低温烟气脱硝技术探讨

针对低温烟气的脱硝技术进行了总结梳理,根据低温烟气的脱硝机理将脱硝技术分为还原脱硝、氧化脱硝和物理脱硝.还原脱硝部分介绍了低温SCR技术,氧化脱硝分为氧化阶段和吸收阶段,氧化阶段有催化氧化、化学氧化和高能氧化,吸收阶段有酸吸收、碱吸收和还原吸收,氧化法脱硝可以是各种氧化和吸收的组合,物理脱硝则主要有络合吸收法和吸附法....     

脱硝技术的现状及展望

为了总结脱硝技术的研究成果,找出脱硝技术的发展趋势,创建我国具有自主知识产权的脱硝技术体系,分析了国内外脱硝技术的现状,介绍了干法和湿法烟气脱硝技术的各种工艺,指出现阶段技术最成熟的脱硝工艺是选择性催化还原(SCR),但选择性非催化还原(SNCR)、等离子体、氧化和吸收等工艺也具有非常好的前景。研究了大量脱硝技术的特点,指出作为脱硝主流技术的SCR工艺研究将集中在优化工艺流程、研发高性能SCR催化剂、SCR催化剂寿命延长和再生技术;基于不同脱硝机理的不同脱硝工艺的结合或联用是脱硝技术的一个重要发展方向;加大研发联合脱硝和脱硫的工艺;创新脱硝机理、多级或多段复合脱硝工艺以及可再生循环使用的新型脱硝催化剂和吸附剂将成为研究热点。     

氧化锰干法联合同步脱硫脱硝中脱硝反应动力学

利用自制氧化锰和模拟烟气,在固定床吸收实验台上进行脱硫脱硝实验,探究了脱硫和脱硝效率,并建立了单独脱硝和联合同步脱硫脱硝过程中脱硝的反应动力学方程。结果表明,对于单独脱硝,脱硝的平均反应速率随着温度上升和NO分压(PNO)的增大而加快;对于先脱硫后脱硝,脱硫与脱硝互相影响,脱硝效率下降近半;对于联合同步脱硫脱硝,其对脱硝效率影响较小。得到了联合同步脱硫脱硝过程中脱硝反应动力学方程,反应级数为0.8,反应的活化能为24.16 k J/mol,指前因子为464.64 min~(-1),修正参数为0.95。     

燃煤电厂脱硝对粉煤灰性能和资源化利用影响研究现状

简述了燃煤电厂燃烧中脱硝和烟气脱硝各类主流工艺特点,分析了脱硝工艺对粉煤灰基本性能的潜在影响,重点介绍脱硝粉煤灰资源化利用研究现状,为脱硝粉煤灰的安全利用提供参考。     

低温烟气脱硝技术在火电机组灵活性改造中的应用

介绍了几种低温烟气脱硝技术。对低温等离子NTP烟气脱硝技术,湿法氧化联合脱硫脱硝技术,循环氧化吸收技术(COA),SNCR+SCR联合脱硝技术等脱硝技术的原理,适用范围,优缺点进行了评述,并提出多种技术联合、多种污染物协同脱除的一体化耦合是脱硝技术发展的总体趋势。     

低温烟气脱硝技术在火电机组灵活性改造中的应用

介绍了几种低温烟气脱硝技术。对低温等离子NTP烟气脱硝技术,湿法氧化联合脱硫脱硝技术,循环氧化吸收技术(COA),SNCR+SCR联合脱硝技术等脱硝技术的原理,适用范围,优缺点进行了评述,并提出多种技术联合、多种污染物协同脱除的一体化耦合是脱硝技术发展的总体趋势。     

水泥窑尾系统烟气SCR脱硝工艺优化方法

为了提高SCR脱硝效率,以水泥窑尾系统为研究对象,提出烟气SCR脱硝工艺优化方法。依据SCR脱硝工艺脱硝方式,选择的V2O5-TiO2成分催化剂,从脱硝控制、反应机理、反应物扩散三个方面,确定水泥窑尾系统烟气SCR脱硝工艺脱硝的反应原理;计算SCR脱硝工艺脱硝的效率,结合SCR脱硝工艺反应原理,提取SCR脱硝工艺中影响SCR脱硝工艺脱硝效率的烟气温度和流速、氨氮供应量、催化剂性能等因素;采用最小二乘支持向量机,设定优化函数,优化SCR脱硝工艺的烟气温度和流速、氨氮供应量、催化剂性能。设定SCR脱硝工艺试验参数值,应用试验结果：平均供氨流量在设定值范围±0.3 m3/h上下波动,SCR反应器入口NOx浓度,在设定值的上0.4 mg/m3、下0.3 mg/m3范围内波动,SCR出口NOx浓度在设定值上下R0.5 mg/m3波动,对于脱硝过程控制能力高,经脱硝效率计算公式计算,优化后的SCR脱硝工艺脱硝效率提高了3.75%。     

