Simulation of rock deformation and mechanical characteristics using clump parallel-bond models

To properly simulate hard rock with a high ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength（UCS/TS） and realistic strength-failure envelope,the rock deformation and mechanical characteristics were discussed in detail when the particle simulation method with the clump parallel-bond model（CPBM） was used to conduct a series of numerical experiments at the specimen scale.Meanwhile,the effects of the loading procedure and crack density on the mechanical behavior of a specimen,which was modeled by the particle simulation method with the CPBM,were investigated.The related numerical results have demonstrated that：1） The uniaxial compressive strength（UCS）,tensile strength（TS） and elastic modulus are overestimated when the conventional loading procedure is used in the particle simulation method with the CPBM; 2） The elastic modulus,strength and UCS/TS decrease,while Poisson ratio increases with the increase of the crack density in the particle simulation method with the CPBM; 3） The particle simulation method with the CPBM can be used to reproduce a high value of UCS/TS（10）,as well as a high friction angle and reasonable cohesion strength; 4） As the confining pressure increases,both the peak strength of the simulated specimen and the number of microscopic cracks increase,but the ratio of tensile cracks number to shear cracks number decreases in the particle simulation method with the CPBM; 5） Compared with the conventional parallel-bond model,the CPBM can be used to reproduce more accurate results for simulating the rock deformation and mechanical characteristics.     

Dynamic tensile behaviour and crack propagation of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading

The fracture behaviour and crack propagation features of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading conditions are important when evaluating the dynamic failure of coal. In this study, coupled static-dynamic loading tests are conducted on Brazilian disc(BD) coal specimens using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB). The effects of the static axial pre-stress and loading rate on the dynamic tensile strength and crack propagation characteristics of BD coal specimens are studied. The average dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens increases first and then decreases with the static axial pre-stress increasing. When no static axial pre-stress is applied, or the static axial pre-stress is 30% of the static tensile strength, the dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens shows an increase trend as the loading rate increases. When the static axial pre-stress is 60% of the static tensile strength, the dynamic indirect tensile strength shows a fluctuant trend as the loading rate increases. According to the crack propagation process of coal specimens recorded by high-speed camera, the impact velocity influences the mode of crack propagation, while the static axial pre-stress influences the direction of crack propagation. The failure of coal specimens is a coupled tensile-shear failure under high impact velocity.When there is no static axial pre-stress, tensile cracks occur in the vertical loading direction. When the static axial pre-stress is applied, the number of cracks perpendicular to the loading direction decreases,and more cracks occur in the parallel loading direction.     

确定动态劈裂裂纹起裂和扩展特性的简便方法

利用直径100 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆对大理岩巴西圆盘进行了动态劈裂试验。在试样表面加载直径方向粘贴一系列电阻应变片,用来记录试样加载直径上各点的应变随时间的变化曲线,通过记录的应变历程,可以判断劈裂试样的起裂应变、起裂位置和时刻,以及裂纹的扩展顺序和裂纹扩展的速度。试验结果表明,裂纹的起裂对应着该点的应变历程上应变值的突变。裂纹起裂一般并不在试样中心,而是偏向中心和入射杆撞击端之间的某一点,然后裂纹沿加载直径向两个相反方向发展,直至试样完全劈裂为比较大的两部分。裂纹扩展的速度大约为400~800 m/s,试样从开始起裂到完全裂开的破坏时间约为几十个μs。当应变率比较低时,裂纹在扩展过程中的分岔点比较少,因而破坏形态较好,当应变率比较高时,裂纹在扩展过程中的分岔点比较多,破坏形态也比较多。因此,在巴西圆盘加载直径上粘贴一系列应变片来研究脆性材料的动态起裂和扩展特性,是一种简便高效的试验方法。     

Numerical Simulation on Failure Process in Brittle and Heterogeneous Matrix Filled with Randomly Distributed Particles

1Introduction Compositematerialswithceramicorcarbonicorglassmatrixarenowwidelyappliedinengineering,forthey havemanyadvantagessuchashighstrength,highstiff ness,goodendurancetohightemperatureandcorrosionandetc.However,themostcriticalconstraintoftheap plicationofthesematerialsistheirbrittleness.Theap proacheshowtostrengthenandtoughentheabovemen tionedcompositematerialare,therefore,ahottopicin recentstudy.Thegeometricaldistributionofparticlesincompos itesisgenerallynon uniform.However,inmeso mech…     

A numerical simulation study on mechanical behaviour of coal with bedding planes under coupled static and dynamic load

