Tuning Users' Innovativeness During Ideation

Although there is increasing acknowledgement that consumers can contribute useful ideas during the development of innovative services, there has been little empirical examination of how such users can best be managed in order to contribute their ideas to the ‘fuzzy front end’ of new service development. The present study examines the relationship between the nature of user‐created ideas regarding new technology‐based services and the characteristics of the users supplying the ideas. In particular, the study investigates whether users' ideas become more incremental or more radical depending on the users' awareness of technological restrictions and their utilization of use experience. The results show that idea creators with high use experience who are unaware of any technological restrictions tend to produce service ideas that are more radical in nature, whereas idea creators with high use experience who are aware of technological restrictions tend to produce service ideas that are more incremental in nature. The study provides empirical support that, in order to provide innovative ideas, ordinary users involved in ideation must both have a contextual use experience and not be restricted in their ideation by ‘too much’ technology information and restrictions on potential feasibility.     

A generic model for software architectures

In other industries, the idea of build corporate culture by establishing a common level of “best practice” is widely known and used. The architecture concept directly supports this goal for our industry and can help us improve problem areas dominated by organizational and social issues, such as health care organizations, educational systems, and so on. Our proposed reference model for architecture specification and development is organized around a set of aspects that structure concepts and rules; these, in turn, specify a conceptual architecture. We have added principles and guidelines to the concepts and rules to give a more complete picture of the architecture and to provide a place to store and communicate successfully applied design patterns and other knowledge related to the architecture. Adding architectural elements is a step toward a more constructive type of architecture representation. Our current research is focused on further refining these concepts and developing a formal specification of the architecture reference model. We are continuing to test our ideas in case studies, such as applying our model to the OSCA architecture and the application machine concept. We are also developing a prototype architecture editor, and we are testing different tools to learn more about integrating them into a real infrastructure and to learn what typical services an infrastructure must provide     

信息安全技术的两种大胆思维

本文作者结合国有企业乃至互联网的体系结构.分析了未来的网络发展与新技术的关系.充分强调要以独立发展为主.新技术借鉴为辅的企业网络安全建设理念,提出了改进信息网络安全的两种新设想:一是建立了一种独有的矩阵逻辑模型.解释此种模型如何实现网络资源的动态分配、自维护功能;二是借用医学领域的神经网络概念.将其扩展到网络的安防机制中,提出对受到的网络攻击如何实现网络云自我在控,自动防护.自动隔离的大胆设想.整篇文章围绕着网络架构的安全性、可靠性展开充分论证,思维大胆.分析具体.见解独到.     

User idea implementation in open innovation communities: Evidence from a new product development crowdsourcing community

In collaborative crowdsourcing communities for open innovation, users generate and submit ideas as idea co‐creators. Firms then select and implement valuable ideas for new product development. Despite the popularity and success of these open innovation communities, relatively little is known about the factors that determine the implementation of the user‐generated ideas. Based on research on individual creativity, we propose a conceptual model integrating users' previous experience, idea presentation characteristics and feedback valence to explain the likelihood of idea implementation. We validate our research model with a panel data analysis of 43 550 ideas submitted by 16 360 users in the MIUI new product development community hosted by Xiaomi, a large electronics manufacturing company in China. We find an inverted U‐shaped relationship between users' past successful experience and idea implementation. Furthermore, the length of ideas is positively associated with the likelihood of idea implementation. There is also an inverted U‐shaped relationship between supporting evidence and idea implementation. Finally, we demonstrate the negative effect of positive feedback and the positive effect of negative feedback on idea implementation. These findings offer rich insights to understand the phenomenon of open innovation better. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

大学计算机基础教学案例三则

介绍了大学计算机基础课程中操作系统功能这一章节的三个教学案例。在进程管理的教学中,借用医生给病人看病的例子介绍为何引入进程、进程的概念以及进程调度是如何进行的。在文件系统管理中,澄清了一些容易混淆的概念,对分区、分区格式化、文件系统及簇的概念作了介绍,并介绍了如何设定簇的大小。最后介绍了虚拟存储器的概念及虚拟存储器太小时的解决办法。     

From Creative Ideas to Innovation Performance: The Role of Assessment Criteria

This article aims to make idea screening studies even more relevant to innovation management by coupling a set of assessment criteria so that they can be used for identifying early product ideas with innovation potential. We develop a framework, which integrates the complementary theoretical perspectives from the creativity and innovation literatures. The approach draws novelty and usefulness insights from the creativity literature and combines these with novelty and market potential insights from the innovation literature. The resulting framework encompasses novelty of a product idea and its usefulness to the intended recipients, but with a distinct focus on the value to the firm that can be created through market potential. This set of criteria makes it possible to couple creative ideas for new products directly to potential innovation performance. For the study, industry and market experts made assessments of 106 student‐generated projects; these assessments underline the distinctiveness of the three criteria and support the value of each criterion's independent role in assessing the innovation potential. Two student project cases particularly shed light on the relevance of each criterion and on its unique relationship within the framework.     