微波诱导催化脱硝研究进展

发展经济高效的烟气脱硝技术是大气污染控制领域的重要研究方向,利用微波诱导催化技术开展烟气脱硝已成为当前热点方向。本文对近年国内外研究人员关于微波诱导催化治理烟气NO_x的研究成果进行了综述,详细介绍了微波还原脱硝和微波氧化脱硝相关成果,重点讨论了以碳酸氢铵和活性炭为还原剂的微波诱导还原催化脱硝技术以及ZSM-5、金属氧化物和钙钛矿型混合氧化物微波催化还原脱硝技术。最后通过对比微波还原脱硝和微波氧化脱硝两种方法,提出研发微波催化氧化脱硝技术、探究其反应机理是开发新型烟气脱硝技术的重要方向。     

烟气同时脱硫脱硝工艺研究进展

综述了目前国内外开収的湿法、半干法、干法同时脱硫脱硝技术,重点介绍了湿法脱硫脱硝技术中脱硝剂以及半干法、干法脱硫脱硝技术研究迚展;分析了这些术的优缺点,对脱硫脱硝技术的収展前景做了展望。     

大气污染中化石燃料燃烧烟气脱硫脱硝方法研究

大气污染中化石燃料燃烧烟气脱硫脱硝成为我国一项严峻的任务。烟气脱硫脱硝技术的发展有效提升了我国大气污染治理成效,促进化石燃料的清洁高效利用。本文研究了基于介质阻挡放电低温等离子体的脱硫脱硝方法、基于改进活性碳吸附法的脱硫脱硝技术和基于二氧化氯湿法的溶液吸收法,并分析相关因素的影响。在等离子体法的脱硫脱硝试验中,分析了反应器两端电压、频率和湿度等对脱硫脱硝效率的影响;在活性碳吸附法的脱硫脱硝试验中,分析了环境温度、空塔速度和SO_2浓度对脱硫脱硝效率的影响;在溶液吸收法的脱硫脱硝试验中,分析了SO_2浓度、ClO_2浓度、pH值、吸收液温度等因对脱硫脱硝效果的影响。     

Physiological effects of alarm chemosignal emitted during the forced swim test

Two experiments were conducted. In the first, male rats were immersed for 25 min in fresh water or water previously swum in by another rat. Control rats were not immersed in water. Rats tested in water previously swum in by another rat were significantly less immobile than rats tested in fresh water. Water immersion resulted in significant increases in serum corticosterone, glucose, and phosphorus levels, a decrease in potassium levels, and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio, compared to nonimmersed controls regardless of water condition. When the two water-immersed groups were compared, rats tested in previously swum water had significantly higher glucose and significantly lower potassium levels and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio than rats tested in fresh water. Immobility times were significantly correlated with the phosphorus/potassium ratio. In the second experiment, blood gases were measured prior to testing and at 25 min after immersion in rats tested in fresh and previously swum water. Rats in soiled water hypoventilated to a significantly greater extent than rats in fresh water but did not differ significantly in blood oxygenation. These two studies demonstrate that alarm chemosignals can produce physiological effects in conspecifics.     

H-Ferritin Produced by Myeloid Cells Is Released to the Circulation and Plays a Major Role in Liver Iron Distribution during Infection

During infections, the host redistributes iron in order to starve pathogens from this nutrient. Several proteins are involved in iron absorption, transport, and storage. Ferritin is the most important iron storage protein. It is composed of variable proportions of two peptides, the L- and H-ferritins (FTL and FTH). We previously showed that macrophages increase their expression of FTH1 when they are infected in vitro with Mycobacterium avium, without a significant increase in FTL. In this work, we investigated the role of macrophage FTH1 in M. avium infection in vivo. We found that mice deficient in FTH1 in myeloid cells are more resistant to M. avium infection, presenting lower bacterial loads and lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines than wild-type littermates, due to the lower levels of available iron in the tissues. Importantly, we also found that FTH1 produced by myeloid cells in response to infection may be found in circulation and that it plays a key role in iron redistribution. Specifically, in the absence of FTH1 in myeloid cells, increased expression of ferroportin is observed in liver granulomas and increased iron accumulation occurs in hepatocytes. These results highlight the importance of FTH1 expression in myeloid cells for iron redistribution during infection.     

