Lipid composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran

The composition of lipids of bran from three varieties of rice is reported. Lipids extracted amounted to 21.9–23.0% of the bran dry weight and consisted of 88.1–89.2% neutral lipids, 6.3–7.0% glycolipids and 4.5–4.9% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted mostly of triacylglycerols (83.0–85.5%), monoacylglycerols (5.9–6.8%) and small amounts of diacylglycerols, sterols and free fatty acids. Three glycolipids and eight phospholipids were separated and characterized. Acylated steryl glucoside and digalactosyldiacylglycerol were the main glycolipids, while monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol was present in small amounts. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine were present in small quantities.     

Varietal difference in lipid content and fatty acid composition of highbush blueberries

Lipids from five cultivars of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipids (60–66%), glycolipids (20–22%) and phospholipids (14–18%). The major fatty acids in all fractions were palmitic (16∶0), oleic (18∶1), linoleic (18∶2), and linolenic (18∶3) acids. All lipid classes had a large concentration of C₁₈ polyunsaturated acids (84–92%), indicating that blueberries are a rich source of linoleic and linolenic acids. Changes in the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids were not significantly different among the five cultivars, but significant differences were noted in the ratios of linoleic and linolenic acids in the glycolipids fraction.     

Lipid composition of murraya koenigii seed

Total seed lipids extracted fromMurraya koenigii (Linn), Rutaceae amounted to 4.4% of the dry seed. The total lipids consisted of 85.4% neutral lipids, 5.1% glycolipids and 9.5% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted of 73.9% triacylglycerols, 10.2% free fatty acids and small amounts of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and sterols. At least five glycolipids and seven phospholipids were identified. Sterylglucoside and acylated sterylglucoside were major glycolipids, while digalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalac-tosyldiacylglycerol and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol were present in small quantities. The phospholipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine as major phospholipids and minor quantities of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. The fatty acid composition of these different neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were determined.     

Lipid composition ofCalophyllum inophyllum kernel

Total kernel lipids extracted fromCalophyllum inophyllum, Guttifereae amounted to 60.1% of the dry kernel. The total lipids consisted of 92.0% of neutral lipids, 6.4% glycolipids and 1.6% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted of triacylglycerols (82.3%), free fatty acids (7.4%) and small amounts of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and sterols. At least four glycolipids and five phospholipids were identified. Acylmonogalactosyldiacylglycerol and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol were major glycolipids; while monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and an acylated sterolglucoside were present in small amounts. The phospholipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine as major phospholipids, and minor amounts of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylcholine. The fatty acid composition of these different neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids was determined.     

Phospholipid Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcus</Emphasis> Seed Lipids

Jatropha curcus L. oil has emerged as one of the most important raw materials for biodiesel production. However, no detailed study has been reported on characterizing the lipid constituents of jatropha oil. The present study revealed that the total oil content of jatropha seeds was 32% with a composition of 97.6% neutral lipids, 0.95% glycolipids and 1.45% phospholipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids, neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids was also determined and found to contain oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acids (18:2) as major fatty acids. The phospholipids fraction was further characterized and quantified and found to contain phosphatidyl choline (PC) 60.5%, phosphatidyl inositol (PI) 24% and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) 15.5%. The fatty acid composition and the positional distribution of the fatty acids of individual phospholipids were also reported.     

Lipid composition of oats (Avena sativa L.)

Compositions of lipids extracted from a sample of Hinoat oat by seven solvent systems and that extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v) from six selected cultivars representing high and low lipid contents are reported. Lipid components (steryl esters, triglycerides, partial glycerides, free fatty acids, glycolipids and phospholipids) were separated by silicic acid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography and quantitated by GLC analysis of fatty acids and phosphorus determinations. Twelve oat cultivars were examined for the fatty acid composition of lipid extracted with n-hexane. Lipids extracted from Hinoat by different solvent systems ranged from 5.6 to 8.8%. Quantitative distribution of lipid components extracted with chloroform/methanol from six cultivars containing 4.6 to 11.6% lipid showed a significant correlation (γ=0.99) between the total lipid and the neutral lipid content. Phospholipid content was similar in all cultivars, but glycolipids showed a two-fold increase in high lipid oats. Triglycerides contained less palmitic and more oleic acid than the glycolipids or phospholipids. Nine glycolipids and 11 phospholipids have been identified, and the polar lipid composition of Hinoat oat is presented.     