To investigate the bedding influence on coal mechanical behaviour in underground environments such as coal or rock burst, simulations of dynamic SHPB tests of pre-stressed coal specimens with different bedding angles were carried out using a particle flow code 2-dimensional(PFC2D). Three impact velocities of 4, 8 and 12 m/s were selected to study dynamic behaviours of coal containing bedding planes under different dynamic loads. The simulation results showed that the existence of bedding planes leads to the degradation of the mechanical properties and their weakening effect significantly depends on the angle h between the bedding planes and load direction. With h increaseing from 0° to 90°, the strength first decreased and subsequently increased and specimens became most vulnerable when h was 30° or 45°.Five failure modes were observed in the specimens in the context of macro-cracks. Furthermore, energy characteristics combined with ultimate failure patterns revealed that maximum accumulated energy and failure intensity have a positive relation with the strength of specimen. When bedding planes were parallel or perpendicular to loading direction, specimens absorbed more energy and experienced more violent failure with increased number of cracks. In contrast, bedding planes with h of 30° or 45° reduced the specimens' ability of storing strain energy to the lowest with fewer cracks observed after failure.     

深埋大理岩三轴压缩渐近破坏裂纹扩展特征研究

为深入研究深埋大理岩渐进变形破坏过程中裂纹扩展特征,基于常规三轴室内试验完成数值模拟参数标定,利用PFC_3D^{颗粒流模型对深埋大理岩开展}25MPa、50MPa、80MPa三种不同围压下的裂纹扩展数值模拟试验,根据大理岩加载过程中微裂纹演化状态参数,定义三种特征应力,并据此展开深埋大理岩渐进破坏过中的宏、细观破坏特征及其对应裂纹扩展特征的规律研究。结果表明：(1)。室内试验与数值模拟的应力应变曲线相吻合,峰值应力相差较小,破坏形式与室内试验一致,故数值模拟参数标定合理。低围压下应力应变曲线出现的应力降最为明显,高围压下出现的应力降最小。(2)依据总裂纹、张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹扩展数量演化曲线斜率变化规律,将深埋大理岩渐进破坏过程划分为弹性压缩阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹加速扩展阶段和峰后残余阶段四个阶段,根据裂纹数量定义三个特征应力点。(3)随着围压的增加,深埋大理岩达到起裂应力σ_ci时裂纹从两端开始萌发,加载至损伤应力σ_cd点时向中间扩展,达到峰值应力σ_c点时在宏观破坏面附近扩展、增生,加载至峰值点后70%峰值应力点时最终形成以剪切破坏为主的贯通宏观破坏面。(4)随着围压的增加,裂纹出现的范围更广,贯通性减弱,峰值应力σ_c点处产生的裂纹对宏观破坏产生的影响更为剧烈,峰后残余阶段张拉裂纹发育更明显。     

动态载荷作用下岩石颗粒破裂过程的数值模拟

目的 为了研究岩石颗粒在动态载荷下的损伤破坏机理与动力破碎过程．方法 用RFPA（岩石破裂过程分析）探讨不同动态应力波作用对于岩石颗粒试样破坏模式的影响．结果 数值模拟结果表明，在不同的应力波峰值和不同的应力波作用时间作用下，试样表现出不同的破裂模式．结论 在应力波峰值较低时，裂纹的萌生从试样的中部或底部开始；当应力波赋值较大时，裂纹的萌生从加载点开始以裂纹带的形式向下延伸．在相同的应力波峰值作用时。波长较长时试样主要表现为径向破裂为主；而波长较短时试样则表现为两翼破坏．在动态应力波作用下，试样中萌生出更多的分叉裂纹，随着应力波波长的增加。分叉裂纹的数量也随之增加．这与静态载荷作用下形成只一条主裂纹的情形是不同的。     

中等应变速率对砂岩破坏形态和力学性质的影响

以砂岩为研究对象,根据砂岩的颗粒分析试验、抗压强度、抗拉强度和强度试验结果,在颗粒流程序下,通过fish语言编程,虚拟实现了砂岩数值试件和单轴压缩试验,设计10-3、5×10-3、10-2、2×10-2、5×10-2、10-1、2×10-1s-1这7个应变率下的单轴压缩试验.分析应变率对砂岩破裂形态、裂纹数量和扩展、应力-应变曲线和能量转换的影响.结果发现:应变率的增加破坏了优势剪切带的发展,使得剪切带等速发展,材料由剪切破坏向锥形破坏发展;材料的力学性能表现出极大的伪增强,应力-应变曲线上扬、斜率提高、峰值提高,峰后曲线震荡剧烈;裂缝数量增多,其中拉裂缝减少,剪切裂缝增多;边界输入能量增加,造成加载过程中材料的摩擦能、动能和应变能单调增大,摩擦能增大说明剪切裂缝增多,动能增大说明破坏剧烈,应变能增大说明更容易产生岩爆现象.     

