草鱼肉蛋白酶解物功能特性及质量控制的研究

采用Neutrase对草鱼鱼肉蛋白进行了酶解,得到了水解度(DH)为4.72%、9.80%、13.32%的酶解产物(NH),并分析了pH与水解度对酶解产物功能特性的影响。结果表明,酶解产物的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性在pH为4时达到最低,而后随pH的增大而增加。在pH为3～8的范围内随水解度的增加,酶解产物的溶解性增加,起泡性降低。pH为4时,水解度为4.72%、9.80%、13.32%的酶解产物的热稳定性之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),且随水解度升高而增大。在pH为3～5的范围内酶解产物的乳化性随水解度升高而降低。酶解产物的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性间存在相关性(P<0.05)。     

草鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解产物功能特性及其抗氧化活性

将草鱼鱼鳞在60℃下经胃蛋白酶及木瓜蛋白酶酶解,制备了不同水解度的酶解产物,并测定了其功能特性及抗氧化性。结果显示:两种蛋白酶酶解产物的溶解性和热稳定性较高,尤其是木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的溶解性均大于91.60%。随着水解度的增大,酶解产物的溶解性增强,乳化性和起泡性逐渐减小,且胃蛋白酶酶解产物在乳化性和起泡性方面都明显好于木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物。在木瓜蛋白酶酶解的两种产物中,随着水解度升高酶解产物的亚铁离子螯合能力、还原力和清除DPPH自由基的能力均下降。结果表明酶解产物的功能特性及抗氧化性与水解度有一定关系(P<0.05)。     

In vitro antioxidant activity of papain‐treated grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) protein hydrolysate and the preventive effect on fish mince system

Antioxidant activities of papain‐treated grass carp protein hydrolysate (HP) were investigated using in vitro methods and in grass carp mince system. Lipid oxidation, colour changes and cooking loss in grass carp mince added with 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% HP during refrigerated storage (4 °C) for 8 days was studied. HP could chelate 50% of Fe²⁺ and scavenge 50% of hydroxyl radicals at the concentration of 0.81 and 8.12 mg mL^?1, respectively. And HP could effectively decrease peroxide values and inhibit the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in fish mince throughout storage (P < 0.05), at the application level range from 0.5% to 4.0%. In HP‐treated samples the formation of conjugate dienes (CDs) was retarded 5–30% at day 6 of storage compared to control. In addition, HP could significantly decrease cooking loss of fish mince samples, at the application level range from 1.0% to 4.0%.     

Antioxidant activities and functional properties of soy protein isolate hydrolysates obtained using microbial proteases

Soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrolysates were prepared using microbial proteases to produce peptides with antioxidant activity. The process parameters (substrate and enzyme concentrations), hydrolysis time, functional properties and the effects of ultrafiltration were further investigated. The results showed that the soy protein isolate exhibited a 7.0‐fold increase in antioxidant activity after hydrolysis. The hydrolysis parameters, defined by the experimental design, were a substrate concentration of 90 mg mL^?1 and the addition of 70.0 U of protease per mL of reaction. The maximum antioxidant activities were observed between 120 and 180 min of hydrolysis, where the degree of hydrolysis was approximately 20.0%. The hydrolysis increased solubility of the soy protein isolate; however, the hydrolysates exhibited a tendency to decrease in the interfacial activities and the heat stability. The SPI hydrolysates fractions obtained by ultrafiltration showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in samples with homogenous size and strong antioxidant activity.     

Effects of washing and membrane removal pretreatments on the antioxidant properties of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) protein hydrolysates produced by in vitro digestion

The effects of washing and membrane removal pretreatments on the antioxidant properties of grass carp protein hydrolysates prepared through in vitro digestion were investigated. Furthermore, antioxidant hydrolysate was fractionated using ultrafiltration membranes (10, 5, 3 and 1 kDa). Oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC), DPPH and ABTS‐scavenging activity in a gastrointestinal digest produced from pretreated minced grass carp was increased 1.74‐fold, 1.08‐fold and 1.72‐fold, respectively, compared to untreated minced carp. Compared to the alkaline protease hydrolysate, ORAC, ferric reducing antioxidant power, ABTS‐ and DPPH‐scavenging activity in a gastrointestinal digest prepared from pretreated minced carp were reduced by 11.5%, 60.9%, 16.3% and 78.4%, respectively. The ultrafiltration fraction (<1 kDa) displayed the highest antioxidant activity. The size of molecular weight and the amount of hydrophobic and aromatic residues in hydrolysates played an important role in antioxidant activity. Low‐molecular‐weight fish hydrolysates could serve as a potential source of functional ingredients for promoting health.     

