用汽油和甲醇燃油分层拓展HCCI燃烧高负荷的试验研究

在一台单缸HCCI发动机上研究了进气道喷射汽油缸内喷射甲醇形成汽油甲醇燃油分层的HCCI燃烧排放特性,探索了其拓展HCCI燃烧高负荷的潜力。试验结果表明:在汽油HCCI燃烧中喷射甲醇能够有效降低缸内混合气的温度,推迟着火时刻,延长燃烧持续期,从而降低压力升高率和缸内最高燃烧压力,有利于拓展HCCI燃烧高负荷。一定的HCCI负荷工况存在最佳的汽油甲醇比例,且汽油甲醇最佳比例随着负荷的增加不断减小。在最大压力升高率0.5MPa/°CA和较高的指示效率的限制下,自然吸气条件下采用汽油和甲醇燃油分层的HCCI燃烧最高负荷比汽油HCCI燃烧提高了近50%,达到0.62MPa。     

HCCI甲醇发动机的燃烧与排放特性

在Ricardo Hydra单缸四冲程发动机上利用内部废气再循环策略实现了甲醇燃料的HCCI燃烧.通过调整HCCI发动机的过量空气系数和转速,研究了HCCI甲醇发动机的燃烧和排放特性.结果表明,甲醇燃料的HCCI燃烧不同于普通汽油,其着火更早、燃烧更快,但在低转速时,平均指示压力相对较低.甲醇燃料可以在更稀的混合气条件下实现HCCI燃烧.在相同的转速和过量空气系数下,甲醇燃料的NOx和HC排放低于汽油.     

基于并行计算的二次喷射式HCCI汽油机的三维数值模拟

建立了缸内直喷HCCI汽油机带进、排气道的燃烧系统的三维工作过程循环数值模型,实现了HCCI发动机包括进气、压缩、燃烧、膨胀和排气工作过程的三维循环模拟并进行了验证.首先基于并行计算进行了不同当量比(负荷)工况下HCCI发动机缸内过程的对比分析,研究了负荷对HCCI发动机着火、燃烧和排放的影响.进而模拟了缸内直喷二次喷射的HCCI发动机循环工作过程,解析了HCCI发动机着火燃烧和排放过程,揭示了HCCI发动机缸内直喷二次喷射控制着火的规律.计算结果有助于对HCCI燃烧过程的深入理解,为HCCI发动机燃烧过程的优化提供了依据.     

乙醇燃料SI-HCCI-SI燃烧模式转换过程的研究

在一台单缸试验机上进行了乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）和火花点燃（SI）两种燃烧模式相互转换的试验研究.结果表明,采用进气热管理系统,可以实现乙醇燃料在两种燃烧方式间的转换.在SI向HCCI转换过程中,由于混合气瞬间变稀,而高温热气进到缸内有一定的时间,转速和平均有效压力下降,经过约4个工作循环后,随着高温热气连续、均匀地进到缸内,实现了连续稳定的HCCI燃烧,因此转速和平均有效压力上升,并且很快达到稳定.在HCCI向SI转换过程中,由于存在火花点火,对混合气的温度不是很敏感,因此过渡时间减少,发动机很快达到稳定状态.     

多缸汽油HCCI发动机燃烧循环变动的研究

在均质混合气压燃(HCCI)发动机研发中多缸不均匀性是一个重要的问题.通过在缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上采用两次燃油喷射和可变配气技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧,实现了SI/HCCI复合燃烧方式,研究了汽油HCCI发动机在不同燃烧模式下的多缸燃烧循环波动特性.研究结果表明:在汽油机中低负荷典型工况下,HCCI燃烧pi的缸内循环波动率小于2%,缸间循环波动率小于3%;HCCI发动机缸间循环波动主要受进气量的影响,与SI燃烧模式相比,采用稀燃模式的汽油HCCI燃烧缸间循环波动较小,HCCI燃烧的压力升高率和最高燃烧压力的循环波动率较小.     