大理岩细观破坏行为的量化分析

对选自四川镜屏二级水电站的大理岩进行带有加载装置的扫描电镜(SEM)细观损伤破坏过程的动态试验.获取试验过程中裂纹生长发育的相关图片,并进行图像处理、分析、可视化和算法开发的研究,获取岩石损伤破坏的过程中的重要参数(长度、面积、角度等),进行损伤破坏特性的量化分析.研究结果表明,加载过程中,长度、方位角、面积等细观结构参数服从一定的分布规律和演化规律;加载过程中分叉裂纹极其发育,加载后期裂纹扩展迅速,最终形成剪切破坏面.     

应力波加载条件下 907A钢-20℃时的动态断裂与止裂研究

在应力波加载(SplitHopkinsonPressureBar)条件下,采用动态分析方法对907A钢在-20℃时的裂纹起裂、扩展、止裂全过程进行了研究.实验结果表明在-20℃时,907A钢的动态裂纹扩展过程是一先加速后减速的过程,其最大裂纹扩展速度V     

玻璃动疲劳性能研究

本文通过四荷载V氏压痕玻璃方板,在空气中利用四种加载速率的同轴双环弯曲动疲劳试验,发现玻璃强度与加载速率成正比例关系,并得出结论:高强度区的破坏是由尖裂纹萌生造成的;低强度区的破坏是由亚临界裂纹扩展所致。根据试验结果,利用自编的多项式曲线拟合程序,求得破坏荷载及破坏时间的Weibull分布模数m。利用动疲劳强度与加载速率的关系,求得裂纹扩展参数n,并评价了玻璃使用的可靠性问题。     

Failure of rock under dynamic compressive loading

Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar（SHPB） test was simulated to investigate the distribution of the first principal stress and damage zone of specimen subjected to dynamic compressive load. Numerical models of plate-type specimen containing cracks with inclined angles of 0°,45° and 90° were also established to investigate the crack propagation and damage evolution under dynamic loading. The results show that the simulation results are in accordance with the failure patterns of specimens in experimental test. The interactions between stress wave and crack with different inclined angles are different; damage usually appears around the crack tips firstly; and then more damage zones develop away from the foregoing damage zone after a period of energy accumulation; eventually,the damage zones run through the specimen in the direction of applied loading and split the specimen into pieces.     

幂软化材料动态裂纹尖端的弹塑性场

采用塑性动力学方程,对应变损伤材料平而应力动态裂纹尖端场进行了渐近分析。假定材料服从J_2流动理论,且损伤规律以幂律应变软化的规律给出,其结果表明:在裂纹尖端附近,应力和应变分别具有如下的奇异性:σ/(1n R/r)~(-n/n+1),∈～(1n R/r)~(1/n+1),并且通过数值计算给出了裂纹尖端附近的应力分布。而对于n=1情况下,即损伤规律服从反比例关系,本文对平面应变问题和Ⅲ型反平面剪切问题进行了研究。给出了动态弹塑性场的渐近解,揭示了场的渐近特性。     

冲击荷载下岩石动态损伤演化研究

I型裂纹破坏为岩石材料在冲击荷载作用下的主要破坏方式.通过假设岩石材料宏观上是一个均匀连续体,而细观上其内部则包含了大量随机分布的微裂纹等损伤缺陷;研究了岩石材料在冲击荷载下裂纹的成核、发展以及内部损伤演化规律;借助于宏细观相结合的理论建立了表征岩石材料细观结构及其损伤演化过程中的某种特征参量与宏观力学参数之间的关系方程.     

Caustic study on blast-induced wing crack behaviors in dynamic–static superimposed stress field

This paper studies blast-induced wing crack behavior in a dynamic–static superimposed stress field using high-speed photography in combination with the optical method of caustics. With a static–dynamic loading setup, four PMMA plate specimens with pre-existing cracks under different static loading and the same dynamic loading were tested to observe the mechanical characteristics and the kinematic characteristics of blast-induced wing cracks during the propagation process, including crack length, crack velocity and dynamic stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip. The results show that the behavior of the blast-induced wing crack is affected by the explosion stress wave and initial static stress, and the initial static stress with the direction being perpendicular to the wing crack propagation direction hinders crack propagation. Furthermore, the boundary constraint condition of the specimen plays an important role on the behavior of the crack propagation in the experiment.     