Customer Integration during Innovation Development: An Exploratory Study in the Logistics Service Industry

Previous research has shown that though customer integration during innovation development can enhance companies' innovation performance, it can also harm innovativeness. A possible reason for these contradicting findings is that innovation development is a dynamic process that requires different tasks. Thus, a more fine‐grained picture of how customer‐oriented companies engage in customer integration throughout the entire innovation development process is necessary. This article contributes to the innovation and marketing literature by providing insights into how companies co‐create knowledge about customer needs relevant for innovation development. Using a multiple case study design, this study examines four substantive cases that illustrate the activities logistics service providers undertake to integrate customers during the process of idea generation, development and implementation. The results show that companies focus on both proactive and reactive customer integration during idea generation and implementation but refrain from reactive customer integration during development.     

Consumers' Creative Talent: Which Characteristics Qualify Consumers for Open Innovation Projects? An Exploration of Asymmetrical Effects

Virtual customer integration and open innovation are considered as appropriate means to improve the success of new product development. However, only when consumers are qualified and motivated to contribute promising ideas and relevant know‐how they are able to add value to a producer's innovation process. In this study, we explore the symmetric and asymmetric impact of various creativity components on consumers' idea generation, concept development, or prototype building abilities as well as interest in co‐creation projects. Our results show that creativity components are of different importance. While some characteristics are needed above certain thresholds to successfully accomplish a certain development task, exceeding those does not necessarily lead to better outputs. Other characteristics improve the creative output only if they exceed specific levels.     

概念层次的动态文本可视分析

分析社交媒体中关联主题在不同社会群体之间的流动模式有助于理解观点、信息和思想的传递.已有的主题流动分析的工作大多是基于主题模型的,只能通过查看包含该主题的文本来分析主题流动的原因.这些文本数据量大且结构复杂,难以分析.为了解决这一问题,使用概念对主题内部的内容进行概括,提出了基于概念的动态文本可视分析方法,用于展示主题内容的变化模式,帮助分析主题流动的原因.该方法使用流型线条展示概念流动模式,并利用基于约束的t-SNE降维算法保证相邻时间段上概念投影分布的相似性,从而保证流型线条的稳定性.为了突出展示主题内概念的异常变化模式,提出了一种异常检测技术用于定位概念剧烈变化的时间段并进行突出显示.使用推特数据集进行定性评估和案例研究,验证了所提出的可视分析方法的准确性和有效性.     

Communitition: The Tension between Competition and Collaboration in Community‐Based Design Contests

Following the concepts of crowdsourcing, co‐creation or open innovation, companies are increasingly using contests to foster the generation of creative solutions. Currently, online idea and design contests are enjoying a resurgence through the usage of new information and communication technologies. These virtual platforms allow users both to competitively disclose their creative ideas to corporations and also to interact and collaborate with like‐minded peers, communicating, discussing and sharing their insights and experiences, building social networks and establishing a sense of community. Little research has considered that contest communities both promote and benefit from simultaneous co‐operation and competition and that both types of relationships need to be emphasized at the same time. In this article, it is argued that the firm‐level concept of co‐opetition might also be relevant for an innovation's success on the individual level within contest communities. Our concept of ‘communitition’ should include the elements of competitive participation without disabling the climate for co‐operation, as numerous user discussions and comments improve the quality of submitted ideas and allow the future potential of an idea to shine through the so‐called ‘wisdom of the crowd’.     

On the concepts of problem and problem-solving method

The concepts of problem, problem-solving method, and the application of a problem-solving method to a problem are given precise formulations, based on abstract data types. These formulations are argued to agree with the intuitive understanding of these ideas, thereby formalizing them. This formalization is based on few basic concepts: abstract data type and an extension mechanism (here, a general cluster-like module). Moreover, by embodying ideas related to stepwise refinement they are applicable both to problem solving in general and to the process of program development. Examples are provided to illustrate the main ideas and their application.     

