Novel semi‐interpenetrating network structural phase change composites with high phase change enthalpy

High phase change enthalpy, controllable temperature, and stable shape can expand the application of phase change materials (PCMs) in energy storage. In this study, a series of novel form‐stable PCMs with high phase change enthalpy (169–195 J/g) and controllable temperature (45.3–61.4°C) were prepared. The PCMs exhibited a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) structure resulting from the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a three‐dimensional (3‐D) network gel. The gel itself featured an inherent phase change characteristic and a 3‐D network structure. Thus, it improved the phase transition enthalpy of the materials and facilitated the formation of a semi‐IPN that endowed the materials with excellent form‐stable properties. In addition, the latent heat of the composites (169–195 J/g) is much higher than most of the previously reported composites using PEG as phase change component (68–132 J/g). © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 688–696, 2018     

Study on phase change characteristics of PEG/PAM coupling blend

A novel solid–solid phase change materials with polyethylene glycol (PEG) worked as phase change substance and polyacrylamide (PAM) as solid skeleton was synthesized by coupling blend. Their phase change behaviors and structure analysis was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), they had reversible solid–solid phase change properties. The result indicates that the PEG/PAM PCMs has great transition enthalpy and suitable phase transition temperature in the phase transition process. It can be considered as promising PCMs. Otherwise, their crystallization behavior were analyzed by polarization optical microscopy (POM), the crystalline degrees of these phase change materials were affected due to the intermolecular interaction and chemical bond. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Polymeric phase change composites for thermal energy storage

This article describes a group of thermal energy storage (TES) composites that combine TES and structural functionality. The composites are encapsulations of low melt temperature phase change materials (PCM) such as paraffin waxes in polymer matrices. Room temperature cured bisphenol‐A epoxy and styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) polymers are chosen as matrix materials because of their excellent chemical and mechanical properties. The polymeric network structure in the composite encapsulates the PCMs, which transform from the solid to the liquid phase. The PCMs provide the energy storage function via the solid–liquid latent heat effect. The resulting composite exhibits dry‐phase transition in the sense that fluid motion of the PCM, when in the liquid phase, is inhibited by the structure of the polymer matrix. The polymer matrix is formulated to provide structural functionality. The latent heat, thermal conductivity and contact conductance, and structural moduli of composites having various PCM‐to‐matrix volume fractions are measured. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1240–1251, 2004     

Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study of Blends of Poly(ethylene glycol) with Selected Fatty Acids

A series of blends of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with different molecular weights with: (i) capric, (ii) lauric, (iii) myristic, (iv) palmitic or (v) stearic acid, as a thermal energy storage material, has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Transition temperatures and latent heat of transition of PEG, fatty acids and their binary blends were determined since these properties are of primary importance in the design of phase change energy storage materials. The experimental results showed that it is possible to obtain homogeneous (as indicated by DSC data) polymer/fatty acid blends by mixing in the melt and subsequent solidification. The melting ranges of PEG/fatty acid systems were observed to be from 30 to 72 °C while their heat of transition lies in the range of 168–208 J · g^?1. Synergistic action of the components was found for PEG 10 000/stearic acid blend – heat of transition was ca. 15 and 35% higher than for pure stearic acid and PEG, respectively. This phenomena may be explained in terms of strengthened specific interactions via hydrogen bonding leading to formation of more perfect crystalline lattice.

DSC melting and freezing curves of blends PEG/lauric acid. 1 ‐ PEG 3 400/lauric acid, 2 ‐ PEG 10 000/lauric acid, 3 ‐ PEG 20 000/lauric acid, 4 ‐ PEG 35 000/lauric acid (cooling ‐ 10 K · min^?1), 5 ‐ PEG 3 400/lauric acid, 6 ‐ PEG 10 000/lauric acid, 7 ‐ PEG 20 000/lauric acid, 8 ‐ PEG 35 000/lauric acid (heating ‐ 10 K · min^?1).     

聚双甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯固-固相变储能材料的制备

制备了以聚甲基丙烯酸为骨架、聚乙二醇(PEG)为工作物质的新型高分子固-固相变储能材料。对PEG和几种不同的相变材料分别进行DSC测试,对PEG分子量为4000的相变材料进行非等温DSC测试。结果表明,与纯PEG相比,相变材料的相转变温度降低12.3℃,相变焓降低45 J/g。随着聚乙二醇分子量由2000依次增加为4000,6000,10000,相变材料的相转变温度分别为44.8,52.9,63.8和74.3℃,相变焓分别为142.9,203.2,190.1,231.4 J/g,均有增加的趋势。随着升温速率增加,PEG分子量为4000的PCM的相变温度依次升高,分别为47.4,50.0和53.1℃。     

化学法和共混法制备的PEG／CDA相变材料的性能比较：储热性能？…

通过IR、DSC和X-ray研究了用化学键联法和溶液共混法制备的聚乙二醇/二醋酸纤维素(PEG/CDA)型相变材料的相变热焓、相变温度和结晶度等物性,探索了两种材料的链结构与储热性能的关系.结果表明,对相同PEG含量的共混材料和化学改性材料而言,共混物的相变焓要大于化学改性材料的相变焓;但化学改性物是一种固固相变材料,而共混物不具有固固相变特性,只是一种形状稳定的固液相变材料.     