缸内直喷汽油机喷雾、混合气形成和燃烧过程的三维数值模拟

建立了带进排气道的缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机三维数值模型,并对喷雾模型和燃烧模型进行了实验标定,进而模拟了GDI发动机化学当量比条件下均质混合气和分层混合气两种模式从进气-喷雾-混合气形成-燃烧的全过程.模拟结果表明,GDI发动机高压多孔喷嘴喷雾雾化明显,贯穿距离较长,进气过程中缸内形成强滚流促进燃油蒸发和油气混合;进气冲程单次喷射可在缸内点火之前形成较为均匀的混合气,进气和压缩冲程中进行两次喷射可在缸内点火之前形成火花塞附近较浓、周围较稀的分层混合气;在化学当量比条件下适当采用分层混合气燃烧,与均质混合气相比可以降低燃烧速度,从而减小最大爆发压力和压力升高率.计算结果有助于深入理解GDI发动机的工作过程,并为后续研究GDI燃烧控制策略提供了模拟计算平台.     

缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧对压缩比和辛烷值的适应性研究

在缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）上采用多次燃油喷射和可变配气技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧,实现了SI/HCCI复合燃烧方式。研究了不同压缩比和辛烷值对均质混合气压燃（HCCI）燃烧排放特性的影响。结果表明,汽油HCCI燃烧呈现单阶段燃烧燃料特性,HCCI着火发生在上止点附近时油耗低。低压缩比下,HCCI燃烧可以在较浓空燃比下工作,NOx排放较高。高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧可运行的负荷范围窄。汽油HCCI发动机在偏高压缩比条件下燃用偏低辛烷值汽油可以获得较好的经济性和排放性能。     

双燃烧模式发动机性能和排放特性对比的试验研究

在一台经过改进的单缸发动机上实现了乙醇燃料火花点火（SI）燃烧和均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧.获得了两种燃烧方式各自的工作区,定义了乙醇HCCI燃烧的爆震边界和失火边界.研究结果表明,通过进气加热,仅靠空气稀释,乙醇燃料的HCCI燃烧工作上限最大达到了SI工作方式下的50%.与火花点火相比,在乙醇HCCI燃烧的工作区域内,由于采用的是稀混合气,排气温度低,NOx的排放降低幅度达到58%以上.发动机负荷越小,混合气变的更稀,缸内燃烧温度降低,NOx的降低幅度越大,但CO和HC的排放升高.     

小升程凸轮轴发动机HCCI燃烧特性的研究

为了在发动机的低速低负荷区实现均质充量压缩着火（HCCI）燃烧，设计了气门升程小和气门开启持续期短的进、排气门凸轮轴，并将其安装在Ricardo Hydra单缸汽油机上。试验研究了发动机使用理论空燃比混合气时的燃烧情况，结果表明，使用负气门重叠角可以在低速低负荷区实现HCCI燃烧。在HCCI燃烧方式下运行时的平均指示压力（PIMEP）依赖于气门定时和发动机转速。排气门关闭越早，缸内的残余废气量增加，每循环进气量减少，燃烧持续期变长，PIMEP减小，然而泵气损失减小；进气相位对PIMEP的影响小于排气相位的影响；高的发动机转速对燃烧过程的影响类似于排气门早关．     

缸内直喷汽油机SI-HCCI-SI燃烧模式切换的研究

双燃烧模式是车用均质混合气压缩着火（HCCI）发动机理想的运行策略,即在中小负荷下使用HCCI燃烧模式,而在大负荷和高转速下过渡到传统的火花点火（SI）燃烧或柴油机燃烧模式运行。采用可变配气和缸内直喷技术,在一个发动机循环内改变配气策略和喷油策略,实现从SI模式所要求的常规火花点火配气相位向HCCI模式要求的负阀重叠配气相位的跳变,配合缸内直喷策略的调整,实现SI模式和HCCI模式间的切换。通过分步切换的策略,可以提高切换过程的稳定性。燃烧模式切换可在一个发动机工作循环内完成,切换过程平稳迅速可靠,无失火和爆震等异常燃烧现象的发生。     