Lipid composition of high-melting seed crystals formed during cocoa butter solidification

High-melting seed crystals which form during the early stages of cocoa butter solidification possess a lipid composition different than the cocoa butter from which the seed crystals were grown. Significantly large quantities of glycolipids, 11.1%, and phospholipids, 6.6–8.1%, were found in the high-melting seed crystals along with a dramatic decrease in the simple lipid class. The fatty acids comprising the simple lipid fraction of the seed crystals were considerably more saturated than the fatty acids present in the same fraction of the original cocoa butter. The increase in the degree of saturation was reflected in the triacylglycerol composition. Cocoa butter samples were predominantly monounsaturated triacylglycerols while the seed crystal samples were mainly trisaturated triacylglycerols. The elevated melting point (60–70°C) of the seed crystals was due to the presence of higher melting complex lipids as well as to the increase in saturated triacylglycerol species. As a result of the evidence provided, the high-melting seed crystal is indeed a distinct crystalline entity and not an additional polymorphic form of cocoa butter.     

The lipid composition of microsomal preparations from lactating bovine mammary tissue

The microsomes isolated from lactating bovine mammary tissue contained 4.3 mg lipid per milligram nitrogen. Phospholipids comprised 83% of the lipids. The neutral lipids were composed of triglycerides (20–30%), diglycerides (5–10%), free fatty acids (15–30%, cholesterol (35–40% and cholesterol esters (10–12%, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine was the predominant phospholipid component (>50%), and the remainder consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (21–13%), phosphatidylserine (4–6%), phosphatidylinositol (8%), sphingomyelin (9%) and lysophosphatidylcholine (2%) respectively. The composition of the microsomal phospholipids was similar to that of isolated mammary cells and tissue homogenates but quite different from milk and fat globule membrane phospholipids. The triglycerides contained short chain fatty acids but their relative concentrations were lower than in milk triglycerides. The various lipid fractions had a variable proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e., triglycerides (47.7%), diglycerides (86.7%), free fatty acids (70.6%), phosphatidylcholine (50.6%), phosphatidylethanolamine (50.8%), phosphatidylserine (35.3%), phosphatidylinositol (40.5%) and sphingomyelin (82.3%), respectively. The molecular distribution of fatty acids in the microsomal triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine was similar to that occurring in milk, i.e., the short chain and unsaturated fatty acids were concentrated in the primary positions (sn1 andsn3) of the triglycerides, and the unsaturated acids were preferentially located in positionsn2 of the phosphatidylcholine. The compositional data indicate that mammary microsomes are not the direct source of the phospholipids of the milk fat globule.     

Fat-Soluble Bioactives,Fatty Acid Profile and Radical Scavenging Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Semecarpus anacardium</Emphasis> Seed Oil

Semecarpus anacardium (family Anacardiaceae) has many applications in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine in India. Detailed knowledge on the composition of S. anacardium oil, in consideration of potential utilization, is of major importance. In this investigation, column chromatography, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography techniques were performed to analyze lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of S. anacardium crude seed oil. The amount of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic followed by palmitic and oleic were the major fatty acids. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipids. The main sterol compounds were β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. δ-Tocopherol followed by β-tocopherol were the main tocopherols. When S. anacardium seed oil and extra virgin olive oil were compared for their radical scavenging activity toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and galvinoxyl radical (by electron spin resonance spectrometry), S. anacardium seed oil exhibited a stronger RSA.     

