水溶性耐热型预焊剂研究

以烷基苯并咪唑为有效成分的水溶性耐热型预焊剂，是近年来开发研制出来的适用于ＳＭＯＢＣ（裸铜覆阻焊膜）工艺的新型预焊剂。本文研究了该类预焊剂的组成及温度、浸涂时间、酸度等浸涂条件对预焊剂性能的影响，并对用此类预焊剂处理过的印制板进行了潮湿试验和可焊性试验。实验结果表明：该预焊剂应用工艺简便，对铜的抗热氧化及可焊性优良，完全可以满足焊接工艺要求，有良好的推广应用前景。     

国外工艺文摘

国外工艺文摘９８０３００１再流焊炉技术的最新进展—ＢｏｕｃｈａｒｄＲｏｂｅｒ．ＣｉｒｃｕｉｔｓＡｓｓｅｍｂｌｙ，１９９７，８（２）：３０～３６（英文）再流焊工艺在ＰＣＢ组装中通常是不引人注目的，尤其是与贴片机和模板印刷机相比。其实再流焊炉中的精密控制...     

重视每个工艺环节 提高SMT质量

文章从多年的ＳＭＴ工艺研究与生产实践中，总结了如何从ＰＣＢ焊盘图形设计，材料及元器件选择，涂敷焊这，贴装ＳＭＤ，检验等工艺方面提高了ＳＭＴ的组装质量。     

表面组装PCB焊盘图形的设计与布排

本文介绍了各种ＳＭＤ在ＰＣＢ上的焊盘设计及其布排等一系列经验性数据。表面焊装工艺不同，其焊盘的尺寸就不同。焊锡熔化时的表面张力是造成元件移位和直立的原动力。     

焊盘尺寸对PBGA组装板可靠性的影响

研究了焊盘尺寸对氮气再流焊ＰＢＧＡ组装板可靠性的影响。氮气保护再流焊炉内的氧含量可低至５×１０－５。对ＰＢＧＡ组装板的焊点进行了拉伸试验、弯曲疲劳试验以及热冲击疲劳试验。结果表明：经氮气保护再流焊组装的ＰＢＧＡ板其焊点的各项性能均比无保护的ＰＢＧＡ组装板好。当ＰＣＢ板焊盘直径等于ＰＢＧＡ基底焊盘直径时,其焊点有最好的性能。     

SMT细间距工艺技术研究

从ＰＣＢ设计，漏印模板设计与制造，焊膏应用以及组装工艺等方面。讨论了细间距ＳＭＴ工艺技术，提出相应的对策，这对提高细间距器件的焊接质量具有普遍意义。     

应用前景广阔的水溶性耐热预焊剂

近年来由于表面安装技术(SMT)的发展以及SMT用的小面积、高密度、薄层化多层板的不断涌现,对传统的热风整平(HOT Air Levelling)工艺提出了严竣的挑战。 为此,在国外一些厂家已推出水溶性耐热预焊剂替代热风整平工艺,如日本四国化成和美国chemcut公司的Cu—coat A和Schercoat。它们优于早期的松香型和烷基咪唑型预焊剂,具有在高温下承受三次钎焊的功能,因而在新的印制板组装焊接技术上展示出广阔的前景。 本文作者最近对新型水溶性耐热预焊剂这一课题进行了探索,研制了以烷基苯并咪唑(Al-Kylbenzimidazole)为基的预焊剂,其护铜、耐热、可焊性能优良,对PCB行业生产和技术进步,具有良好的前景。     

PCB生产管理对波峰焊接质量的影响

本文仅从生产管理角度出发，分析了企业中ＰＣＢ生产管理失误的众多因素。讨论了对ＰＣＢ污染后导致可焊性下降的形成机理，危害以及ＰＣＢ可焊性下降后所造成的波峰焊钎接缺陷及其原因，提出了强化管理，提高ＰＣＢ的可焊性，提高波峰焊接质量的措施，文中特别指出波峰焊与手工焊的区别，对焊点的概念作了明确的阐述。     