鳙鱼酶解物体外抗氧化的研究

利用碱性蛋白酶Alcalase对鳙鱼进行控制酶解,制备出具有清除自由基活性的酶解物并比较其还原能力和对脂肪氧合酶活性的影响,并考察其对红细胞溶血、肝线粒体肿胀的影响,结合不同处理后肝脑组织中MDA浓度的测定以对鳙鱼酶解物在模拟体系中的抗氧化活性进行综合评价。结果表明三种鳙鱼酶解物的肽提取率均在70%以上且主要由寡肽(含5～6个氨基酸残基)组成,三种酶解物均具有一定的还原能力,在较高浓度时能抑制脂肪氧合酶的活性并可在体外抑制因H2O2引发的新西兰家兔红细胞溶血和由FeSO4和Vc诱导的肝线粒体肿胀,同时降低肝脑组织中MDA的产生。说明鳙鱼酶解物在一定浓度范围内具有抗氧化作用,比较三种酶解物的抗氧化特性可知酶解物C具有较强的综合抗氧化能力,可作为后续研究的材料。     

Relevance of collagen solubility and gelatinolytic proteinase activity for texture softening in chilled grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets

The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of softening texture in chilled grass carp filletsunderpinning collagen solubility, gelatinolytic proteinase activity and physicochemical parameters. Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and heat soluble collagen (HSC) increased markedly, while a significant decline was detected in total collagen and insoluble collagen (ISC) during the first 3 days of storage, coinciding with a loss of shear force and water-holding capacity (WHC) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the activity of gelatinolytic proteinases was gradually activated and reached the peak at day 3 (P < 0.05). Pearson coefficient analysis showed that gelatinolytic proteinase activity revealed a significant correlation with collagen solubility. Total collagen, ASC, ISC and HSC were significantly correlated with shear force and WHC. Our study clarified that the increase of collagen solubility by gelatinolytic proteinases played an important role for texture softening in the early stage of chilled grass carp fillets.     

罗非鱼鱼肉及组分蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化特性

采用胃蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、Alcalase2.4L碱性蛋白酶分别酶解罗非鱼肉蛋白,研究比较不同蛋白酶在1、2、4、6、8h对罗非鱼肉蛋白的酶解效果及产物的抗氧化活性,结果表明:3种酶的酶解产物都具有一定的抗氧化活性,中性蛋白酶酶解产物的水解度和蛋白回收率最高,胃蛋白酶酶解产物对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除效果最好;综合各项指标选择中性蛋白酶对罗非鱼肉的组分蛋白(肌原纤维蛋白、肌浆蛋白、基质蛋白)进行4h酶解,研究比较不同组分蛋白的酶解效果及产物的抗氧化活性,结果表明:组分蛋白中基质蛋白酶解产物的蛋白回收率最高,为89.8%,肌原纤维蛋白酶解产物的水解度最高,为10.1%,肌浆蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化活性最好,羟自由基和DPPH自由基的IC50值分别为12.352mg/m L和3.554mg/m L。      

微波预处理对草鱼鱼肉蛋白消化及其产物抗氧化活性的影响

草鱼鱼肉蛋白经微波处理后,采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步酶解法模拟其在人体胃、肠道的消化过程,以消化率、氨基酸组成、分子质量分布及抗氧化活性为指标,研究微波对鱼肉蛋白的影响。结果表明：功率800 W时,随着微波时间的延长,鱼肉蛋白消化率逐渐降低,消化产物的疏水性氨基酸及低分子质量（≤500 D）组分含量升高;同时,消化产物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率提高了2.35 倍、2,2-联苯-二（3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基（2,2’-azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate）,ABTS＋·）清除率降低了44.77%、还原力提高了6.23 倍。高功率的微波处理会降低鱼肉蛋白质的可消化性,并影响其消化产物的抗氧化活性。     

