生态系统服务评估在美国城市绿色基础设施建设中的应用进展评述

城市绿色基础设施提供着雨洪管理、空气净化、气候调节、能耗节约、提供生态栖息地以及文化功能等重要的生态系统服务。近年来,在美国国家环保局、美国风景园林基金会等相关组织机构的倡导下,生态系统服务监测和评估被结合到城市绿色基础设施的规划建设之中。本文分析了城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务的研究进展和评估方法,并归纳了现今美国生态系统服务评估在绿色基础设施建设中的应用方式,包括为政策制定提供量化依据、为项目认证提供评价标准、以及为项目建设提供收益分析3种类型。最后,本文探讨了对我国绿色基础设施建设的相关启发,包括加强城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务研究和实践的结合,重视城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务的整体性和协同性,以及完善基于生态系统服务的城市绿色基础设施绩效监测体系3个方面。     

A framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and goods indicators

The social and ecological processes impacting on urban forests have been studied at multiple temporal and spatial scales in order to help us quantify, monitor, and value the ecosystem services that benefit people. Few studies have comprehensively analyzed the full suite of ecosystem services, goods (ESG), and ecosystem disservices provided by an urban forest. Indicators, however, are one approach that could be used to better understand the structure of an urban forest, the suite of ESG provided by urban forests, and their influence on human well-being using a simple, innovative and repeatable metric. This study presents a framework for developing indicators using field data, an urban forest functional model, and the literature. Urban tree and soil indicators for groups of ecosystem functions were used to statistically analyze the effects of urban morphology and socioeconomics on urban forest ESG. Findings show that the most influential ESG indicators were tree cover, soil pH, and soil organic matter. Indicators were significantly influenced by land use and time since urbanization, while analyses of property values and household income did not yield any particularly significant results. The indicators presented in this paper present a first approach to non-monetary valuation of urban forest ESG and can be used to develop urban forest structure management goals and to monitor the effects of urban greening policies on human well-being.     

An Assessment of Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces Based on i-Tree

Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.     

北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价与优化————以济南市兴济河为例

快速城市化进程导致北方城市河流生态系统服务降低,难以满足城市居民日益增长的多种需求。从生态系统服务供需视角切入,构建了北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价体系,通过供需比、供需匹配—供给水平分布模型分析了河流生态系统服务供需匹配特征与实际效能,并以济南市兴济河进行实证研究。结果表明,文化服务是兴济河亟需提升的服务类型,净化水质、营造健康栖息地、增加游憩机会和亲水机会是需重点提升的四个服务维度。基于结果,提出实现生态系统服务供需匹配的优化策略。可为生态系统服务导向下的北方城市河流景观规划设计提供理论支撑和科学依据。     

高密度城市面向人类福祉的生态系统文化服务研究进展

快速城市化进程引发的空间结构失衡加重了城市生态系统服务的压力,可能导致城市景观风貌被破坏、绿地缩减和碎片化问题,削弱生态系统服务的生态、美学和文化遗产价值,最终影响人类福祉。因此,亟待展开面向人类福祉的生态系统文化服务深入研究。以WebofScience和中国知网为文献检索数据源,运用文献分析对人类福祉视角下全球生态系统文化服务研究进行回顾。首先,总结了生态系统文化服务概念和研究背景,通过文献分析概括了面向人类福祉的生态系统文化服务研究进展。其次,阐述了供需视角下评估生态系统文化服务的数据来源和研究方法。最后,梳理了目前相关研究方向上的不足,并在此基础上提出未来展望,包括构建适用于多区域多尺度的生态系统文化服务评估机制、更新多学科融合的评估方法和双向循环的评估视角、量化生态系统文化服务与人类福祉的复杂关系。研究结果对中国开展城市生态系统文化服务的研究和实践具有借鉴和启示意义。     

人本需求视角下基于乡镇单元主导功能的 特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务优化 研究——以上海为例

