车用三元催化转化器快速老化试验研究

根据国内外三元催化转化器老化评价方法,建立了车用催化器快速老化试验装置,并对试验装置进行优化。试验数据表明,三元催化转化器经过100 h老化后CO、HC、NOx的起燃温度分别升高42℃、40℃、30℃,对催化器起燃不利,HC的转化效率显著降低,催化器老化后空燃比特性曲线的高效窗口几乎不复存在,催化器性能趋向恶化。     

基于前景理论的改进灰色关联多属性群决策方法

针对属性指标权重未知、决策者权重已知,且属性值为区间二元语义变量的多属性群决策问题,提出了一种基于前景理论的改进灰色关联分析方法.首先,根据区间二元语义变量之间的广义距离对灰色关联度公式进行了改进,并定义了基于改进灰色关联度的前景价值函数; 其次,构建了方案综合前景值最大化的非线性规划模型,并通过模型的最优权重确定各方案的排序; 最后,通过数值模拟说明了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

入流速度对车用催化转换器流动特性的影响

用CFD软件FLUENT对三种不同入流速度下的催化转换器的速度场、压力场进行了三维稳态流动数值模拟,模拟结果显示:对于同一催化转换器,入口流速越大,催化转换器气流分布越不均匀,其压力损失越大。     

氧传感器对排放及三元催化器转化效率的影响研究

在发动机故障模拟试验台上研究了电控发动机氧传感器常见故障对发动机排放以及三元催化转换器转化效率等指标的影响进行了试验研究.结果表明:若氧传感器发生断开故障,对于怠速工况,发动机的喷油脉宽与排放量基本保持不变;对于常用工况,发动机的功率略有增加,油耗增加较多,CO和HC排放增加,NOX排放降低.若氧传感器发生排气通孔堵塞故障,发动机的性能变化与氧传感器发生断开故障相仿.在三元催化器前后分别检测排气污染物浓度,可以判断三元催化器性能的优劣.在常用工况下,若三元催化器转化效率低下,通过更换新氧传感器后三元催化器转化效率是否变化,可以判断故障原因.     

关于灰色系统理论的若干问题

灰色系统理论为系统分析和模拟提出了一系列新的概念、思路和方法，为系统的研究开辟了一条新途径。本文首先阐述了灰色系统理论的主要特色接着探讨以绝对值关联度为基础的现行关联度分析的存在问题及原因，提出用变化率关联度代替绝对值关联度，以克服其缺陷。算例表明这样处理使关联分析概念更明确、计算更简单、结论更合理。最后讨论了灰色模型的适用条件，指出其局限性。     

"稀土-铝"助燃催化剂的研制及其缓释装置设计

以铝酸钠、盐酸及稀土元素为主要原材料,在控制水热温度、时间以及选择适宜种类添加剂等条件下,采用水热一步合成法进行基于汽油添加剂用稀土-氧化铝有序介孔复合材料的工艺的优化及分子结构微观调控,实现分子原子级别的"自组装",合成亚稳态的高聚集"稀土-铝"有序介孔前驱体。分析水热过程中稀土氧化铝有序介孔材料的成核机理、界面模型以及成长机制。在后置式三效催化器设计基础上,提出汽车尾气催化助燃前置装置的设计理念,并通过有限元法进行模拟分析。     

Comparison of structure and physical fields in 400 kA aluminum reduction cells

To investigate the differences and the development trends of the 400 kA aluminum reduction cell, four representative cells were deeply analyzed. By using numerical simulation methods in ANSYS software, the structure parameters were firstly compared, and then three-dimensional models of electric-magnetic-flow field were built and solved with finite element method（FEM）. The comparison of the structures reveals that the cell bodies are similar while the current flow path and distribution ratio of bus bars are different. It appears that most of the current（70%-80%） in side A are used as the magnetic field compensation current and flow through two ends. The numerical simulation results indicate that the distributions of magnetic fields are different but all satisfy with the magnetohydrodynamics（MHD） stabilization, and the flow patterns are all two or multi vortexes with appropriate velocities. The comparison shows that all studied cells can satisfy with the physical field requirement, and the commercial applications also verify that the 400 kA cells have become the product of the mature and world＇s leading technology.     