Lipids of six cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties

The lipids of representative varieties of 2-row spring, 6-row spring, and 6-row winter-type barleys were studied. Total barley lipids were classified by silicic acid gel column chromatography and separated by thin layer chromatography, and the fatty acid composition was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Total lipid content of the 6 barley varieties ranged from 3.12%–3.56% (dry wt basis). The average values for neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were 71, 9, and 20%, respectively. The fatty acid composition of barley was rather typical of plant tissue. The neutral lipids and glycolipids from all the varieties contained a higher percent of linoleic and linolenic (C 18∶2 and C 18∶3) acids than the phospholipid fraction. South Dakota Experiment Station Paper 1248.     

Comparative Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Jatropha Seed Oil from Malaysia,Indonesia and Thailand

The jatropha oil was extracted from the jatropha seeds collected from different origins viz., Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. The physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, percentage free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value, saponification value and peroxide value of the extracted jatropha seed oil were evaluated. The evaluation of fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (GC) revealed that, oleic (42.4–48.8%) and linoleic acid (28.8–34.6%) are the dominant fatty acids present in the jatropha seed oil. The saturated fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acid lie in the range 13.25–14.5 and 7–7.7%, respectively. The observed major triacylglycerol (TAG) composition was OOL (22.94–25.75%) and OLL (15.52–20.77%).     

Variation in fatty acid composition of the different acyl lipids in seed oils from fourSesamum species

Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn. and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum and Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil content and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The wild seeds contained less oil (ca. 30%) than the cultivated seeds (ca. 50%). Lipids from all four species were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with palmitic (8.2–12.7%), stearic (5.6–9.1%), oleic (33.4–46.9%) and linoleic acid (33.2–48.4%) as the major acids. The total lipids from selected samples were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography into five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG; 80.3–88.9%), diacylglycerols (DAG; 6.5–10.4%), free fatty acids (FFA; 1.2–5.1%), polar lipids (PL; 2.3–3.5%) and steryl esters (SE; 0.3–0.6%). Compared to the TAG, the four other fractions (viz, DAG, FFA, PL and SE) were generally characterized by higher percentages of saturated acids, notably palmitic and stearic acids, and lower percentages of linoleic and oleic acids in all species. Slightly higher percentages of long-chain fatty acids (20∶0, 20∶1, 22∶0 and 24∶0) were observed for lipid classes other than TAG in all four species. Based on the fatty acid composition of the total lipids and of the different acyl lipid classes, it seems thatS. radiatum andS. angustifolium are more related to each other than they are to the other two species.     

Modification of the fatty acid composition of L1210 murine leukemia cells

We have compared the effect of diets containing 16% sunflower seed oil (polyunsaturated fat-rich) or 16% coconut oil (saturated fat-rich) fed for 3–7 weeks on the composition of L1210 murine leukemia cells which were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity during the final week of feeding. The L1210 phospholipids of mice fed the sunflower oil diet contained 43% polyenoic fatty acids and an average of 1.5 double bonds per fatty acid molecule as compared to only 25% polyenoic fatty acids and 1.2 double bonds in the coconut oil group. In contrast, the cells from the sunflower oil group contained only 13% monoenoic fatty acids as compared to 33% in those from the coconut oil group. When compared to phospholipids of tumors from mice who were fed a commercial mouse chow, cells grown on sunflower oil had an 18% increase in polyenoic fatty acids and those grown on coconut oil a 31% decrease. The greatest changes occurred in the proportion of oleate and linoleate. There was only a small difference in the percentage of saturated fatty acids and in the mean fatty acid chain length among the tumor cells from animals on the experimental diets. The changes in the fatty acid composition of the L1210 cell neutral lipids and the lipids of the ascites fluid were similar to those observed in the phospholipids. A majority of the changes had occurred after 5 weeks of feeding the special diet. These results indicated that the fatty acid saturation of tumor cell phospholipids can be altered appreciably. The changes in fatty acid composition were not associated with any change in the sterol/phospholipid ratio of the cells. Therefore, our results suggest that it may be possible to alter the physical properties and function of a tumor cell membrane by dietary modification of its phospholipid composition.     