化学法和共混法制备的PEG/CDA相变材料的性能比较——储热性能与链结构的关系

通过IR、DSC和X -ray研究了用化学键联法和溶液共混法制备的聚乙二醇 /二醋酸纤维素 (PEG/CDA)型相变材料的相变热焓、相变温度和结晶度等物性 ,探索了两种材料的链结构与储热性能的关系。结果表明 ,对相同PEG含量的共混材料和化学改性材料而言 ,共混物的相变焓要大于化学改性材料的相变焓 ;但化学改性物是一种固固相变材料 ,而共混物不具有固固相变特性 ,只是一种形状稳定的固液相变材料     

Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol acrylate crosslinking copolymer as solid–solid phase change materials

A kind of crosslinking copolymer as solid–solid phase change material (PCM) is synthesized by copolymerization. The scope of PCM applications is often severely limited by their heat stablility and phase transition state. The solid–solid phase change materials we obtained retain basic state during phase change transitions. The crosslinking polymer is heat stable under 300° and the latent heat of crystalline and latent heat of melting is on the average of 120 J/g and 140J/g, respectively. The property of thermal stability and heat storaged is related to crosslinking density of the gel. The property of thermal stability and high latent heat may expand the scope of PCMs applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014 , 131, 39755.     

高分子固-固相转变储能材料的研究进展

对高分子固-固相转变储能材料的研究进展进行了综述。根据相变储能机理，具有固-固相转变储能功能的聚合物材料被分为2大类即交联型结晶聚合物相变材料和以聚合物为摹体的复合相变材料。详细介绍了各种相变材料的制备方法、性能和应用，并且展望了高分子固-固相转变储能材料的发展前景。     

(准)共晶系相变储能材料的研究进展

节能技术的发展是当今非常现实的问题,这些技术的发展方向之一是各行业的热能储存。相变储能材料由于其较大的潜热和恒温性,被广泛应用于潜热储能系统和热管理系统中。然而,单一相变材料的相变温度和潜热比较固定,难以同时满足多种储能应用对各种潜热、相变温度等性质的要求。因此,人们开展了关于二元或多元共晶相变体系的研究。本文介绍了近年来国内外（准）共晶相变储能材料及其复合材料的研究进展,探讨了（准）共晶相变储能材料的理论设计机理,指出了（准）共晶相变储能材料存在的不同问题并提出建议,最后指出了（准）共晶系相变储能材料在实际应用领域的局限,提出未来在寻找新型相变储能材料,建立传热理论模型,对（准）共晶系复合相变储能材料的力学性能、耐老化性能、储能密度低和高温条件下的耐久性差等方面需要进一步探索。     

聚苯乙烯接枝聚乙二醇6000的制备及表征

以1,4-二氯甲氧基丁烷为氯甲基化试剂,通用级聚苯乙烯(PS)为原料,制备了氯甲基化聚苯乙烯(CMPS);将CMPS与聚乙二醇(PEG)6000采用碱催化法制备了PS接枝PEG6000聚合物(PEG6000-g-PS)。对CMPS,PEG6000-g-PS进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、X射线光电子能谱分析,对PS,PEG,PEG6000-g-PS进行差示扫描量热法分析、热重分析。结果表明:成功制备了PEG6000-g-PS,且接枝率为12.3%;PEG6000-g-PS的熔融温度为63.03℃,相变焓为15.313 J/g,起始分解温度为314℃,热稳定性良好。     

复合纺丝法制备PEG/PVA相变储能初生纤维

采用不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇(PEG)与聚乙烯醇(PVA)进行湿法复合纺丝制备PEG/PVA相变储能初生纤维,对PEG与PVA溶液的相容性、PEG的凝固性能、PEG/PVA纤维的相变潜热及纤维形貌进行了研究。结果表明:PEG 2000与PVA复合纺丝得到的相变储能初生纤维具有较高的相变潜热,PEG 2000与PVA的质量比小于3:10时,PEG 2000在纺丝过程中流失量较小,纤维截面随着PEG 2000含量的增加而由肾形向圆形变化。     