已有对城市生态系统服务功能优化的研究通常是"供给"导向下的增量研究,很少考虑到当地的人类价值取向变化下的实际需求对生态系统造成的负面效应,这些当地"需求"的负面效应直接影响城市生态系统服务提供的"供给"效益质量,使其在空间地域上的"供给-需求"错位、失衡,造成地方规划管理上的被动性和盲目性,这一现象在生态用地和建设用地交错的特大城市郊区的半城市化地区最为显著。以上海为例,探讨基于人本需求的特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务主导功能优化思路;以乡镇街道为基本单元对半城市化地区进行解构,评价其供给、调节、支持、文化娱乐游憩等生态系统服务的功能现状,通过人本需求视角的聚类分析定位乡镇单元的生态主导功能,并据此提出生态系统服务的优化思路;旨在通过支持空间规划决策来有效控制半城市化的负面效应,使局部单元的生态服务价值优化与总体城市生态系统服务提升的目标达成一致。     

Contextual variations in perceived social values of ecosystem services of urban parks: A comparative study of China and Australia

Parks are an integral part of urban environment which provide a range of ecosystem services. While a great deal of efforts has been invested to investigate monetary and biophysical benefits of natural ecosystems, very few studies have explored socio-ecological values of urban parks. Comparative studies of ecosystem services from urban parks between multiple countries are even rarer. To address this research gap, we have compared users' perceptions of ecosystem services of two major urban parks in China (Dufu Cottage, Chengdu) and in Australia (Kings Park, Perth). Using an ecosystem services framework, we explored three key questions: (i) which ecosystem services are perceived to be most important? (ii) what are the trends of ecosystem services provided by the park? and (iii) which demographic and socio-economic factors influence users' perceptions most? We observed that there is no substantial difference in users' perceptions (in terms of importance and trend) of ecosystem services between two countries, except for microclimate service. Respondents in Dufu Cottage perceived microclimate as the most important service while in Kings Park, a number of services (e.g., aesthetic, habitat and recreational) received almost equal importance. Almost two-thirds of the respondents have perceived an increased level ecosystem services over the last five years. Various socio-demographic factors, such as gender, age, income level and frequency of visits influenced users' perceptions most significantly. These results have critical implications in designing more environmentally sensitive as well as user-oriented urban parks.     

基于生态系统服务协同优化的生态空间划定及弹性分级策略--以山东省栖霞市为例

生态空间的各项生态系统服务之间存在权衡与协同关系,以提供多项生态系统服务或生态产品为主导功能的生态空间规划本质上是空间约束下的多目标弹性决策的过程。利用地理模拟与优化系统(GeoSOS)空间优化技术平台,以多项生态系统服务协同优化为目标,提出兼顾空间系统性的生态空间划定及弹性分级策略。以山东省栖霞市为例,利用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估(InVEST)模型实现生物多样性维持、水资源供给和气体调节3项主导生态系统服务的测算,基于空间优化技术和多情景分析,划定了4种类型的生态空间并针对性地提出了弹性分级管控建议,分别是系统保护、刚性管控,稳定结构、限制开发,生态储备、适度开发,优化服务、弹性管控。可为后续生态管控策略的制定以及分区规划提供理论依据。     

Prioritizing urban rivers' ecosystem services: An importance-performance analysis