Fatty acid variation in seed oil amongOcimum species

Content, fatty acid composition, and glyceride profile of oil from seeds of seven basil (Ocimum sp.) chemotypes were determined. The species studied includedO. basilicum, O. canum, O. gratissimum, andO. sanctum. The oil content ranged from 18 to 26%, with triglycerides comprising between 94 and 98% of extracted neutral lipids. The major acylated fatty acids were linolenic (43.8–64.8%), linoleic (17.8–31.3%), oleic (8.5–13.3%), and palmitic acid (6.1–11.0%). Linolenic acid was similar among the fourO. basilicum chemotypes (57–62%), highest inO. canum (65%), and lowest inO. sanctum (44%). Basil seed oil appears suitable as an edible oil or can be used for industrial purposes, and could be processed in the same way as linseed oil. Preliminary calculations estimate that a hectare of basil could produce from 300 to 400 kg of seed oil.     

Variation in lipid composition of niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) Samples collected from different regions in ethiopia

Niger seed samples were collected from different regions in Ethiopia for determination of oil content, and of fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol composition in the seed oil by gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. There was a large variation in oil content, ranging from 29 to 39%. More than 70% of the fatty acids was linoleic acid (18∶2) in all samples analyzed. The other predominant fatty acids were palmitic (16∶0), stearic (18∶0) and oleic (19∶1) at a range of 6 to 11% each. Total polar lipids recovered after preparative thin-layer chromatography comprised a small fraction of the total lipids. They had higher 16∶0 and lower 18∶2 contents than the triacylglycerols.α-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in all samples, 94–96% of the total amounting to 630–800 μg/g oil. More than 40% of the total sterols wasβ-sitosterol,ca. 2000μg/g oil. The other major sterols were campesterol and stigmasterol, ranging from 11 to 14%. The Δ5- and Δ7-avenasterols were in the range of 4 to 7%. From the samples studied, no conclusion could be drawn regarding the influence of altitude or location on oil content, tocopherol and/or sterol contents. The results of the present study on niger seed oil are discussed in comparison with known data for common oils from Compositae,viz, safflower and sunflower.     

The lipid components of white potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum)

Four Canadian varieties of potatoes were examined for their lipid composition. Lipids, extracted with chloroformmethanol, were shown by TLC and column chromatography to consist of 16.5% neutral lipids, 45.5% phospholipids and 38.1% glycolipids. Among the phospholipids and glycolipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, the galactolipids and the sterol glucosides were the major lipids. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic (19.5%), linoleic (44.8%) and linolenic (30.4%, in Kennebec). Analyses of the fatty acids of stored potatoes showed a marked decrease in linoleic acid and an increase in linolenic acid, in the Irish Cobbler and Sebago potatoes. β-sitosterol comprised 85.0% of total sterols. Nearly half of the carotenoids was lutein (xanthophyll), the others being α-carotene, β-carotene, an unidentified pigment and lutein epoxide. Contribution No. 101 of the Food Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture.     

Characteristics of Oil from Hulless Barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L.) Bran from Tibet

The bran of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from Tibet was investigated. This paper reports on the physicochemical characteristics, lipid classes and fatty acids of the oil from the bran. The petroleum (60–90 °C) extract of hulless barley bran was found to be 8.1%. The investigated physiochemical parameters included density at 40 °C (0.96 g/cm³), refractive index at 40 °C (1.41), melting point (30.12 °C), acid value (11.6 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (19.41 μg/g), saponification value (337.62 mg KOH/g), iodine value (113.51 mg iodine/g) and unsaponifiable matter (4.5% of total lipids).The amount of neutral lipids in the crude oil was the highest (94.55% of total lipids), followed by glycolipids (4.20% of the total lipid) and phospholipids (1.25% of the total lipid). Linoleic acid (75.08% of total fatty acids) followed by palmitic acid (20.58% of total fatty acids), were the two major fatty acids in the oil. The results show that the oil from the hulless barley bran could be a good source of valuable essential fatty acids.     