SMT的PCB设计探讨

本文根据ＳＭＴ－ＰＣＢ的特点，概括介绍了在设计ＳＭＴ的ＰＣＢ时所需要考虑的几个技术问题，如：工艺问题、ＳＭＴ－ＰＣＢ的基本要求，布局布线规则以及测试点的设计。     

厚金属芯印制板成型工艺与应用

针对单件及少量金属芯ＰＣＢ的生产，概述厚金属芯ＰＣＢ的真空成型工艺和自制涂胶玻璃布情况。     

Fe,Cu‐Coordinated ZIF‐Derived Carbon Framework for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Zinc–Air Batteries

Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) offer rich platforms for rational design and construction of high‐performance nonprecious‐metal oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts owing to their flexibility, hierarchical porous structures, and high surface area. Herein, an Fe, Cu‐coordinated ZIF‐derived carbon framework (Cu@Fe‐N‐C) with a well‐defined morphology of truncated rhombic dodecahedron is facilely prepared by introducing Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ during the growth of ZIF‐8, followed by pyrolysis. The obtained Cu@Fe‐N‐C, with bimetallic active sites, large surface area, high nitrogen doping level, and conductive carbon frameworks, exhibits excellent ORR performance. It displays 50 mV higher half‐wave potential (0.892 V) than that of Pt catalysts in an alkaline medium and comparable performance to Pt catalysts in an acidic medium. In addition, it also has excellent durability and methanol resistance ability in both acidic and alkaline solutions, which makes it one of the best Pt‐free catalysts reported to date for ORR. Impressively, when being employed as a cathode catalyst in zinc–air batteries, Cu@Fe‐N‐C presents a higher peak power density of 92 mW cm^?2 than that of Pt/C (74 mW cm^?2) as well as excellent durability.     

Intramolecular Donor–Acceptor Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s Presenting Octylphenanthrenyl‐Imidazole Moieties Exhibit Enhanced Charge Transfer for Heterojunction Solar Cell Applications

Intramolecular donor–acceptor structures prepared by covalently binding conjugated octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties onto the side chains of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s exhibit lowered bandgaps and enhanced electron transfer compared to the parent polymer, e.g., conjugation of 90 mol% octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties onto poly(3‐hexylthiophene) chains reduces the optical bandgap from 1.91 to 1.80 eV, and the electron transfer probability is at least twice as high as that of pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene) when blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester. The lowered bandgap and the fast charge transfer both contribute to much higher external quantum efficiencies, thus much higher short‐circuit current densities for copolymers presenting octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties, relative to those of pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s. The short‐circuit current density of a device prepared from a copolymer presenting 90 mol% octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties is 13.7 mA · cm^?2 which is an increase of 65% compared to the 8.3 mA · cm^?2 observable for a device containing pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene). The maximum power conversion efficiency of this particular copolymer is 3.45% which suggest that such copolymers are promising polymeric photovoltaic materials.     

Few‐Layered WS2 Nanoplates Confined in Co,N‐Doped Hollow Carbon Nanocages: Abundant WS2 Edges for Highly Sensitive Gas Sensors

Edges of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are well known as highly reactive sites, thus researchers have attempted to maximize the edge site density of 2D TMDs. In this work, metal‐organic framework (MOF) templates are introduced to synthesize few‐layered WS₂ nanoplates (a lateral dimension of ≈10 nm) confined in Co, N‐doped hollow carbon nanocages (WS₂_Co‐N‐HCNCs), for highly sensitive NO₂ gas sensors. WS₂ precursors are assembled in the surface cavity of Co‐based zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF‐67) and subsequent pyrolysis produced WS₂_Co‐N‐HCNCs. During the pyrolysis, the carbonized ZIF‐67 are doped by Co and N elements, and the growth of WS₂ is effectively suppressed, creating few‐layered WS₂ nanoplates functionalized Co‐N‐HCNCs. The WS₂_Co‐N‐HCNCs exhibit outstanding NO₂ sensing characteristics at room temperature, in terms of response (48.2% to 5 ppm), selectivity, response and recovery speed, and detection limit (100 ppb). These results are attributed to the enhanced adsorption and desorption kinetics of NO₂ on abundant WS₂ edges, confined in the gas permeable HCNCs. This work opens up an efficient way for the facile synthesis of edge abundant few‐layered TMDs combined with porous carbon matrix via MOF templating route, for applications relying on highly active sites.     