A computational study to analyze the effect of equivalence ratio and hydrogen volume fraction on the ultra-lean burning of the syngas-fueled HCCI engine

This computational study investigates the equivalence ratio and hydrogen volume fraction effect on the ultra-lean burning of the syngas-fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. In this research, low calorific syngas, composed of different compositions of H2, CO, and CO2, is used as a fuel in the HCCI engine that is operated under an overly lean air-fuel mixture. ANSYS Forte CFD package with Gri-Mech 3.0 chemical kinetics was used to analyze the in-cylinder combustion phenomena, and the simulation results were validated with experimental tests in the form of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate at different equivalence ratios.The results indicate that changing the equivalence ratio produces a negligible change in combustion phasing, while it positively impacts the combustion and thermal efficiency of this syngas-fueled HCCI engine under lean conditions due to the high burning rate in the squish region. Moreover, an increased equivalence ratio increases MPRR due to the rich mixture combustion. The results also represent that the high-volume fraction of H2 in syngas fuel causes an advanced burning phase, improves the combustion performance of the HCCI engine at all equivalence ratio conditions, and causes slightly high NOx emissions.     

A simulation of the combustion of hydrogen in HCCI engines using a 3D model with detailed chemical kinetics

The influence of changes in the swirl velocity of the intake mixture on the combustion processes within a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine fueled with hydrogen were investigated analytically. A turbulent transient 3D predictive computational model which was developed and applied to the HCCI engine combustion system, incorporated detailed chemical kinetics for the oxidation of hydrogen. The effects of changes in the initial intake swirl, temperature and pressure, engine speed and compression and equivalence ratios on the combustion characteristics of a hydrogen fuelled HCCI engine were also examined. It is shown that an increase in the initial flow swirl ratio or speed lengthens the delay period for autoignition and extends the combustion period while reducing NO_x emissions. There are optimum values of the initial swirl ratio and engine speed for a certain mixture intake temperature, pressure, compression and equivalence ratios operational conditions that can achieve high thermal efficiencies and low NO_x emissions while reducing the tendency to knock     

火花点火对缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧的影响

实现汽油机均质混合气压燃(HCCI)的难点是着火控制。在缸内直喷汽油机上实现了HCCI燃烧,研究了火花点火对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,HCCI燃烧方式较火花点火(SI)火焰传播燃烧方式放热速率快,热效率高,NOx大幅度降低。在HCCI临界状态时,火花点火有助于提高燃烧稳定性,抑制失火和爆燃,降低循环波动;当火花点火时缸内温度远超过临界着火温度时,火花点火对HCCI燃烧影响不大。火花点火在SI／HCCI燃烧模式切换工况时,能提高瞬态过渡平顺性。     

Statistical analysis of the cyclic variations of heat release parameters in HCCI combustion of methanol and gasoline

Combustion instability and cyclic variations lead to the requirement of closed loop control for use of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine technology for automotive applications. The closed loop control of HCCI combustion requires robust combustion timing parameters with a systematic and detailed study of its variations vis-à-vis engine operating conditions. An experimental study is conducted to provide insight into cyclic variations of HCCI combustion phasing for two fuels (gasoline and methanol) using statistical techniques. In this study, cycle-to-cycle variations of heat release parameters such as Maximum Rate of Heat Release (ROHR_max), 10% Mass Burn Fraction (MBF), 50% MBF, 90% MBF and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) of HCCI combustion engine fueled with methanol and gasoline were investigated using a modified two-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The experiments were conducted with different engine operating conditions at constant intake air temperature (140 °C) and different air-fuel ratios at constant engine speed (1500 rpm). To evaluate the cycle-to-cycle variations of combustion parameters at different test conditions, coefficient of variation (COV) and standard deviation of parameters were used. The results showed that CA₅₀ (crank angle position of 50% MBF) is a robust parameter for the closed loop control of HCCI combustion.     