How good are ideas identified by an automatic idea detection system?

Online communities can be an attractive source of ideas for product and process innovations. However, innovative user‐contributed ideas may be few. From a perspective of harnessing “big data” for inbound open innovation, the detection of good ideas in online communities is a problem of detecting rare events. Recent advances in text analytics and machine learning have made it possible to screen vast amounts of online information and automatically detect user‐contributed ideas. However, it is still uncertain whether the ideas identified by such systems will also be regarded as sufficiently novel, feasible and valuable by firms who might decide to develop them further. A validation study is reported in which 200 posts from an online home brewing community were extracted by an automatic idea detection system. Two professionals from a brewing company evaluated the posts in terms of idea content, idea novelty, idea feasibility and idea value. The results suggest that the automatic idea detection system is sufficiently valid to be deployed for the harvesting and initial screening of ideas, and that the profile of the identified ideas (in terms of novelty, feasibility and value) follows the same pattern identified in studies of user ideation in general.     

A Competence‐Based Model of Initiatives for Innovations

The initiation of the innovation process has recently produced increased interest among the new product development scholars. While most extant research has focused on the management of opportunity recognition, of the development of new product concepts and of concept selection, little research has examined the initiative emergence process. With this article the authors intend to shed some light on the starting point of initiative formation by outlining a structured and comprehensive concept of the initiative emergence process; investigating individual competences facilitating initiative emergence, including task‐related, action‐related and cognitive competences; and developing a competence‐based model for helping explain the occurrence of initiatives. For future research, the authors develop propositions on the impact that different competency constellations have on initiatives along their emergence process, and on factors that determine how to support competences for initiatives adequately.     

Understanding the Role of Value‐Focused Thinking in Idea Management

In a couple of classical studies, Keeney proposed two sets of variables labelled as value‐focused thinking (VFT) and alternative‐focused thinking (AFT). Value‐focused thinking (VFT), he argued, is a creative method that centres on the different decision objectives and how as many alternatives as possible may be generated from them. Alternative‐focused thinking (AFT), on the other hand, is a method in which the decision maker takes notice of all the available alternatives and then makes a choice that seems to fit the problem best. The impact of these two methods on idea generation was measured using a sample of employees. The results revealed that employees in the value‐focused thinking condition (VFT) produced fewer ideas. Thus, value‐focused thinking (VFT) is not only able to facilitate ideation fluency but also to constrain it. Factors such as cognitive effort and motivation may play a part here. However, the quality of the ideas was judged to be higher in terms of creativity and innovativeness. Hence, value‐focused thinking (VFT) seems to have a positive impact on the quality of ideas in terms of creativity and innovativeness regardless of ideation fluency. Implications for the design of idea management systems are discussed.     

保持二元关系不变的概念约简

受形式概念分析中因子分解的启发,借鉴属性约简的思想,从概念角度上思考,提出保持二元关系不变的概念约简.首先给出保持二元关系不变的概念约简的定义及概念协调集的判定定理.然后根据形式概念在保持二元关系不变的概念约简过程中所起的作用,将形式概念分为核心概念、相对必要概念、不必要概念.最后分别研究3类概念的特征,从二元关系和算子角度考虑,得到三类概念的相关结论.上述结果有助于进一步的算法研究与应用及更深入的理论分析工作.     

Managing design ideas with a shared drawing tool

The generation of design ideas in group discussion is a complex and dynamic process. The fluent expression of ideas and the ability to interact and build on representations created by others contributes significantly to the process. When group members are separated by physical distance, the fluency of this process is interrupted. Computerized shared drawing tools re-establish this fluency. Such tools need to aid not only the drawing process, but also the management of design ideas during the process. The paper lays the groundwork for the design of the idea management portion of a shared drawing tool. It presents a list of group idea management behaviours and identifies user requirements in support of these activities. A prototype shared drawing system is described which attempts to incorporate the user requirements into an interface design. The paper then presents the results of a usability study conducted on the prototype. The interface performed miserably, but the study provided support for the user requirements and gave detailed insight into how a shared drawing interface should be designed.     

ODC在软件过程度量与分析中的应用

正交缺陷分类(ODC)是软件过程度量与分析中的一种新技术。文章介绍了ODC的概念、发展过程、总体结构以及各种ODC缺陷属性的含义,阐述了如何使用ODC来度量开发过程和识别过程中的问题。最后,文章对ODC的应用和实施进行了总结与分析。