Performance evaluation on field synergy and composite regeneration by coupling cerium-based additive and microwave for a diesel particulate filter

In order to reveal the mechanics of composite regeneration by coupling cerium-based additive and microwave for a diesel particulate filter, a composite regeneration model by coupling cerium-based additive and microwave for a diesel particulate filter was established based on field synergy theory. Performance evaluation on field synergy and composite regeneration of the diesel particulate filter was conducted by using the vortex crushing combustion and field synergy mathematical models. The results show that the peak temperature of the particulate filter body reaches 1180-1190 K when the regeneration time is 175 s, and there are optimal coordination degree between the velocity vector and temperature gradient of the filter body and the maximum ratio0.56-0.60 of the best burning regeneration region is obtained. Accordingly, the largest regeneration combustion rate inside the particulate filter body and the highest regeneration efficiency at the moment are achieved.     

用HZSM-5沸石分子筛催化水解乙酸乙酯的反应动力学研究

在常压、３２８～３４８Ｋ温度范围内,研究了用ＨＺＳＭ－５ 沸石分子筛作催化剂的乙酸乙酯催化水解宏观反应动力学, 建立了动力学模型。研究了水酯比、反应温度和催化剂浓度等因素对催化水解的影响。实验数据采用拟均相二级反应动力学模型进行回归,得出乙酸乙酯催化水解的正逆反应活化能为２８．５ｋＪ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １和２２．５ｋＪ．ｍ ｏｌ－ １。与催化剂浓度关联的最终速率表达式为：Ｋ＋ ＝ （７．２８５７９×１０－ ９Ｃ－ ４．３６３７２×１０－ ７）ｅｘｐ（－ ３．４２８／Ｔ）Ｋ－ ＝ （７．８１４６５×１０－ ９Ｃ－ ３．５１２８５×１０－ ７）ｅｘｐ（－ ２．７０６／Ｔ）     

Mechanism on simulation and experiment of pre-crack seam formation in stope roof

The pre-crack blast technology has been used to control the induction caving area in the roof. The key is to form the pre-crack seam and predict the effect of the seam. The H-J-C blast model was built in the roof. Based on the theories of dynamic strength and failure criterion of dynamic rock, the rock dynamic damage and the evolution of pre-crack seam were simulated by the tensile damage and shear failure of the model. According to the actual situation of No. 92 ore body test stope at Tongkeng Mine, the formation process of the pre-crack blast seam was simulated by Ansys/Ls-dyna software, the pre-crack seam was inspected by a system of digital panoramic borehole camera. The pre-crack seam was inspected by the system of digital panoramic borehole in the roof. The results of the numerical simulation and inspection show that in the line of centers of pre-hole, the minimum of the tensile stress reaches 20 MPa, which is much larger than 13.7 MPa of the dynamic tensile strength of rock. The minimum particle vibration velocity reaches 50 cm/s, which is greater than 30-40 cm/s of the allowable vibration velocity. It is demonstrated that the rock is destroyed near the center line and the pre-crack is successfully formed by the large diameters and large distances pre-crack holes in the roof.     

Effect of blade pitch angle on aerodynamic performance of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine

Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine（S-VAWT） appears to be particularly promising for the shortage of fossil fuel reserves owing to its distinct advantages, but suffers from poor self-starting and low power coefficient. Variable-pitch method was recognized as an attractive solution to performance improvement, thus majority efforts had been devoted into blade pitch angle effect on aerodynamic performance. Taken into account the local flow field of S-VAWT, mathematical model was built to analyze the relationship between power outputs and pitch angle. Numerical simulations on static and dynamic performances of blade were carried out and optimized pitch angle along the rotor were presented. Comparative analyses of fixed pitch and variable-pitch S-VAWT were conducted, and a considerable improvement of the performance was obtained by the optimized blade pitch angle, in particular, a relative increase of the power coefficient by more than 19.3%. It is further demonstrated that the self-starting is greatly improved with the optimized blade pitch angle.     