二甲醚均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的研究

二甲醚均质压燃发动机由一台单缸柴油机改造而成,其压缩比为10．7。二甲醚气体随进气进入气缸,形成均质混合气。通过试验采集分析缸内压力,结果表明二甲醚均质压燃燃烧是一个两阶段放热过程,分别发生在610K和900K左右。第一阶段放热量较少,约占10％,正常情况下第二阶段集中在上止点附近,释放出70％以上的燃料热量。发动机负荷对最大缸压力及其出现位置、压力升高率和放热率曲线形状等都有重要影响,而发动机转速对它们的影响比较小。     

基于缸内分段直喷和负气门重叠角汽油机的HCCI燃烧

利用发动机热力循环软件BOC9ST耦合嵌入详细化学反应动力学机理的CHEMKIN代码建立了GDI-HCCI 发动机燃烧数值模型,对缸内直喷汽油机采用分段燃油喷射配合负气门重叠角控制缸内混合气化学组分、混合气浓度及温度历程的策略进行了实验验证及模拟分析．结果显示,加大负气门重叠角以及在此期间喷油可以产生燃油改质效果,缸内温度升高,使HCCI着火更容易控制．由此在保证NOx排放极低的同时循环波动明显减小,负荷稀限拓宽,燃油经济性改善．     

The simulation based on CHEMKIN for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with on-board fuel reformation in the chamber

In order to control the combustion phase precisely and remarkably extend the operation range of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine, a method of on-board controllable phase fuel reformation in the reforming chamber is proposed in this paper. HCCI combustion is dominated by chemical kinetics, and H₂, OH, H and O are the key radicals and play an important role in controlling HCCI combustion. The attempt of the proposed method is to try to change the control of chemical kinetics into a manipulation of fuel reforming system. The system includes an independent reformation chamber with an injector and a controllable valve that connects reformation chamber and the main chamber. The reforming fuel is reformed into H₂-rich gas. The reformed gas enters the cylinder to change the combustion phasing at compression stroke. The model of HCCI with reforming process is built with CHEMKIN 4.1 software, and HCCI process with on-board reformation is simulated. The results show that the components of the reformed gas are influenced by initial temperature and reforming mixture concentration. The maximum fraction of H₂ may be obtained by optimizing the trap timing and reforming mixture concentration (optimal value: Φ_T = 31 °CA, λ₃ = 0.4). The optimized reformed gas does have the ability to change the combustion phasing of HCCI engine. With the help of the on-board controllable phase fuel reformation system, HCCI combustion process can be precisely controlled, and the HCCI engine is allowed to operate under lower intake temperature and higher speed condition, and to keep high IMEP and indicated thermal efficiency.     

Experimental investigation on the effect of intake air temperature and air–fuel ratio on cycle-to-cycle variations of HCCI combustion and performance parameters

Combustion in HCCI engines is a controlled auto ignition of well-mixed fuel, air and residual gas. Since onset of HCCI combustion depends on the auto ignition of fuel/air mixture, there is no direct control on the start of combustion process. Therefore, HCCI combustion becomes unstable rather easily, especially at lower and higher engine loads. In this study, cycle-to-cycle variations of a HCCI combustion engine fuelled with ethanol were investigated on a modified two-cylinder engine. Port injection technique is used for preparing homogeneous charge for HCCI combustion. The experiments were conducted at varying intake air temperatures and air–fuel ratios at constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and P-θ diagram of 100 consecutive combustion cycles for each test conditions at steady state operation were recorded. Consequently, cycle-to-cycle variations of the main combustion parameters and performance parameters were analyzed. To evaluate the cycle-to-cycle variations of HCCI combustion parameters, coefficient of variation (COV) of every parameter were calculated for every engine operating condition. The critical optimum parameters that can be used to define HCCI operating ranges are ‘maximum rate of pressure rise’ and ‘COV of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)’.