Soluble Phenanthrenyl‐Imidazole‐Presenting Regioregular Poly(3‐octylthiophene) Copolymers Having Tunable Bandgaps for Solar Cell Applications

We have used Grignard metathesis polymerization to successfully synthesize a series of regioregular polythiophene copolymers that contain electron‐withdrawing and conjugated phenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties as side chains. The introduction of the phenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties onto the side chains of the regioregular polythiophenes increased their conjugation lengths and thermal stabilities and altered their bandgap structures. The bandgap energies, determined from the onset of optical absorption, could be tuned from 1.89 eV to 1.77 eV by controlling the number of phenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties in the copolymers. Moreover, the observed quenching in the photoluminescence of these copolymers increases with the number of phenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties in the copolymers, owing to the fast deactivation of the excited state by the electron‐transfer reaction. Both the lowered bandgap and fast charge transfer contribute to the much higher external quantum efficiency of the poly(3‐octylthiophene)‐side‐chain‐tethered phenanthrenyl‐imidazole than that of pure poly(3‐octylthiophene), leading to much higher short circuit current density. In particular, the short circuit current densities of the device containing the copolymer having 80 mol % phenanthrenyl‐imidazole, P82 , improved to 14.2 mA cm^–2 from 8.7 mA cm^–2 for the device of pure poly(3‐octylthiophene), P00 , an increase of 62 %. In addition, the maximum power conversion efficiency improves to 2.80 % for P82 from 1.22 % for P00 (pure P3OT ). Therefore, these results indicate that our polymers are promising polymer photovoltaic materials.     

Effect of imidazole derivatives in triphenylamine-based organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells

In order to study the influence of imidazole derivatives in triphenylamine-based organic dyes, two different imidazole derivatives are introduced into the phenyl ring of the triphenylamine core, coded as TPA-B5 and TPA-B6, respectively. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes are investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. TPA-B5 increases the molar extinction coefficients and λ_max because of the extension of the π-conjugation structure of the dye and non-planar structure of imidazole derivative. However, TPA-B6 does not increase the molar extinction coefficients and λ_max compared with a simple triphenylamine derived dye (TPA-1), which may be due to the planar structure of imidazole derivative and benzene ring. The structure of TPA-B6 is in favor of the formation of dye aggregates on the semiconductor surface and the recombination of conduction band electrons with triiodide in the electrolyte. Overall conversion efficiencies of 3.13% and 1.21% under full sunlight (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm^?2) irradiation are obtained for DSSCs based on the two new dyes, under the same conditions, the dye TPA-1 and di-tetrabutylammonium cis-bis(isothiocyanato) bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(II) (N719) give overall conversion efficiencies of 2.23% and 5.38%, respectively. Although the overall conversion efficiencies of these dyes are not very high, the results will still afford significant value for future development of efficient D–π–A sensitizers.     

Enhancement of Proton Conduction at Low Humidity by Incorporating Imidazole Microcapsules into Polymer Electrolyte Membranes

Design and fabrication of hierarchically structured membranes with high proton conductivity is crucial to many energy‐relevant applications including proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Here, a series of imidazole microcapsules (IMCs) with tunable imidazole group loading, shell thickness, and lumen size are synthesized and incorporated into a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix to prepare composite membranes. The IMCs play two roles: i) Improving water retention properties of the membrane. The IMCs, similar to the vacuoles in plant cells, can render membrane a stable water environment. The lumen of the IMCs acts as a water reservoir and the shell of IMCs can manipulate water release. ii) They form anhydrous proton transfer pathways and low energy barrier pathways for proton hopping, imparting an enhanced proton transfer via either a vehicle mechanism or Grotthuss mechanism. In particular, at the relative humidity (RH) as low as 20%, the composite membrane exhibits an ultralow proton conductivity decline and the proton conductivity is one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of SPEEK control membrane. The enhanced proton conductivity affords the composite membrane an elevated peak power density from 69.5 to 104.5 mW cm^?2 in a single cell. Moreover, the application potential of the composite membrane for CO₂ capture is explored.     

Imidazole‐Grafted Nanogels for the Fabrication of Organic–Inorganic Protein Hybrids

Here, a platform for the development of highly responsive organic–inorganic enzyme hybrids is provided. The approach entails a first step of protein engineering, in which individual enzymes are armored with a porous nanogel decorated with imidazole motifs. In a second step, by mimicking the biomineralization mechanism, the assembly of the imidazole nanogels with CuSO₄ and phosphate salts is triggered. A full characterization of the new composites reveals the first reported example in which the assembly mechanism is triggered by the sum of Cu(II)–imidazole interaction and Cu₃(PO₄)₂ inorganic salt formation. It is demonstrated that the organic component of the hybrids, namely the imidazole‐modified polyacrylamide hydrogel, provides a favorable spatial distribution for the enzyme. This results in enhanced conversion rates, robustness of the composite at low pH values, and a remarkable thermal stability at 65 °C, exhibiting 400% of the activity of the mineralized enzyme lacking the organic constituent. Importantly, unlike in previous works, the protocol applies to the use of a broad range of transition metal cations (including mono‐, di‐, and trivalent cations) to trigger the mineralization mechanism, which eventually broadens the chemical and structural diversity of organic–inorganic protein hybrids.     

Efficient nondoped blue organic light-emitting diodes based on phenanthroimidazole-substituted anthracene derivatives

A series of new blue materials based on highly fluorescent di(aryl)anthracene and electron-transporting phenanthroimidazole functional cores: 2-(4-(anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (ACPI), 2-(4-(10-(naphthalen-1-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-1-p-henyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (1-NaCPI), 2-(4-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (2-NaCPI) were designed and synthesized. These materials exhibit good film-forming and thermal properties as well as strong blue emission in the solid state. To explore the electroluminescence properties of these materials, three layer, two layer and single layer organic light-emitting devices were fabricated. With respect to the three layer device 4 using ACPI as the emitting layer, its maximum current efficiency reaches 4.36 cd A⁻¹ with Commission Internationale del’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.156, 0.155). In the single layer device 10 based on ACPI, maximum current efficiency reaches 1.59 cd A⁻¹ with Commission Internationale del’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.169, 0.177). Interestingly, both device 4 and 10 has low turn on voltage and negligible efficiency roll off at high current densities.     

Study of Configuration Differentia and Highly Efficient,Deep‐Blue,Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Novel Naphtho[1,2‐d]imidazole Derivatives

Two novel naphtho[1,2‐d]imidazole derivatives are developed as deep‐blue, light‐emitting materials for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The 1H‐naphtho[1,2‐d]imidazole based compounds exhibit a significantly superior performance than the 3H‐naphtho[1,2‐d]imidazole analogues in the single‐layer devices. This is because they have a much higher capacity for direct electron‐injection from the cathode compared to their isomeric counterparts resulting in a ground‐breaking EQE (external quantum efficiency) of 4.37% and a low turn‐on voltage of 2.7 V, and this is hitherto the best performance for a non‐doped single‐layer fluorescent OLED. Multi‐layer devices consisting of both hole‐ and electron‐transporting layers, result in identically excellent performances with EQE values of 4.12–6.08% and deep‐blue light emission (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) y values of 0.077–0.115) is obtained for both isomers due to the improved carrier injection and confinement within the emissive layer. In addition, they showed a significantly better blue‐color purity than analogous molecules based on benzimidazole or phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole segments.     

Unveiling photophysical properties of phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole derivatives for organic light-emitting diodes

Recently, two phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole derivatives exhibited excellent advantages in organic light-emitting devices (i.e. high luminous efficiency, high carrier mobility, and low turn-on voltage). However, the relationship between their photophysical properties and the structural characters or intermolecular interactions remain elusive, which is considerable importance to further performance improvement. Currently, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) have become powerful tools to rationalize photophysical properties and to design new materials with improvement performance. The simulated electron absorption and emission wavelengths of compounds 1 and 2 are in good agreement with the experimental ones. For the studied compounds, the involvement of tert-butyl moiety has negligible effect on energy level and distribution of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), whereas greatly affects electron transition of deep energy level and charge transport property. Synergy of π-π and CH···π intermolecular interactions is responsible for the bipolar carrier transport, while CH···π for hole transport. The incorporation of NH₂ on phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole and NO₂ on diphenylamino part is an effective way to tune FMOs energy level and intramolecular charge transfer, leading to the substantial enhancement of the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Our work is also important for understanding photophysical properties and designing photoelectric materials of phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole derivatives.