水制冷剂压缩式制冷机组简析

介绍水制冷剂压缩式制冷机的研究现状,并简要对比水制冷机组与R134a制冷机组的性能及成本,发现水制冷机组较R134a制冷机组在20年生命周期内的成本相比没有经济优势,最主要的原因是压缩机的成本较高。     

The intermediate products in the degradation of 4-chlorophenol by pulsed high voltage discharge in water

Degradation of 4-chlorophenol by pulsed high voltage discharge is an intricate process involving a series of complex chemical reactions. Hydroxylation of 4-chlorophenol to form hydroquinone, 4-chlororesorcinol and 4-chlorocatechol is the first step, though a very small amount of direct cleavage products of the C₁-C₂ or C₅-C₆ bond are observed. The yield of 4-chlorocatechol is about twice as much as that of hydroquinone. Less 4-chloresorcinol is produced. The free chloride ions dropped from the 4-chlorophenol degradation can obtain reactivity again from the discharge, and react with undegraded 4-chlorophenol to form 2,4-dichlorophenol. Some ring-opened products have also been identified and their possible reaction routes are proposed. Several compounds are verified by use of authentic samples. The more stable ring-opened products are low molecular weight (LMW) acids such as formic, acetic, oxalic, malonate, maleic and malic acid. By discharging 4-chlorophenol aqueous solution for 36 min, the amount of carbons obtained from organic acids is more than 50% while that of carbons from aromatic products less than 20% in the carbons of degraded 4-chlorophenol, which is about 94% of initial carbons. After 60 min of discharge, all the 4-chlorophenol and its aromatic intermediates have been removed completely and the organic carbons are mainly presented as organic acid such as acetic and oxalate acid. At the end of the 120 min discharge, the amount of the remaining organic carbons is not more than 14% of the initial carbons.     

Influence of various parameters on the a.c. diamagnetic susceptibility of Bi-based superconductors

We present some results of a.c. susceptibility measured on pure and doped with indium and potassium Bi-compounds. For both the 80K and 110K phases, we follow the χ′ and χ″ variations as a function of (a) the annealing treatment, (b) the Sr/Ca ratio and (c) the doping. Indium doping has either a positive or a negative effect on the 80K material, depending on the Sr/Ca ratio. It induces an important increase of the superconductive volume of the 110K material. Effects due to potassium are opposite. The experimental results agree with the fact thatT _c goes through a maximum as the hole density increases.     

膜技术在饮用水深度处理中的应用现状

从压力驱动膜及膜集成技术的特点出发,结合不同水源水质,对膜技术应用于饮用水深度处理方面的进展进行了分析和综述,并提出膜法饮用水深度处理的发展建议。     

保温时间对β-Sialon结合镁铝尖晶石-碳材料的影响及其氧化动力学

以电熔尖晶石、Si粉和鳞片石墨为主要原料, 木质磺酸钙溶液(1.25 g/mL)为成型结合剂, 在氮气气氛下1450℃分别保温1、2、3和4 h原位生成β-Sialon结合MgAl₂O₄-C材料, 研究了保温时间对材料的物相组成、β-Sialon的显微结构及常规物理性能的影响, 并对该复合材料进行氧化动力学研究。结果表明: 当保温时间从1 h增加到4 h, 试样的物相变化规律基本相同, Si单质相消失, 完全转化为SiC、Si₃N₄和β-Sialon(Si₃Al₃O₃N₅)。当保温时间为3 h时, 生成的β-Sialon(Si₃Al₃O₃N₅)为完整圆柱状晶粒, 尺寸分布均匀, 交错成网络结构。随着保温时间的增加, 试样内部产生较多的SiO气体, 导致试样的显气孔率增加, 体积密度下降, 耐压强度和抗折强度先增加后下降, 当保温时间为3 h时, 耐压强度和抗折强度达到最大。氧化动力学研究表明, 氧化过程随着时间的推移分为化学反应控制阶段、化学反应和扩散共同控制阶段及扩散控制三个阶段。     

Concentration dependence of vibrational properties of bioprotectant/water mixtures by inelastic neutron scattering.

Neutron scattering has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for characterizing the structure and dynamics of biological molecules and for investigating the physical and chemical mechanisms of biophysical processes. The aim of the present work is to investigate by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) the vibrational behaviour of a class of bioprotectant systems, such as homologous disaccharides, trehalose, maltose and sucrose, in water mixtures. INS measurements have been performed on trehalose/H2O, maltose/H2O and sucrose/H2O mixtures at very low temperature as a function of concentration by using the thermal original spectrometer with cylindrical analyzers (TOSCA) spectrometer at the ISIS Facility (DRAL, UK).The findings allow the analyses of the vibrational features of the INS spectra in order to study the effect of disaccharides on the H2O hydrogen-bonded tetrahedral network. The obtained neutron scattering findings point out that disaccharides, and in particular trehalose, have a destructuring effect on the water tetrahedral network, as emphasized by the analysis of the librational modes region from 50 to 130 meV energy transfer. On the other hand, the analysis of the bending modes region (130-225 meV) shows a locally ordered structure in the disaccharide/H2O mixtures.Finally, the observed experimental evidences are linked to the different bioprotective effectiveness of disaccharides as a function of concentration.     

Evaluation of a.c. conductivity of rubber ferrite composites from dielectric measurements

The effect of frequency, composition and temperature on the a.c. electrical conductivity were studied for the ceramic, Ni_1−xZn_xFe₂O₄, as well as the filler (Ni_1−xZn_xFe₂O₄) incorporated rubber ferrite composites (RFCs). Ni_1−xZn_xFe₂O₄ (where) (bix)varies from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.2 were prepared by usual ceramic techniques. They were then incorporated into a butyl rubber matrix according to a specific recipe. The a.c. electrical conductivity (σ_a.c) calculations were carried out by using the data available from dielectric measurements and by employing a simple relationship. The a.c. conductivity values were found to be of the order of 10⁻³ S/m. Analysis of the results shows that σ_a.c. increases with increase of frequency and the change is same for both ceramic Ni_1−xZn_xFe₂O₄ and RFCs. σ_a.c increases initially with the increase of zinc content and then decreases with increase of zinc. Same behaviour is observed for RFCs too. The dependence of σ_a.c on the volume fraction of the magnetic filler was also studied and it was found that the a.c. conductivity of RFCs increases with increase of volume fraction of the magnetic filler. Temperature dependence of conductivity was studied for both ceramic and rubber ferrite composites. Conductivity shows a linear dependence with temperature in the case of ceramic samples.     

微絮凝-砂滤-超滤处理淮河原水的试验研究

采用微絮凝-砂滤-超滤工艺对淮河原水进行了中试规模的试验．重点考察预处理条件如滤速和混凝剂投加量的变化对后续膜处理性能的影响．结果表明，试验工艺去除CODMn的效果随着混凝剂投加量的增加而提高．在投加量(大于4mg／L)不变的条件下，滤速的变化不会影响砂滤出水的浊度和CODMn，当投加量为4mg／L时，较高的滤速导致砂滤出水的浊度和CODMn的增加．由于后续超滤膜的截留作用，膜出水的浊度和CODMn令人满意．     

追加隔声消声措施控制冷却塔噪声

结合工程实例 ,介绍一种冷却塔噪声控制方法。采用在出风口安装消声器、进风口周边安装隔声屏等措施来控制冷却塔噪声 ,在冷却塔本身噪声水平较高的情况下 ,可以取得 10～ 12dB(A)的降噪量。     

气相色谱法测定饮用水源中四氯化碳

基于FYGC-2000(C)气相色谱仪气相色谱法测定了饮用水源中四氯化碳含量,所得的回归方程为=79477X-6097.8相关系数r=0.9998,2μg/L和10μg/L两个浓度电位的精密度试验中的所得标准偏差分别为3.3778％和0.742％.在加标回收率测试中加标量分别为2 ug/L和5 ug/L时,回收率在99...     

Synthesis of Al-Cr-O-N thin films in corundum and f.c.c. structure by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering

Advanced PVD coatings for metal cutting applications must exhibit a multifunctional property profile including high hardness, chemical inertness and high temperature stability. Recently, ternary Al-Cr-O thin films with mechanical properties similar or superior to conventional aluminium oxide thin films have been suggested as potential materials meeting such demands. These coatings can be deposited at moderate temperatures in PVD processes. In this work, new quaternary Al-Cr-O-N coatings are suggested as alternative for offering thin film materials of high strength, hardness and even toughness. A combinatorial approach to the synthesis of Al-Cr-O-N thin films by means of reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering is presented. A thorough phase analysis of deposited coatings covering a wide range of elemental compositions revealed a well-defined phase transition from a corundum-type α-(Al_1 − x,Cr_x)_2 + δ(O_1 − y,N_y)₃ structure to a CrN-type f.c.c.-(Al_1 − x,Cr_x)_1 + θ(O_1 − y,N_y) structure as a function of the Al/Cr ratio and the nitrogen gas flow ratio. Detailed results on the coatings composition, constitution and microstructure are discussed compared to ternary Al-Cr-O thin films deposited by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering under nearly identical conditions.     

Removal of trihalomethanes from drinking water by nanofiltration membranes

Chlorine reacts with the natural organic matter (NOM) in waters and forms disinfection by-products (DBP). Major of these by-products are trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA). They have been known to cause cancer and other toxic effects to human beings. This study determined the removal efficiencies of THM by nanofiltration (NF) techniques with NF200 and DS5 membrane. The rejection of this chlorination by-products was studied at various feed concentration by changing transmembrane pressure. Experimental results indicated that in general increasing operating pressure produces a higher flux but does not have a significant effect on THM rejection. On the other hand, increasing the feed concentration produces a little change in the overall flux and rejection capacity. NF200 membrane removed more THM than DS5 membrane. The higher removal efficiency of dibromochloromethane (DBCM) was attributed to brominating characteristics (higher molecular weight (MW) and molecular size). As a consequence, the results of this study suggest that the NF membrane process is one of the best available technologies for removing THM compounds.     

DSC研究大豆蛋白凝胶中水的状态

以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为原料制备了大豆蛋白凝胶,研究了SPI浓度对大豆蛋白凝胶溶胀率的影响;以差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究凝胶中水的状态及氯化钾、氯化钙对大豆蛋白凝胶中"三态水"的影响.当SPI浓度为13%,大豆蛋白凝胶溶胀率为30%,氯化钾对凝胶平衡水含量(EWC)影响不显著,对凝胶中非冻结水和中间水的含量有影响;氯化钙对大豆蛋白凝胶中水的状态影响大于氯化钾,氯化钙使凝胶中EWC增大,非冻结水含量增大,可冻结水含量减小.     

The scattering of water waves by an array of circular cylinders in a channel

The full linear problem of the scattering of water waves by an array of N bottom-mounted vertical circular cylinders situated in a channel of constant depth and width is solved using the method of multipoles. A simple formula is derived for the velocity potential in the vicinity of a cylinder, and in particular on the cylinder surfaces, which allows hydrodynamic quantities such as forces to be easily evaluated. The simplicity of the solution makes the evaluation of quantities of interest straightforward and extensive results are given. An approximate solution for the forces on the cylinders, based on the assumption that the wavelength of the incident wave is long compared with the cylinder radii, is also given, and this is compared with results from the exact linear solution.     

Generation of water waves and bores by impulsive bottom flux

The inviscid free-surface flow due to an impulsive bottom flux on constant depth is investigated analytically and numerically. The following classes of two-dimensional flow are considered: an upwelling flow which is uniform over a half-plane, a line source/sink, and a dipole aligned along the bottom. The bottom flux is turned on impulsively and may decay with time. The fully nonlinear problem is solved numerically. A small-time asymptotic expansion to third order is found for the nonlinear problem. An asymptotic large-time solution is found for the linearized problem. A steady source will generate a pair of symmetric bores, and their breaking is investigated. A steady sink generates a depression wave if it is weak, and dip instability if it is strong. Wave breaking will occur for intermediate sink strengths. A decaying source emits solitary waves.     

Microbiological quality assurance of purified water by ozonization of storage and distribution system

Purified water storage and distribution systems at ambient temperature are highly susceptible to microbial contamination and formation of biofilm. The impact of two disinfection regimens with ozone as a function of time, the heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), and the concentration of total organic compounds (TOC) in purified water were investigated over a period of 4 years. We have established that concentrations of ozone of 70 ± 20 ppb in the production regimen and 250 ± 50 ppb in the disinfection regimen are sufficient to maintain a low bioburden and low TOC in a recirculating distribution system. The purified water that entered into the distribution system has low HPC (0.01 CFU/mL), indicating a reduction by ozone in the storage tank by up to approximately 120-fold. Over 4 years, 94-98% of the microbial counts were in the category 0-5 CFU/mL, and none in category ≥50 CFU/mL. In spite of increased TOC in the inlet water, up to 40 ppb, the microbial counts in purified water in the distribution loop were unaffected. The study emphasizes that the critical points regarding microbial contamination of the purified water system are user point valves and the tubes used for transferring water to equipment. The specified ozone level prevents microbial growth and formation of biofilm in the distribution system that might otherwise endanger the water quality by sporadic release of microbes.     

空气声源激发的浅海声场的理论研究

研究了将空气中声速分布建模为Epstein分布,水层和海底均为均匀分布的三层介质模型的条件下,空气中点源激发的水下声场。既推导得到了声压场的形式解,通过数值分析,表明空气中点源激发浅水波导,在水层中形成的波导简正波具有实数本征值,可以远距离传播,称其为"水波"。空气层中的Epstein波导简正波在水层中为非均匀波,传播速度取决于空气中声速,称其为"水面波",并指出空气中声源运动产生的水面波多普勒频移大于水波多普勒频移。     

低能低剂量注水形成SOI结构材料的研究

采用无质量分析器的离子注入机，以低能量低剂量注水的方式替代常规SIMOX注氧制备SOI材料，测试结果表明，此技术成功地制备了界面陡峭，平整，表层硅单晶质量好的SOI结构材料，在剂量一定的条件下，研究不同注入能量对SOI结构形成的影响，使用剖面透射电镜技术（XTEM）和二次离子质谱技术（SIMS）等测试方法对注入样品和退火后样品进行分析，结果表明，表层硅厚度随注入能量增大不断增大；埋层二氧化硅厚度相对独立，仅在超低能（50keV)低剂量情况下厚度出现明显降低；埋层质量（包括界面平整度，硅岛密度等）与注入能量变化相关。     

以超临界和亚临界水活化掺金属化合物的酚醛树脂制备球形活性炭(英文)

以掺稀土金属化合物氯化铈的酚醛树脂为原料,采用超临界和亚临界水活化制备了具有较好中孔结构和机械强度的球形活性炭。通过77K氮气吸附对所制球形活性炭进行表征,并研究不同活化方法、活化条件对其孔隙结构的影响。结果表明:氯化铈具有催化作用,在超临界水环境下促进了孔结构的发展,优势中孔分布于4nm和7nm;而活化方法和活化压力对孔结构的影响较小。     

黑色水性笔、中性笔墨迹中溶剂成分的GC分析

各种水性笔、中性笔墨水中,常常加入了能够起到分散、润滑、保湿作用的溶剂成分,如乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、二苷醇、丙三醇等。这些溶剂成分的沸点低,易汽化,可以采用气相色谱法对其进行分离分析。本论文利用气相色谱法,分别对100种不同牌号、不同型号的黑色水性笔、中性笔墨水墨迹中的溶剂成分进行了分析,按所含溶剂成分的不同及主溶剂成分的差异进行了种类的鉴别。