乙醇均质压燃燃烧的化学反应动力学模拟

应用0-D单区模型耦合乙醇氧化反应详细化学动力学机理,对乙醇均质压燃燃烧反应化学动力学进行了数值模拟研究。分析了乙醇氧化消耗的主要途径及乙醇的燃烧反应机理中的关键中间产物和重要的基元反应,并总结出了乙醇总体氧化流程。研究结果表明:在乙醇氧化消耗的主要途径中,C2H5OH+OH→产物占主导,单个基元反应中以R145 C2H5OH+OH=CH3CH2O+H2O为主,其次为R144 C2H5OH+OH=CH3CHOH+H2O。乙醇氧化经裂解反应、脱氢反应最终形成支链反应,乙氧基C2H5O的三种同分异构体在链分支中决定了链分支的进行方向。     

Comprehensive predictive control of neutral-point voltage balancing for back-to-back three-level NPC converters

A comprehensive predictive strategy was proposed for the neutral-point balancing control of back-to-back three-level converters. The phase currents at both sides and the DC-link capacitor voltages were measured for the prediction of the neutral-point current. A quality function was found to balance the neutral-point, and a metabolic on-times distribution factor was used as a predicator to minimize the quality function at each switching state. Simulation results show that the proposed method produces smaller ripples in tested signals compared with the established one, namely, 9.15% less in a total harmonic distortion（THD） of line-to-line voltage, 1.08% less in the THD of phase current, and 0.9 V less in the ripple of the neutral-point voltage. The obtained experimental results show that the main harmonics of the line-to-line voltage and the phase current in the proposed method are improved by 10 d B and 6 d B, respectively, and the ripple of neutral-point voltage is halved compared to the established one.     

Simulation of hydrogen diffusion in welded joint of X80 pipeline steel

Hydrogen diffusion coefficients of different regions in the welded joint of X80 pipeline steel were measured using the electro-chemical permeation technique. Using ABAQUS software, hydrogen diffusion in X80 pipeline steel welded joint was studied in consideration of the inhomogeneity of the welding zone, and temperature-dependent thermo-physical and mechanical properties of the metals. A three dimensional finite element model was developed and a coupled thermo-mechanical-diffusion analysis was performed. Hydrogen concentration distribution across the welded joint was obtained. It is found that the postweld residual hydrogen exhibits a non-uniform distribution across the welded joint. A maximum equivalent stress occurs in the immediate vicinity of the weld metal. The heat affected zone has the highest hydrogen concentration level, followed by the weld zone and the base metal.Simulation results are well consistent with theoretical analysis.     

神经网络方法评价泥石流危险度

近年来,泥石流问题的研究得到了广泛重视,泥石流危险度评价领域也取得了前所未有的发展。总结了泥石流危险度的评价方法,介绍了模型试验、数值模拟方法、灰色关联度法、神经网络方法及GIS和RS方法。计算了神经网络算例,并与已得泥石流危险度评价成果进行对比,验证了神经网络在危险度评价领域的实用性。最后认为以GIS和RS技术为基础,神经网络方法在定量评价的单沟和区域泥石流危险度评价领域具有广泛应用前景。     

化工过程灰箱建模中采用灰色聚类技术的研究

利用灰色聚类方法建立灰箱模型,进行预测化工生产过程中催化反应的进料量和填装量等参数。实验结果表明,采用灰色聚类技术分析预测,对催化反应的数据预测结果在精度上明显优于传统化工方法,可使催化反应在原料成本最小的条件下获得较高的转化率。     

