic model for simulating SLM and milling processes

Due to their flexibility to also build up highly complex geometries, Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes are increasingly applied. Although near net-shape components can be manufactured using, for example, the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process, the required surface quality can often not be achieved. In order to manufacture contact areas or functional surfaces, subsequent machining processes can be used to achieve the required accuracy in shape and dimension as well as the desired surface quality. In order to reduce the experimental effort during process design and optimization, simulation systems that are able to efficiently model both processes are required. In this paper, an empirical geometry-based model for SLM and milling processes will be presented. Due to the usage of an empirical model, based on the analysis of a set of reference structures, the simulation of macroscopic geometries can be achieved and used in subsequent milling simulations. Furthermore, an experimental validation of the combination of the two simulation models will be presented.     

On-machine and in-process surface metrology for precision manufacturing

On-machine and in-process surface metrology are important for quality control in manufacturing of precision surfaces. The classifications, requirements and tasks of on-machine and in-process surface metrology are addressed. The state-of-the-art on-machine and in-process measurement systems and sensor technologies are presented. Error separation algorithms for removing machine tool errors, which is specially required in on-machine and in-process surface metrology, are overviewed, followed by a discussion on calibration and traceability. Advanced techniques on sampling strategies, measurement systems-machine tools interface, data flow and analysis as well as feedbacks for compensation manufacturing are then demonstrated. Future challenges and developing trends are also discussed.     

激光微织构固体润滑表面高温摩擦学性能研究

目的 研究微织构纳米固体润滑剂及碳纳米管(CNTs)添加剂对微织构表面高温润滑性能的影响.方法 采用YLP-HP-1-100-100-100型光纤激光器在Cr4M04V高温轴承钢表面进行织构化处理,并填充二硫化钼(MoS2)-聚酰亚胺(PI)和不同碳纳米管添加含量的MoS2-PI-CNTs复合固体润滑剂.在环-盘接触的MMU-10G高温摩擦磨损试验机上进行了环境温度从室温到400℃的滑动摩擦性能试验.结果 填充含纳米MoS2的复合固体润滑剂的微织构表面的摩擦系数比填充含相同含量微米MoS2的低35％左右.微织构纳米MoS2-PI自润滑表面摩擦系数随碳纳米管含量的增加先减小后增大,当碳纳米管质量分数为6％时,其摩擦系数最小,且比无碳纳米管的低37％左右.在MoS2-PI纳米复合润滑剂中添加6％碳纳米管后,MoS2-PI-CNTs纳米复合润滑剂具有更高的使用温度和更低的摩擦系数.结论 纳米MoS2的润滑效果优于微米MoS2,碳纳米管有利于提高MoS2-PI复合固体润滑剂的耐热性能和润滑减摩性能.     

Geometrical metrology for metal additive manufacturing

The needs, requirements, and on-going and future research issues in geometrical metrology for metal additive manufacturing are addressed. The infrastructure under development for specification standards in AM is presented, and the research on geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing for AM is reviewed. Post-process metrology is covered, including the measurement of surface form, texture and internal features. In-process requirements and developments in AM are discussed along with the materials metrology that is pertinent to geometrical measurement. Issues of traceability, including benchmarking artefacts, are presented. The information in the review sections is summarized in a synthesis of current requirements and future research topics.     

Fabrication of curved micro structures on photoresist layer

A novel fabrication process for micro patterns with curvature was introduced. The curved structures were made by compensating rectangular micro structures with liquid photoresist layer. Because of the surface tension of the liquid in micro scale, various shapes of meniscus can be made on the micro channels. The micro channels were made on the silicon substrate in advance, and then the liquid layer was coated on the micro channels. From the nature of liquid behavior, the curved patterns with smooth surface are obtained, which cannot be made easily with the conventional mechanical machining, as well as with the microfabrication processes, such as wet and dry etching. With this principle, it is expected that the smooth and curved surfaces can be made by simple processes and the results can be applied widely, such as optical patterns.     