Characterization of Fenugreek (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonella foenum-graecum</Emphasis>) Seed Lipids

The composition and content of lipids, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, tocopherols and sterols in nine fenugreek genotypes were analyzed. Lipid content in fenugreek seeds ranged from 5.8 to 15.2%. Major fatty acids were: linoleic acid (45.1–47.5%), α-linolenic (18.3–22.8%), oleic (12.4–17.0%), palmitic (9.8–11.2%) and stearic (3.8–4.2%) acids. The ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids were between 2.1 and 2.7. Similar fatty acid distribution was observed in all analyzed samples with some deviations. α-Tocopherol was the predominant component found in the fenugreek lipid antioxidants, and it constituted over 84% of the total amounts of tocopherols. It amounts ranged from 620 to 910 mg/kg lipids. β-Sitosterol was the major sterol in all samples, varying from 14,203 to 18,833 mg/kg of lipids. Campesterol and cycloartenol were other major sterols, and these compounds including β-sitosterol constituted 56–72% of all sterols. Fenugreek seed lipids consisted predominantly triunsaturated (56.9–66.5%) and diunsaturated (32.2–41.6%) triacylglycerides. Among these components trilinolein (LLL; 12.9–20.5%) dominated followed by PLL (14.0–20.4%), LnLnO (7.8–17.7%), PLO (5.7–11.6%), OLL (6.9–10.6%), LLLn (3.2–9.6%), and LnLnL (3.5–7.6%). Results of the study show that fenugreek seed lipids may be a source of a nutraceutical ingredient for food applications.     

Studies on physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of lipids produced by a strain ofRhodotorula gracilis CFR-1

Rhodotorula gracilis CFR-1 has been evaluated for its potential to produce lipids. The yeast lipids closely resembled palmolein, a liquid fraction of palm oil. It contained 2.3–3% free fatty acids, 64.4% tri-, 23.1% di-, and 6.1% mono-acylglycerols, 94.2% neutral and 5.8% polar lipids. Most abundant fatty acids were C18∶1, C16∶0, C18∶2 and C18∶0 (43.8, 28.5, 13.5 and 4.5%). All fatty acids, irrespective of the levels, followed definite patterns of increase or decrease during the advancement of fermentation. A pincers-shaped curve was obtained when the total saturation and unsaturation were plotted. Use of different glucose and molasses-based media did not show any significant overall effect on saturation (34.4–39.5%) and unsaturation (60.4–65.3%). Desaturation of fatty acids was found to be a metabolic function occurring in the process of cell maturation.     

The distribution of lipids in the germ,endosperm, pericarp and tip cap of amylomaize,LG-11 hybrid maize and waxy maize

The quantitative distribution of 23 acyl lipid classes and unsaponifiable matter in kernels of amylomaize, LG-11 hybrid maize and waxy maize is described. LG-11 and waxy maize were normal (oil content) varieties, containing 4.9% and 5.1% lipid, respectively, while amylomaize (9.3% lipid) was a high oil variety. The distribution of kernel lipids was 76–83% in germ, 1–2% in pericarp, 1% in tip cap, 1–11% in starch, and 13–15% in aleurone plus the nonstarch fraction of the starchy endosperm. Germ contained 39–47% lipid, which was nostly triglyceride (TG), with some steryl esters (SE) and diglycerides (DG), and small amounts of glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL). Aleurone lipids appeared to be TG with some free fatty acids (FFA) and SE. The other nonstarch lipids in starchy endosperm were FFA with very small amounts of SE, DG, GL and PL. The starches had a little surface lipid (FFA) and true (internal) starch lipid (FFA, lyso-PL) in quantities roughly related to amylose content (amylomaize =ca. 73% amylose, 1.0% lipid; LG-11=23% amylose, 0.7% lipid; waxy maize =<5% amylose, 0.2% lipid). Pericarp lipids (0.8–2.5%) were mainly unsaponifiable matter, the acyl lipids being TG, SE, DG and FFA. Tip cap lipids (2.5–2.9%) had more TG, GL and PL than pericarp lipids, but were otherwise similar. Pericarp lipids and endosperm nonstarch lipids appeared to have suffered extensive degradation at some time during kernel development or after harvesting, while lipids in starch, germ and tip cap were evidently unaffected. FFA and lyso-PL are regarded as normal components of maize starch (rather than degradation products) and may occur as amylose inclusion complexes.