Selective harmonic elimination method for wide range of modulation indexes in multilevel inverters using ICA

Selective harmonic elimination（SHE） in multilevel inverters is an intricate optimization problem that involves a set of nonlinear transcendental equations which have multiple local minima. A new advanced objective function with proper weighting is proposed and also its efficiency is compared with the objective function which is more similar to the proposed one. To enhance the ability of the SHE in eliminating high number of selected harmonics, at each level of the output voltage, one slot is created. The SHE problem is solved by imperialist competitive algorithm（ICA）. The conventional SHE methods cannot eliminate the selected harmonics and satisfy the fundamental component in some ranges of modulation indexes. So, to surmount the SHE defect, a DC-DC converter is applied. Theoretical results are substantiated by simulations and experimental results for a 9-level multilevel inverter. The obtained results illustrate that the proposed method successfully minimizes a large number of identified harmonics which consequences very low total harmonic distortion of output voltage.     

汽车尾气净化技术及催化剂的发展

汽车尾气造成了严重的环境污染,目前处理汽车尾气污染的有效手段是利用三元催化净化器来促进尾气中的有害物质CO、碳氢化合物(HC)与NOx的转化。发展以钯为主或以少量钯为活性组分,添加高效稀土氧化物、过渡金属氧化物或碱土金属氧化物为助剂的新型单钯催化剂、过渡金属型或稀土钙钛矿型催化剂是未来三效催化剂的发展方向,以纳米级活性组分制备的三效催化剂由于粒径小、分散均匀、分散度高,表现出较高的净化效率与稳定的催化活性,值得关注。研究新型蜂窝状陶瓷载体与金属载体,有助于开发出性能优异的三效催化剂。     

Fe-MnOx催化臭氧氧化甲基橙的研究

实验以甲基橙为目标物,考察Fe-MnOx的催化效果,同时比较不同煅烧温度（300°C、400°C、500°C、600°C和700°C）、Fe/Mn混合比例（Fe/Mn=1/3、Fe/Mn=1/1和Fe/Mn=1/3）等制备条件对催化剂活性的影响,力求得到催化剂的最佳制备条件。结果表明：在400°C,Fe/Mn=1:1的制备条件下,Fe-MnOx催化剂对催化臭氧降解甲基橙表现出显著的催化活性,反应进行20min,甲基橙的去除率高达70.26%,较单独臭氧氧化提高了32.29%;加入叔丁醇后,明显抑制甲基橙去除率,说明催化过程不仅存在羟基自由基反应机理,而且存在臭氧分子与吸附在催化剂表面的甲基橙直接反应的反应途径;为了进一步了解催化剂的催化活性和内部结构之间的内在关系,采用XPS、XRD、TEM和BET等检测技术对催化活性最好的Fe-MnOx催化剂进行表征。表征的结果显示：催化剂中存在Fe2O3、FeO(OH)、 MnO2和Mn5O8,且催化剂结构呈不定晶型,结构疏散,表面孔隙多,比表面积高达117.81 m2/g。     

基于DRGEPSA方法的甲烷燃烧简化机理的构建及验证

采用耦合误差传播和敏感性分析的直接关系图(DRGEPSA)法,对甲烷燃烧详细反应机理(Gri-Mech 3.0机理)进行了简化,构建出了一套含有23种组分和110步基元反应的简化机理。为验证该简化机理的合理性和可靠性,采用充分搅拌反应器模型和一维层流预混反应器模型分别对甲烷燃烧反应过程进行模拟,并对温度和组分摩尔分数分布进行了对比分析。结果显示:利用简化机理分析得到的预测数据与详细机理吻合良好。结合该简化机理,建立了二维数值模型对带伴流的甲烷/空气Flame D进行数值模拟仿真研究,流场的温度和组分分布均与实验值吻合度较好,进一步表明所提甲烷燃烧简化机理具有较高的模拟精度。