复合材料在飞机和汽车上的应用动向(二)

复合材料大量用于航空航天工业和汽车工业,特别是先进碳纤维复合材料用于飞机尤为值得注意,不久前,碳纤维复合材料只能在军用飞机用作主结构,但是,由于技术发展的进步,先进复合材料已开始在民航客机上也应用作主结构,如机身、机翼等,在民航客机上使用复合材料的决定,只有波音公司和空车公司这样的拥有雄厚的人力、财力和胆识的大飞机制造公司才可能作出,至于汽车上,主要使用玻纤增强塑料(热固性和热塑性塑料)用作车身、发动机室内零部件、车顶和进气路管;碳纤维复合材料近年来也日益增多的用于汽车上,主要用作车身外板、车门、进气路管和活门盖等。     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Gemini and Bicephalous Surfactants: A Review on Their Synthesis,Micelle Formation,and Uses

The use of surfactants in polymerization reactions is particularly important, mainly in emulsion polymerizations. Further, micelles from biocompatible surfactants find use in pharmaceutical dosage forms. This paper reviews recent developments in the synthesis of novel gemini and bicephalous surfactants, micelle formation, and their applications in polymer and nanoparticle synthesis, oil recovery, catalysis, corrosion, protein binding, and biomedical area, particularly in drug delivery.     

Trehalose Metabolism: From Osmoprotection to Signaling

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules. It is widely distributed in Nature and has been isolated from certain species of bacteria, fungi, invertebrates and plants, which are capable of surviving in a dehydrated state for months or years and subsequently being revived after a few hours of being in contact with water. This disaccharide has many biotechnological applications, as its physicochemical properties allow it to be used to preserve foods, enzymes, vaccines, cells etc., in a dehydrated state at room temperature. One of the most striking findings a decade ago was the discovery of the genes involved in trehalose biosynthesis, present in a great number of organisms that do not accumulate trehalose to significant levels. In plants, this disaccharide has diverse functions and plays an essential role in various stages of development, for example in the formation of the embryo and in flowering. Trehalose also appears to be involved in the regulation of carbon metabolism and photosynthesis. Recently it has been discovered that this sugar plays an important role in plant-microorganism interactions.     

木质素在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中液化过程分析

通过研究木质素分别在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中的液化过程，分析反应温度（260～340℃）及反应时间（0～120min）对木质素在两种溶剂中的转化率、生物油收率及其组分差异的影响。实验表明，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率及产物收率均高于甲醇。当反应温度340℃，反应时间60min，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率和生物油收率比在甲醇中分别提高了16.23%和11.54%，残渣收率降低了16.23%。通过GC-MS和FTIR对生物油和残渣分析，发现生物油组分中芳香族化合物相对含量较高，在甲醇和乙醇溶剂中分别达到66.13%和58.84%；随着反应时间的延长，甲醇溶剂中残渣的醚键官能团逐渐增强，而在乙醇溶剂中则先增强后减弱。分析认为在木质素降解过程中，超临界乙醇和甲醇均可产生氢自由基作为供氢体，攻击木质素及其大分子片段中的官能团，同时使液化产物中的活性片段减活，减弱重聚合反应，从而更利于芳烃产物的生成。而甲醇在液化过程中容易与木质素断键产生的苯酚中间体发生脱氢缩合反应，通过醚键聚合产生长链芳香族化合物，形成残渣，降低生物油收率。     

Sp7 Transgenic Mice with a Markedly Impaired Lacunocanalicular Network Induced Sost and Reduced Bone Mass by Unloading

The relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and mechanoresponse has not been well studied. The lacunocanalicular structures differed in the compression and tension sides, in the regions, and in genders in wild-type femoral cortical bone. The overexpression of Sp7 in osteoblasts resulted in thin and porous cortical bone with increased osteoclasts and apoptotic osteocytes, and the number of canaliculi was half of that in the wild-type mice, leading to a markedly impaired lacunocanalicular network. To investigate the response to unloading, we performed tail suspension. Unloading reduced trabecular and cortical bone in the Sp7 transgenic mice due to reduced bone formation. Sost-positive osteocytes increased by unloading on the compression side, but not on the tension side of cortical bone in the wild-type femurs. However, these differential responses were lost in the Sp7 transgenic femurs. Serum Sost increased in the Sp7 transgenic mice, but not in the wild-type mice. Unloading reduced the Col1a1 and Bglap/Bglap2 expression in the Sp7 transgenic mice but not the wild-type mice. Thus, Sp7 transgenic mice with the impaired lacunocanalicular network induced Sost expression by unloading but lost the differential regulation in the compression and tension sides, and the mice failed to restore bone formation during unloading, implicating the relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and the regulation of bone formation in mechanoresponse.     

Fertility-Sparing Approaches in Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia and Endometrial Cancer Patients: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the fourth most common cancer in women in developed countries. Although it is usually diagnosed in postmenopausal women, its incidence has increased in young women, as well in recent decades, with an estimated rate of 4% in those under 40 years of age. Factors involved in this increase, particularly in resource-rich countries, include delayed childbearing and the rise in obesity. The new molecular classification of EC should help to personalize treatment, through appropriate candidate selection. With the currently available evidence, the use of oral progestin either alone or in combination with other drugs such as metformin, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices and hysteroscopic resection, seems to be feasible and safe in women with early-stage EC limited to the endometrium. However, there is a lack of high-quality evidence of the efficacy and safety of conservative management in EC. Randomized clinical trials in younger women and obese patients are currently underway.