Incorporating functionalized polyethylene glycol lipids into reprecipitated conjugated polymer nanoparticles for bioconjugation and targeted labeling of cells

We report a simple and rapid method to prepare extremely bright, functionalized, stable, and biocompatible conjugated polymer nanoparticles incorporating functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids by reprecipitation. These nanoparticles retain the fundamental spectroscopic properties of conjugated polymer nanoparticles prepared without PEG lipid, but demonstrate greater hydrophilicity and quantum yield compared to unmodified conjugated polymer nanoparticles. The sizes of these nanoparticles, as determined by TEM, were 21-26 nm. Notably, these nanoparticles were prepared with several PEG lipid functional end groups, including biotin and carboxy moieties that can be easily conjugated to biomolecules. We have demonstrated the availability of these end groups for functionalization using the interaction of biotin PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles with streptavidin. Biotinylated PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles bound streptavidin-linked magnetic beads, while carboxy and methoxy PEG lipid modified nanoparticles did not. Similarly, biotinylated PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles bound streptavidin-coated glass slides and could be visualized as diffraction-limited spots, while nanoparticles without PEG lipid or with non-biotin PEG lipid end groups were not bound. To demonstrate that nanoparticle functionalization could be used for targeted labelling of specific cellular proteins, biotinylated PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles were bound to biotinylated anti-CD16/32 antibodies on J774A.1 cell surface receptors, using streptavidin as a linker. This work represents the first demonstration of targeted delivery of conjugated polymer nanoparticles and demonstrates the utility of these new nanoparticles for fluorescence based imaging and sensing.     

Biodegradable polymers exhibiting temperature-responsive sol–gel transition as injectable biomedical materials

Injectable biodegradable copolymer hydrogels, which exhibit temperature-responsive sol-to-gel transition, have recently drawn much attention as promising biomedical materials such as drug delivery, cell implantation, and tissue engineering. These injectable hydrogels can be implanted in the human body with minimal surgical invasion. Temperature-responsive gelling copolymers usually possess block- and/or branched architectures and amphiphilicity with a delicate hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has typically been used as hydrophilic segments due to its biocompatibility and temperature-dependent dehydration nature. Aliphatic polyesters such as polylactide, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(ε-caprolactone), and their modified copolymers have been used as hydrophobic segments based on their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Copolymers of PEG with other hydrophobic polymers such as polypeptides, polydepsipeptides have also been recently reported as injectable hydrogels. In this review, brief history and recent advances in injectable biodegradable polymer hydrogels are summarized especially focusing on the relationship between polymer architecture and their gelation properties. Moreover, the applications of these injectable polymer gels for biomedical use such as drug delivery and tissue engineering are also described.     

Physical Properties and Biodegradation of Lactide-based Poly(ethy1ene glycol) Polymer Networks for Tissue Engineering

Summary New lactide-based poly(ethy1ene glycol) (PEG) polymer networks (GL-PEG) have been prepared by photopolymerization using two nontoxic niacromers, triacrylated lactic acid oligomer emanating from a glycerol center (GL) and monoacrylated PEG. These materials may use as polymer scaffolds in tissue engineering because they provide biodegradable, cell-adhesion resistant, and ligand-immobilizable characteristics. The thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting GL-PEG networks were evaluated and their biodegradability was investigated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 80°C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all networks after degradation relatively decreased and the trend was similar to those before biodegradation, whereas thermal decomposition temperature (Td_1/2) increased in all networks to a certain degree. The tensile strength decreased as PEG was incorporated and as the molecular weight and content of PEG increased due to the soft PEG chains. Degradation rate of GL-PEG networks was controlled by the ratio of GL to PEG, and generally the rate of GL-PEG networks was faster than that of GL homonetworks. Received: 29 November 2002/Revised version: 5 February 2003/Accepted: 11 February 2003 Correspondence to Dong Keun Han     

Lithium ionic conductivity in poly(ether urethanes) derived from poly(ethylene glycol) and lysine ethyl ester

Poly(ether urethanes) obtained by the copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lysine ethyl ester (LysOEt) are elastomeric materials that can be processed readily to form flexible, soft films. In view of these desirable physicomechanical properties, the potential use of these new materials as solid polymer electrolytes was explored. Solid polymer electrolytes were prepared with copolymers containing PEG blocks of different lengths and with different concentrations of lithium triflate (LiCF₃SO₃). Correlations between the length of the PEG block, the concentration of lithium triflate in the formulation, and the observed Li⁺ ion conductivity were investigated. Solid electrolyte formulations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry for glass transition temperatures (T_g), melting points (T_m), and crystallinity. Ionic conductivity measurements were carried out on thin films of the polymer electrolytes that had been cast on a microelectrode assembly using conventional ac-impedance spectroscopy. These polymer electrolytes showed inherently high ionic conductivity at room temperature. The optimum concentration of lithium triflate was about 25–30% (w/w), resulting at room temperature in an ionic conductivity of about 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹. For poly(PEG₂₀₀₀-LysOEt) containing 30% of LiCF₃SO₃, the activation energy was ∼ 1.1 eV. Our results indicate that block copolymers of PEG and lysine ethyl ester are promising candidates for the development of polymeric, solvent-free electrolytes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1449–1456, 1997     