Effect of loading rate on fracture characteristics of rock

The three-point bending experiments were applied to investigating effects of loading rates on fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone. The fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 9×10⁻⁴ to 1.537 MPa·m^1/2/s. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and dynamic fracture toughness was obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. (1) When the loading rate is higher than 0.027 MPa·m^1/2/s, the fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone increases markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.027 MPa·m^1/2/s, fracture toughness slightly increases with an increase in loading rate. (2) It is found from experimental results that fracture toughness is linearly proportional to the logarithmic expression of loading rate. (3) For Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, the energy release rate slightly decreases with increasing the growth velocity of crack. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1 000 m/s, the energy release rate dramatically decreases with an increase in the crack growth velocity.     

大尺寸钢筋混凝土密肋薄腹梁抗剪性能试验

进行了4根大尺寸钢筋混凝土密肋薄腹梁在集中荷载作用下的抗剪性能试验,对其主要受力过程、开裂荷载、破坏特征及抗剪承载力进行了对比分析。结果表明：试验密肋薄腹梁的主要受力过程及破坏特征与普通有腹筋梁相似;有预制底板的试件开裂荷载和极限荷载比无预制底板的试件大,预制底板的存在还提高了试件的抗弯刚度和整体工作性能;通过分析4根试件抗剪承载力试验结果及破坏特征可知,受剪箍筋能否得到充分利用,在很大程度上取决于主斜裂缝的位置及倾角等因素;通过承载力的试验值与各主要规范计算值进行对比可知,由于各规范考虑因素及侧重程度不同,抗剪承载力计算值相差较大,中国规范和德国规范计算值与试验值比值最小,美国规范和英国规范比值最大。     

弹塑性裂纹扩展的裂尖参数研究

在铝合金材料平面应力CT型试件裂纹的稳定扩展和动态塑性的低速裂纹扩展实验的基础上,利用有限元分析获得了弹塑性裂纹扩展尖端的裂尖参数,对高速冲击载荷作用下的裂尖响应作了数值模拟和探讨。通过3种不同载荷状态下的计算,在获得裂尖场分布的同时,发现三轴应力约束仅与试件几何和加载方式有关,并且三轴应力约束参数在裂尖前方相当长一段距离内保持恒值。通过与增量的积分参数T     

Q345高周疲劳失效机理及固有耗散能研究

双相钢Q345多用于建筑或机械结构的承力构件,循环载荷的长期作用使得构件在低于其静强度的载荷条件下发生疲劳断裂,经济可靠的强度设计需要对材料的疲劳失效进行研究。作者利用电磁谐振高频疲劳试验机,在载荷频率140 Hz、应力比为-1条件下,得到不同失效概率时材料高周疲劳（10⁴周次< 疲劳寿命< 10⁷周次）应力-寿命（S-N）曲线。利用扫描电子显微镜观察材料受到循环载荷作用后的显微结构的变化和疲劳失效后试样的断面微观形貌,研究材料疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展。同时,利用红外热像仪记录Q345试样表面的温度场随循环载荷作用周次的变化,研究材料在高频循环载荷作用下的固有耗散能。双相钢Q345在高频循环载荷作用下的疲劳失效主要是由于铁素体-珠光体双相结构在循环载荷作用下的微观强度差异使得微观裂纹首先萌生于相对薄弱的铁素体晶粒,且随循环载荷周次的增加而裂纹逐渐扩展。珠光体晶粒对疲劳裂纹的扩展起阻碍作用,使得疲劳裂纹沿铁素体或铁素体与珠光体之间的晶界向前扩展。当载荷幅值低于其高周疲劳极限时,试样表面温升不明显;有限寿命的载荷条件下,试样表面温度场的变化受到材料微观变形的影响,基于试样表面温度场的变化,能快速确定材料的高周疲劳强度极限。高频循环载荷作用下,单位体积材料的固有耗散能与载荷之间呈非线性关系,在热力学框架内建立了材料的固有耗散能表征模型。     

Failure Patterns and Energy Analysis of Shaft Lining Concrete in Simulated Deep Underground Environments

The failure patterns and energy evolution of three types of shaft lining concrete subjected to static and dynamic loading were reported.The energy and damage characteristics of concrete were determined by means of a uniaxial hydraulic servo machine,acoustic emission (AE) equipment,a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and an ultrasonic wave analyser.The experimental results indicate that the confluence of multiple cracks forms a penetrating cross section in normal high-strength concrete (NHSC) under the condition of static loading,while the elastic energy that surges out at failure can cause tremendous damage when subjected to dynamic loading.A single crack was split into multiple propagation directions due to the presence of fibres in steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC);adding fibre to concrete should be an effective way to dissipate energy.The non-steam-cured reactive powder concrete (NSC-RPC) designed in this paper can store and dissipate more energy than normal concrete,as NSC-RPC exhibits a strong ability to resist impact.Applying NSC-RPC to the long-service material of a shaft lining structure in deep underground engineering is quite effective.