The importance-performance analysis (IPA) has been developed and widely utilized to understand customer satisfaction and prioritize provision strategies based on the assumption that satisfaction is resultant from a preference (perceived importance) for a service and a relevant judgment of its performance. However, little work has been performed to examine to what degree different social groups are satisfied with diverse ecosystem services provided by urban rivers, being a unique yet underinvested public good. This study pioneers the IPA application to systematically analyze local communities' perceived importance of urban rivers' ecosystem services and their perceptions about how well those ecosystem services have been provided by urban rivers in Guangzhou (south China). We found notable importance-performance gaps for 10 out of 12 ecosystem services. The local residents were more dissatisfied with provision performance than the non-locals even though both groups of residents could explicitly recognize the importance of urban rivers' ecosystem services. Enhancement of water purification was ranked first amongst all ecosystem services by all respondents, irrespective of respondents' hukou status (Chinese household registration system) and residing environment. Thus, this ecosystem service should be prioritized in relevant management and restoration initiatives. These data provide an accurate picture of potential approaches for the improvement and prioritization of ecosystem services that would satisfy the respective target groups' needs. The IPA offers a mechanism to help match local residents' needs with ecosystem services provision. The IPA also has promise as a means of helping decision-makers and practitioners to communicate effectively with various social groups holding diverging expectations and levels of satisfaction. Such communication is essential to curate urban spaces enjoyed and appreciated by diverse social groups via inclusive urban ecosystem governance.     

城市绿地土壤质量研究进展

快速的工业化和城市化导致城市人口高度集中和大量污染物排放,对城市生态环境造成了巨大的影响,不可避免地影响到土壤、生态系统乃至人类的健康.城市绿地土壤在促进城市生态系统平衡及人类健康等方面发挥了重要作用,逐渐引起了广泛关注.在此背景下,梳理了以下3个方面内容:1)城市绿地的兴起与分类;2)城市绿地土壤质量的内涵与评价;3...     

基于水生态系统服务综合效能提升的城市河流生态修复研究

针对城市双修背景下河流生态修复 工作存在的3大误区与困境,通过荟萃分析 的文献定量研究,厘清了城市河流修复的生 态效应,指出河流生态修复对水生态系统服 务有着积极的提升作用,丰富物种多样性, 增加物种数量与分布密度,对调节性生态系 统服务有显著的正面影响。研究构建了城市 河流生态修复方面,水生态系统服务综合效 能提升的概念模型,包括以水质净化为基 础、生境多样性为核心、文化性服务为关键 的3个方面。     

基于EFM修正的城市生态空间服务 价值评价模型

科学认识生态系统服务价值是构建城市生态格局的 基础性工作。针对自然生态系统空间场景,等效因子法基于 1个国家甚至全球平均水平的价值当量开展评估,是国内外较 为公认的生态系统服务价值评估方法。城市人类活动集中,生 态系统服务的时间动态性和空间异质性特征明显,但适应城市 场景的生态空间服务价值评价的研究成果相对较少,更未形成 统一的定量测算方法。根据天府新区规划建设实践需求,通过 文献调查,结合专家访谈,在等效因子法的基础上,开展了基 于城市场景的生态系统服务价值理论和实践研究,主要包括确 定了5个自然地理和3个社会经济因素修正系数,对基础当量 表进行时间动态性、空间异质性的价值修正,结合各类生态系 统的面积Aj及1标准当量的价格D值,建立了同时受自然地理 和社会经济两方面突出影响的城市地区生态空间服务价值动态 评价模型。研究结果为天府新区基于生态空间服务价值量化评 价的规划选址及空间布局提供了科学依据,以期为城市生态空 间绩效评估、生态价值转化、生态空间格局优化提供理论支 撑,助力生态文明建设国家战略的实施。     

QUANTIFYING THE CARBON STORAGE CAPACITY AND ITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF GREEN SPACES IN A METROPOLITAN AREA: A CASE STUDY OF SEOUL,SOUTH KOREA

As a significant habitat type in cities, green spaces can provide various ecosystem services. Among them, the carbon storage of green spaces would effectively alleviate greenhouse effect, which is particularly important under the global warming. Due to difficulities in accessing high-resolution spatial data, previous research has summarized green spaces into different land use types to calculate carbon storage. However, since different vegetation communities have different characteristics, carbon storage capacities of green spaces vary. Focusing on the Seoul City, South Korea, this research aims at exploring the carbon storage capacities of varied green spaces and its distribution patterns. Based on the high-resolution habitat data of Seoul City in 2005 and 2015, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model is used to estimate and visualize the carbon storage capacities of 17 types of green spaces to reveal the distribution patterns of carbon storage of different communities in the city’s green spaces. This study not only provides a scientific basis for ecological protection practices and sustainable land planning and management in Seoul and other similar regions, but also offers a reference for urban ecosystem service assessment and green space renewal strategy development in China.     