Rheological studies of disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) plasticized with poly(ethylene glycol) for membrane formation

Disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (BPS) random copolymers, prepared from a sulfonated monomer, have been considered for use as membrane materials for various applications in water purification and power generation. These membranes can be melt-processed to avoid the use of hazardous solvent-based processes with the aid of a plasticizer, a low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). PEG was used to modify the glass transition temperature and melt rheology of BPS to enable coextrusion with polypropylene (PP). Our previous paper discussed the miscibility of BPS with PEG and the influence of PEG on the glass transition of BPS. In this study, the rheological properties of disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s plasticized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are investigated to identify coextrusion processing conditions with candidate PPs. The effects of various factors including PEG molecular weight, PEG concentration, temperature and BPS molecular weight on blend viscosity were studied. The rheological data effectively lie on the same master curve developed by Bueche and Harding for non-associating polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS). Although sulfonated polysulfone contains ionic groups, the form of its viscosity versus shear rate (or frequency) behavior appears to be dominated by the relaxation of polymer entanglements.     

A novel mucoadhesive polymer prepared by template polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poly (ethylene glycol)

A new mucoadhesive polymer was prepared by template polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). FTIR results indicated that a polymer complex was formed between poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and PEG through hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding in the PAA/PEG polymer complex was stronger than that in the PAA/PEG blend, and became stronger as the molecular weight of PEG increased. Glass transition temperatures (T_g) of PAA in the PAA/PEG polymer complexes was shifted to a lower temperature than that of PAA in the PAA/PEG blend. However, they tended to become higher as the molecular weight of PEG increased. The dissolution rate of the PAA/PEG polymer complex was much slower than the PAA/PEG blend, and was dependent on pH and molecular weight of the PEG. The mucoadhesive force of the PAA/PEG polymer complexes was stronger than for the PAA/PEG blend or a commercial product, Carbopol 971P NF. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2749–2754, 1999     

Poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends as novel form‐stable phase‐change materials for thermal energy storage

In this study, we focused on the preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends as novel form‐stable phase‐change materials (PCMs) for latent‐heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) applications. In the blends, PEG acted as a PCM when PMMA was operated as supporting material. We subjected the prepared blends at different mass fractions of PEG (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% w/w) to leakage tests by heating the blends over the melting temperature of the PCM to determine the maximum encapsulation ratio without leakage. The prepared 70/30 w/w % PEG/PMMA blend as a form‐stable PCM was characterized with optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the form‐stable PCM were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC analysis indicated that the form‐stable PEG/PMMA blend melted at 58.07°C and crystallized at 39.28°C and that it had latent heats of 121.24 and 108.36 J/g for melting and crystallization, respectively. These thermal properties give the PCMs potential LHTES purposes, such as for solar space heating and ventilating applications in buildings. Accelerated thermal cycling tests also showed that the form‐stable PEG/PMMA blend as PCMs had good thermal reliability and chemical stability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Enhancing hydrophilicity of polyethylene terephthalate surface through melt blending

In many industrial sectors, the surface properties of polymers are of particular importance. This applies, for instance, to painting, printing, and any coating on surface of polymeric objects. Hydrophilicity and wettability characteristics are known to be determined by the chemical makeup of the polymer surface. Blending with an additive or a polymer containing high‐energy functional groups is widely recognized as a potential technique to overcome disadvantages of low surface energy of polymers due to its convenient processing. Surface migration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) host was investigated using a low‐molecular‐weight PEG (8 kDa) because of its good hydrophilicity, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and chain mobility. A twin‐screw extruder was used to blend the materials and prepare the polymer blend films. The results of surface characterizations showed that PEG renders the PET surface more hydrophilic, but not high enough for many applications. In a second approach, the addition of a third component, polystyrene (PS), to the blend in a small amount resulted in a remarkable surface enrichment of PEG at the polymer/air interface for the ternary polymer blend (PET‐PEG‐PS). Surface analysis revealed that the surface concentration of PEG in the ternary polymer blend film was significantly larger than that of the binary one. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:349–358, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers