Packet-like space charges and conduction current in polyethylenecable insulation

Packet-like space-charge behavior in polyethylene for cable insulation was studied by utilizing the laser-induced pressure-pulse technique. Space charge observation under various conditions showed that the charge packet was formed in the specimen doped with antioxidant, especially when the specimen is oxidized. Periodic formation and transport of charge packets led to a small current oscillation. The charge packet seemed to be formed in the bulk, and the internal field of 1.2 to 1.4 MV/cm, in the region where the packet was formed was periodically enhanced from 2 to 2.5 MV/cm by space-charge accumulation. This suggests that the packet formation is caused by carrier generation under the highly enhanced field. The antioxidant deteriorated by oxidation was shown to be a possible origin of the carrier generation     

电缆群排管敷设形式下的分流运行优化方法

夏季地下排管电缆聚集运行温度异常,电缆温度过高会加速电缆绝缘材料的老化,热量累积到一定程度,还可能引起起火事故。为降低地下排管中电缆运行温度,提出了电缆群排管敷设形式的优化方法。基于有限元法计算地下排管中电缆群运行温度场,建立了电缆群敷设形式优化计算模型。以电缆群中最高温电缆的温度降到最低为目标函数,电缆群中总载流量不变为约束条件,对电缆群中温度较高的电缆进行分流优化计算。通过Comsol Multiphysics软件仿真计算的结果可见,与未优化之前相比,采用优化方法后排管中最高温电缆的导体芯温度降低了约11%,电缆群最大温差降低了3.6℃,增加了电缆群温度场分布的均匀度,优化效果显著。     

柔性直流输电系统用直流交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆导体最高温度提高到90℃的可行性

以实际直流交联聚乙烯(DC XLPE)电缆工程设计示例,表明将柔性直流输电(VSC)系统用DC XLPE电缆的导体的最高运行温度提高到90℃,其技术经济效果显著。按DC XLPE电缆抑制空间电荷要求,阐明DC XLPE电缆绝缘的直流恒定电流电场中空间电荷密度与绝缘温度梯度和XLPE绝缘的体积电阻率的温度系数成正比而与导体最高温度不直接相关。通过合理的DC XLPE电缆工程设计和正确选用DC XLPE电缆,可以在提高DC XLPE电缆传输功率和减小绝缘温差抑制空间电荷方面取得优化结果。320 kV及以下XLPE电缆在导体最高温度90℃下运行,绝缘损耗远低于导体损耗,DC XLPE电缆发生热不稳定的可能性很低。对VSC系统用DC XLPE电缆导体运行温度提高到90℃的可行性表示肯定的意见,对实现目标提出具体的措施建议。     

高温超导电缆保护研究

在高温超导电缆故障特征的研究基础上,依据高温超导电缆的结构特点,建立了超导电缆本体温度分布计算模型,在不同边界条件下分析了其稳态和暂态的温度变化情况;针对高温超导电缆在短路电流下的失超现象进行了深入研究,分析了绝热过程中温升、短路电流和时间之间的关系,进而提出了一套基于电气量信号和非电气量信号的高温超导电缆综合保护及其具体实现方案:非电气量保护、瞬时大电流失超保护和反时限热积累失超保护。基于该原理的保护装置已成功投运,运行效果良好。     

温度梯度场下硅橡胶与交联聚乙烯界面上空间电荷的形成机理

电缆附件（终端或接头）绝缘与电缆绝缘构成的复合绝缘中,不同介质的分界面以及电极与介质的分界面一般为绝缘的薄弱点,原因是其附近积聚的空间电荷引起的局部电场强度过高。另外,电缆负载运行时的温升效应使得直流电压下附件复合绝缘电导发生梯度变化,改变了复合绝缘及界面的空间电荷的积聚和场强分布。为了解温度梯度下电缆附件复合介质中空...     

Some factors for the space charge formation in polyethylene

Information on space-charge behavior in thick insulated samples aids in understanding the dc characteristics of polymer-insulated dc cables. The pulsed electroacoustic method is used to investigate several space charge formation factors in 2 mm-thick polyethylene (PE). The following results were obtained. For measurement factors: (1) A polymeric semiconducting electrode provides a more accurate measurement than does a metal electrode as a result of better matching of acoustic impedance with PE. (2) Within a dc electrical stress range of several tens kV/mm, the space charge distributions under and after dc voltage application are almost the same; this is due to a comparatively long time of space-charge decay. (3) The space-charge distribution of a plate sample agrees with that of a cable sample having the same insulation thickness. For insulating material factors: (1) The amount of space charge in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) is much larger than that in low-density PE (base of XLPE). The space charge of XLPE continues to increase even after dc voltage application (24 h); that of LDPE reaches equilibrium with a few hours. (2) The aforementioned space charge difference between XLPE and LDPE is assumed to be caused by ionic impurities in XLPE, not by the additives themselves (acetophenon and cumylalcohol as byproducts of cross linking and antioxidant).     

Development of the new polymer insulating materials for HVDC cable

The properties of modified HDPE, selected from various polymer materials by evaluations of DC characteristics, were examined in both sheet and cable samples. It was found that the modification, which introduced a small amount of polar group into HDPE, considerably enhanced DC breakdown strength to as high as 1.5-2.0 times those of XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene). Under a poling voltage of up to 30 kV/mm, the modified HDPE exhibits particular behavior, with its space charge decreasing as stress is increasing. In addition, the additives in HDPE have a large influence on space-charge characteristics, thereby affecting the DC breakdown strength. The evaluation of cable insulated with optimum modified HDPE was conducted to determine the breakdown strength under various voltage applications. Compared with the XLPE cable, modified HDPE cable exhibited excellent characteristics under all kinds of voltage applications, particularly DC dielectric breakdown strength, which was almost twice that of XLPE     

极性反转电压下非线性电导硅橡胶复合材料电荷积聚特性

直流电缆附件是直流输电系统的薄弱环节,为研究非线性电导对极性反转电压下电缆附件硅橡胶绝缘电荷积聚特性的影响,通过添加SiC颗粒制备具有非线性电导的硅橡胶复合材料试样,利用三电极法和表面电位测量系统获得试样的电导率和表面电荷特性。实验结果表明：由于试样中SiC晶粒的晶格振动引起载流子晶格散射,高温会造成试样电导率降低;试样表面电荷平面分布特性表明,电晕电压极性反转后,平板试样内部残留的原极性电荷与表面的异极性电荷提高了局部电场强度,使试样的电导率升高,加速了表面电荷向试样内部迁移和异极性电荷中和过程,抑制了表面电荷的积聚。     

极性反转电压下非线性电导硅橡胶复合材料电荷积聚特性

直流电缆附件是直流输电系统的薄弱环节,为研究非线性电导对极性反转电压下电缆附件硅橡胶绝缘电荷积聚特性的影响,通过添加SiC颗粒制备具有非线性电导的硅橡胶复合材料试样,利用三电极法和表面电位测量系统获得试样的电导率和表面电荷特性。实验结果表明：由于试样中SiC晶粒的晶格振动引起载流子晶格散射,高温会造成试样电导率降低;试样表面电荷平面分布特性表明,电晕电压极性反转后,平板试样内部残留的原极性电荷与表面的异极性电荷提高了局部电场强度,使试样的电导率升高,加速了表面电荷向试样内部迁移和异极性电荷中和过程,抑制了表面电荷的积聚。     

高压直流电缆接头稳态温度场分布及其影响因素

温度是反映电缆中间接头运行状态的重要参数。与交流不同,高压直流电缆中间接头绝缘层温度的变化影响着电场分布和空间电荷的积累,因此不仅要关注接头线芯的温度,更要研究绝缘层温度和绝缘层内外表面温差的变化。建立了高压直流XLPE绝缘电缆中间接头的简化模型,利用有限元软件进行仿真,得到了接头绝缘层稳态温度分布,并研究了不同线芯电流和电缆接头外表面温度分别对接头导线芯温度、XLPE主绝缘和硅橡胶（SIR）增强绝缘层温度分布以及绝缘层内外表面温差的影响。结果表明：直流高压下,线芯电流对三者影响较为显著;接头外表面温度对接头导线芯最高温度、绝缘层最高温度和绝缘层温度分布有影响,而对绝缘层内外表面温差的影响可忽略不计。     

Recyclable insulation material for HVDC cables in Global Energy Interconnection

With the development of modern power systems, especially that of the global energy internet, high-voltage, direct current(HVDC) cable power transmission will play an important role in the future. The key problem of HVDC cable power transmission is the need for novel cable insulation materials that have high performance, recyclability, and higher working temperature to replace traditional crosslinked polyethylene. This paper investigates the thermal and electrical properties of polypropylene(PP)/Al2 O3 nanocomposites as a potential recyclable HVDC cable insulation material. The developed nanocomposites exhibit excellent thermal and electrical properties with the introduction of Al2 O3 nanoparticles. Particularly, the space charge accumulation is greatly suppressed.     

Electrical breakdown and space-charge effect in polyphenylene sulfide films

Electrical breakdown of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) films, one of the high-temperature engineering plastics, has been investigated. The results show that the dc breakdown strength is lower than the impulse one, and that the difference in electric strength between dc and impulse becomes wider as the sample thickness decreases. The result suggests space-charge accumulation when dc voltage is applied. Further, the impulse breakdown strength in the presence of a dc prestressing voltage is measured in order to elucidate the space-charge effect. The data on the contribution of the prestress voltage to electrical breakdown are used to estimate the amount of space charge accumulated in the specimen during the dc prestressing.     

The electrical degradation threshold of polyethylene investigatedby space charge and conduction current measurements

Measurement of dc charging current and space-charge observations, performed on specimens made by low-density polyethylene (PE) and crosslinked PE, are considered for dc electrical threshold investigation. The threshold is inferred from charging-current measurements through steady-state voltage-current characteristics, as well as from the total trapped charge, obtained by space-charge measurements carried out at 0 V and under short-circuit after poling for a pre-selected time. It is shown that both techniques provide similar information regarding the electrical threshold values, which vary for the two tested materials. Being the threshold associated with mechanisms of charge storage, its evaluation can help in insulation design and material characterization when electric field, especially dc, is a significant stress in service. Other significant information for design purposes comes from the rate of charge accumulation as function of the applied field, which is estimated through the charge-field characteristic derived from space-charge measurements     

基于热网络模型的电缆热场灵敏度分析方法

电缆的输电容量主要受到其绝缘热稳定水平的限制,但影响电缆本体温度的各种非线性因素很多,传统计算电缆热场的方法难于计算环境参数微小变化引起的电缆本体温度变化。为了研究电缆芯的动态温度响应,通过建立电缆的热网络模型,利用灵敏度分析的方法对每个可能引起电缆线芯温度波动的因素进行评估,重点对电缆表面温度和直埋深度的变化进行分析,并对比了实测值,证明了所提出的方法是可行的和有效的。     

基于表面温度场的电缆线芯温度在线诊断研究

线芯温度是电缆的一个重要参数,当电缆过负荷时,其线芯温度高于允许温度,使电缆绝缘加速老化,甚至造成绝缘介质热击穿。文中提出了一种基于电缆表面温度场的对电缆线芯温度进行在线诊断的方法。该方法采用红外热象仪拍摄电缆的表面热图象,可根据电缆的表面温度、结构参数,物性参数和环境温度,通过建立传热数学模型,对电缆的线芯温度进行反演计算,并与其允许温度进行比较,实现了电习温度的非接触,在线诊断。     

电力电缆运行温度场变化及在线监测技术研究

电力电缆在高压和大电流状态下长期运行,由于各种故障引起的温度升高会导致电缆过热或绝缘性能下降。文中在分析电缆结构和温度场的基础上,建立了电缆温度场有限元模型,完成了电缆沟敷设和电缆中间接头的热分析,通过热分析确定其过热位置,为温度传感器的布置提供理论支持。完成了电缆沟温度在线监测系统设计方案,能够实时采集电缆沟温度数据。该研究为电力电缆智能化监测的发展提供了参考和借鉴。     

计及轴向传热的中低压单芯电缆导体温升状态空间模型

电力电缆导体温度可为线路载流量及运行状态的评估提供依据。然而,在当前电缆温度计算中,导体的轴向温度分布通常被忽略,无法准确描述电缆运行的热动态过程。为此,基于热平衡原理,在状态空间内提出了计及轴向传热的中低压单芯电缆导体的温升模型。为克服模型参数难以确定的问题,提出了基于粒子群优化算法的电缆热路参数辨识方法。为验证模型精度,建立了电缆温升实验平台,在不同电流下对空气中敷设电缆进行了轴向温升实验。计算结果与实验结果的对比表明,当电缆存在轴向温度梯度时,所提状态空间模型结果精度高于IEC60287标准模型,能够满足中低压单芯电缆导体在不同电流条件下的轴向温升计算要求。     

三芯高温超导电缆室温及液氮温度机械性能研究

为研究三芯高温超导电缆在室温及运行温度(通常为液氮温度77 K)下的机械性能,对一根长度约为10 m的三芯超导电缆试样进行室温及液氮温度(77 K)下的机械拉伸试验,以及降温收缩试验.通过试验,得到了相应温度下的拉伸模量和降温收缩时电缆的收缩率,并将试验结果与铜衬芯及单芯超导电缆试样的相应试验结果进行比较.结果表明,三...     

埋地电力电缆的优化研究

为了解决以载流量为负荷电流上限运行方式导致电缆（尤其是集群敷设）负荷潜能不能充分发挥的问题,基于通用的行业标准（IEC标准）,在单根电缆长期运行不超过最高温度的条件下,以实现缆群整体负荷最大化为目标,计算电缆群输送电流.通过提高外围电缆的运载电流和适当降低中间电缆的电流值,实现缆群整体缆芯温度趋于相当,降低缆芯平均温度与90℃的温差,从而达到提高电缆群体送电能力的目标.优化计算方法可使电缆群电流负荷潜能得到发掘,有效提高电缆的经济效益.     

XLPE三芯电缆稳态并联热路模型及实验验证

交联聚乙烯材料的三芯电缆广泛应用于低压配电网中,但长期以来,关于电缆载流量计算的研究多集中于单芯电缆。考虑到三芯电缆与单芯电缆的结构差异,在IEC 60287标准计算的基础上,利用传热学知识,理论推导了三芯电缆并联结构的6层4节点稳态热路模型。采用形状因子法计算热阻参数,利用外表皮温度反推计算得到电缆各层温度。为了验证计算的准确性,设计了空气敷设和土壤敷设两种敷设方式下的升流实验,测量得到稳态时导体线芯、绝缘层、铠装层和外表皮温度,并与理论温度计算值进行了比较分析。分析结果表明,利用提出的热路模型进行三芯电缆载流量计算的误差在允许范围内,可应用于工程实际。