面向碳中和的城市园林绿化碳汇能力建设研究

城市园林绿化作为人口高密、经济发达地区最主要的绿色生态资源,具有不可或缺的碳汇价值和多重生态系统服务功能,在推进中国各大城市发展绿色低碳、促进碳中和愿景实现过程中将发挥越来越重要的作用。通过梳理和总结城市园林绿化碳汇领域的最新政策和研究进展,剖析当前中国在城市园林绿化碳汇能力建设中存在的难点和问题,提出面向碳中和的城市园林绿化碳汇能力建设的主要任务和实践路径,以期优化城市园林绿化建设和管理,增强园林绿化对碳中和的贡献。     

绿色屋顶的生态系统服务评估模型构建

城市高密度发展与绿色空间需求的矛盾促使城市公共空间向立体化方向延展,为绿色屋顶的发展带来了机遇,绿色屋顶的生态系统服务功能可为人们提供生态、经济和社会效益。参考生态系统服务的通用国际分类（CICES）体系和深圳生态系统生产总值（GEP）评估指标体系,通过文献研究选取评估指标和决策方案,使用层次分析法（AHP）和专家评估法,首次构建了绿色屋顶的生态系统服务评估模型,并通过案例研究与模型结果进行对比分析,结果表明：1）在生态系统服务中,调节和维持服务在准则层中最为重要,气候调节在指标层中最为重要;2）在5种绿色屋顶类型中,生物多样性屋顶最为重要;3）专家对绿色屋顶生态系统服务的重要性评估在一定程度上可反映实际项目中决策者对绿色屋顶的主导生态系统服务功能的定位。该评估模型具有一定的应用价值,对辅助城市绿色屋顶规划布局的选址和选型具有重要意义。     

Urban ecosystem health assessment: A review

Due to the important role of cities for regional, national, and international economic development and the concurrent degradation of the urban environmental quality under rapid urbanization, a systematic diagnosis of urban ecosystem health for sustainable ecological management is urgently needed. This paper reviews the related research on urban ecosystem health assessment, beginning from the inception of urban ecosystem health concerns propelled by the development needs of urban ecosystems and the advances in ecosystem health research. Concepts, standards, indicators, models, and case studies are introduced and discussed. Urban ecosystem health considers the integration of ecological, economic, social and human health factors, and as such it is a value-driven concept which is strongly influenced by human perceptions. There is not an absolute urban ecosystem standard because of the uncertainty caused by the changing human needs, targets, and expectation of urban ecosystem over time; thus, suitable approaches are still needed to establish health standards of urban ecosystems. Several conceptual models and suitable indicator frameworks have been proposed to organize the multiple factors to represent comprehensively the health characteristics of an urban ecosystem, while certain mathematical methods have been applied to deal with the indicator information to get a clear assessment of the urban ecosystem health status. Instead of perceiving the urban ecosystem assessment as an instantaneous measurement of the health state, it is suggested to conceptualize the urban ecosystem health as a process, which impels us to focus more studies on the dynamic trends of health status and projecting possible development scenarios.     

Raj Days to Downunder: Voices from Anglo India to New Zealand

This paper investigates the shared knowledge held by a rural population of the ecosystem services supplied by rural landscapes and woods in the Rome Province of Italy. It is part of a wider research initiative conducted to estimate the non-use values of the same ecosystem services elicited through the contingent valuation method. Our findings demonstrate that: (i) most of the information on ecosystem services comes from a deep-seated community shared knowledge; (ii) some gaps exist between official (scientific/normative) and shared knowledge in the study site; and (iii) stated economic preferences are driven by both consequential motivations, as predicted by the standard economic model, as well as some others. Making explicit the motivational framework behind environmental economic estimates allows one to represent the socio-cultural legacy indispensable for providing a monetary value useful to inform public decision and policies. The use of this approach could contribute to the development of payment for ecosystem services schemes in rural policies affecting common goods.     