基于激光表面微纳结构的胶接性能研究进展

胶接具有独特的性能而被广泛关注,但在实际应用中往往由于界面结合强度不足而导致接头在服役过程中过早失效。激光表面处理是一种能够有效提高胶接接头表面性能的方法,通过激光表面处理会使黏接材料表面形成不同的表面微纳结构,从而改善接头的性能。首先介绍了激光表面处理原理及激光器分类,对比了不同激光器的优缺点及加工质量特性,分析了激光加工参数对接头强度的影响。其次从激光加工不同表面微纳结构入手,阐述了不同表面微纳结构的加工方式,分析了不同表面微纳结构对不同材料接头强度的影响。此外,针对不同的表面微纳结构,其结构参数有所不同,导致接头表面化学成分和润湿性能也有所不同,使得接头强度有所差异,在此基础上分析了微纳结构参数对接头强度的影响及原因。同时,胶层间的作用机制与接头强度具有密不可分的联系,研究表明,不同的表面微纳结构对胶层的作用机制具有明显的不同,归纳总结发现,经激光表面处理形成表面微纳结构后接头表面粗糙度、化学性质、润湿性能及胶层间裂纹的扩展对接头强度的提升具有一定作用。最后,对激光表面处理微纳结构的研究进行了展望。     

Process related assessment and supervision of surface textures

The surface texture of a finished geometrically defined body is the fingerprint of all process stages of the manufacturing process. With machining processes like forming, cutting and abrasive processes including etching and laser texturing macro- and micromechanical deviations from the nominal geometry at the individual geometrical features are caused by machine, process, tool and workpiece dependent influences.The effect of these causes on the deviations from the nominal geometry with different processes will be demonstrated.For functional reasons more and more the nominal geometry includes defined deviations from simple form features like straight line, circle, flat and cylinder but also defined microgeometrical form features having dimensions in the micro- and submicrometer range and which are part of so called engineered surfaces.Par examples it will be shown by which metrological means and by which 2-D and 3-D parameters the individual process stage for producing different defined surface textures can be assessed and supervised.Concerning engineered surfaces with defined microgeometrical surface geometry it must be decided which geometrical parameters like size (diameter, length, curvature, depth), distance, position and orientation of the texture element e.g. of the pits of a compact disc or of craters of a laser beam etched part should be used for assessing the results of the process and how the roughness of the texture element and the surrounding area should be evaluated.The discussion of the measuring procedures includes the effect of the properties of the probing systems (e.g. the tip radius), of the electrical filtering and the statistical character of the surface roughness.     

Dynamic multiphase modeling and optimization of fluid jet polishing process

Fluid jet polishing is a machining process used increasingly in the ultra-precision manufacture of optical components and replication molds. While the process bears some similarities with abrasive water jet machining, it operates at much lower pressure and grit size. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics model based on latest multiphase turbulent flow computational methods, simulating dynamically the interface between fluid and air. The model is then used to optimize surface texture performance down to 1 nm Ra on electroless nickel plated optical dies, while removing diamond turning marks. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the nature of the removal mechanism.     

磨料条件下DLC复合微织构表面的磨损机理*

钛及其合金具有优良的性能被广泛应用于武器装备领域，但在磨料条件下易黏着、不耐磨的特性限制了其使用。为了提高钛在磨料作用下的减摩抗磨性能，以 TA2 钛为研究对象，使用激光加工技术在 TA2 样品表面上制备点阵微织构，然后采用磁控溅射技术在点阵微织构表面制备类金刚石碳（Diamond-like Carbon, DLC）薄膜，形成 DLC 复合微织构；采用 MS-T3000 摩擦磨损试验机研究了 DLC 复合微织构表面在磨料作用下的摩擦磨损性能，并通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析、 拉曼测试、有限元分析等手段研究钛表面 DLC 复合微织构的摩擦磨损机理。结果显示 DLC 复合微织构表面可有效提高钛在磨料条件下的减摩抗磨性能，且同等条件下，点阵密度对 DLC 复合微织构样品表面摩擦因数的影响最大，单位面积点阵边缘密度值与样品表面磨损率有关，且二者基本呈正线性关系。揭示了 DLC 复合微织构在磨粒磨损条件下的摩擦磨损性能， 并从织构边缘的破坏提出磨损机理，研究结果可为钛在磨料磨损条件下的应用提供理论和设计依据。