Monitoring trends of urban development and environmental impact of Beijing, 1999-2006

The high rates of environmental change and accelerated species loss in the urban development process should be quantified to rebalance the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. In this study, an emergy-based environmental impact assessment model is designed according to the framework of the Eco-Indicator 99 for monitoring the negative effects on human well-being and ecosystem integrity in the urban development system of Beijing from 1999 to 2006. The environmental impact assessment model is based on the sustainability promotion perspective, and emphasizes the determinants of human health and ecosystem integrity in the urban development process. It is vital that the links among human health, ecosystem integrity and urban sustainability are therefore considered especially from the perspective of a supply-side environmental cost evaluation (including ecological service supply, ecological and economic losses and investment for treatment). Results suggest that: (1) out of all the pollutants, ecological services were mainly used to dilute sulfur dioxide and NH₃-N; (2) nitrogen dioxide and greenhouse gases released by the urban system contribute heavily to both ecological and economic losses evaluated in emergy terms; and (3) emissions impact, mainly from airborne pollutants, with small contribution from waterborne emissions, generally increases from 1999 to 2006, undermining the sustainability of Beijing. The emergy synthesis proves to be very appropriate to account for large-scale and indirect costs generated by pollution as side effects of economic activity. Such knowledge is a necessary pre-requisite to perform a reliable cost-benefit evaluation of urban sustainability strategies, and provide guidance for policy decision making to maximize benefits and minimize negative impacts.     

基于CVM的屋顶绿化生态系统服务价值 及影响因素研究

屋顶绿化是基于自然解决方案缓解城市化各种负面效应的重要途径。然而,目前其生态系统服务价值评价尚缺乏整体性与系统性。通过在全国发放的783份有效问卷,采用条件价值评估方法对屋顶绿化的生态系统服务价值进行了估算,并运用相关分析与二元Logistic回归模型,对被访者屋顶绿化建设的支付意愿及其影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明：1)被访者对屋顶绿化建设具有较高的支持率(总支持率为58%)和支付意愿[平均支付意愿为136.6元/(年·人)];2)全国屋顶绿化生态系统服务的总价值约为1158.4亿元,表明屋顶绿化具有较大的经济价值与发展潜力;3)功能认知、推广态度、环境影响认知是被访者支付意愿的主要影响因子,表明公众对屋顶绿化的认知与了解水平能够影响其支付意愿;4)专业相关人员与其他被访者对屋顶绿化的认知水平与支付意愿没有显著差异,因而在未来屋顶绿化推广过程中首先应注重提升相关专业人员的认知水平。研究结果可为中国屋顶绿化的推广与应用提供决策参考。     

基于“植物功能性状-生态系统服务”评价 框架的园林树种选择方法——以上海为例

园林树木的服务功能直接影响着城市绿地系统和城市生态系统的健康与稳定。但是,多年以来,园林树种选择机制和方法却缺少理论支撑,常常具有主观性和随意性。通过上海50种园林树种"植物功能性状-生态系统服务"评价框架的构建和17个性状变量因子分析发现,树种功能性状与生态系统服务之间存在一定的关联性。在形态上,树高决定了树木形态和树冠大小,对小气候调节、径流调蓄、空气净化和消声减噪等调节服务具有不同程度的贡献。叶片性状影响固碳释氧,以及养分供给等生态系统过程,并最终反馈在树种种间服务差异上。树种的文化服务直接与人类偏好相关,具有复杂性和特殊性,需要根据实际需求做出权衡与取舍。"植物功能性状-生态系统服务"评价框架为园林树种的选择和树种规划提供了一种客观理性的方法,便于针对不同的生态系统服务提供相应的树种选择依据,以实现城市绿地综合效益的定量化与最优化。