棉子糖对草鱼生长性能与肠道黏膜形态的影响

以基础饲料作为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加200、400、800、1 200和2 000mg/kg棉子糖的组作为5个试验组,以研究棉子糖对草鱼生长性能与肠道黏膜形态的影响。结果显示:(1)添加棉子糖能够提高草鱼的特定生长率,降低饵料系数,其中1 200mg/kg组与其余各组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)各试验组肠道皱襞高度均高于对照组,除800、2 000mg/kg组外,其他试验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);200mg/kg组、1 200mg/kg组微绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);除2 000mg/kg组外,其他试验组微绒毛密度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。本试验条件下,饲料中棉子糖最适添加量为1 200mg/kg。     

草鱼消化道粗蛋白酶的部分性质

用丙酮脱脂然后用磷酸盐缓冲溶液从草鱼肠道中提取一种主要含有酸性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的粗蛋白酶。该粗酶水解血红蛋白的最适pH=3～4，水解酪蛋白的最适pH值有2个，分别为pH4．4和PH10．3。水解牛血红蛋白的最适作用温度为37℃，水解酪蛋白的最适作用温度为45℃。酸性蛋白酶在50℃保温30min后只有大约20％的最初活性被保留，而要使碱性蛋白酶丧失80％的最初活力需要在60℃保温30min。     

鲢鱼复合酶解产物的理化及功能特性研究

采用复合蛋白酶及风味蛋白酶对鲢鱼鱼肉进行复合酶解,通过控制水解时间制得产品SCH1、SCH2、SCH3、SCH4和SCH5,其水解度分别为7.5%、9.4%、10.3%、11.6%、14.6%,考察其分子量、等电点等基本特性,并与酶解前对比考察其持油性、溶解性、起泡性、乳化性等功能性质,同时对其体外抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明:五种酶解产物的等电点均为p H2左右,重均分子量分布于1000³000 u之间;与酶解前相比,产品溶解性提高57.99%以上,持油性略有降低;乳化性、起泡性均明显增强,酸性环境（p H2）中起泡性最差,而碱性环境（p H10）中乳化性最强;ABTS+·清除率、脂质过氧化抑制率及还原能力均随水解度增大而升高,其中清除率最高达到90.75%。所研发鲢鱼酶解产品既可直接食用,又能作为原辅料应用于食品加工过程,可为鲢鱼精深加工产品研发提供新思路。      

鳙鱼鱼肉蛋白的酶解及其对功能性质的影响

为了改善鳙鱼鱼肉蛋白(BCMP)的功能性质以扩大其在食品工业中的应用,以鳙鱼为原料制备了鳙鱼鱼肉蛋白,并利用碱性蛋白酶Alcalase2.4L对其进行水解,得到了3种不同水解度(DH4.5%、DH9.0%、DH13.5%)的酶解物。研究了BCMP及其酶解物的功能性质,包括溶解性、持水性、持油性、乳化性、起泡性。结果表明,与原鳙鱼鱼肉蛋白相比,酶解物的功能性质除持油性以外均有不同程度的提高。此外,DH4.5%的酶解物乳化性和起泡性最高,过度水解(DH9.0%、DH13.5%)反而造成乳化性和起泡性下降。     

Gel‐forming ability of surimi from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): influence of heat treatment and soy protein isolate

The effects of setting conditions and soy protein isolate (SPI) on textural properties of surimi produced from grass carp were investigated. Effects of setting temperature, setting time and protein concentration on the breaking force and distance were evaluated and compared utilizing response surface methodology. Models for breaking force and breaking distance of grass carp surimi were established. Protein concentration was the major factor affecting the gel strength of grass carp surimi. Breaking force and distance of grass carp surimi gels decreased with increase of protein ratio from SPI at 30 °C and 40 °C for 60 min setting and heating at 85 °C for 30 min, but the breaking force obtained for addition of 100 g kg^?1 SPI protein to grass carp surimi was higher than that for surimi alone at 60 °C for 60 min incubation and heating at 85 °C for 30 min. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant and biochemical properties of protein hydrolysates prepared from Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

The antioxidant and biochemical properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) protein were studied. The molecular weight of the main peaks of the hydrolysates by both Alcalase and Flavourzyme was lower than 5000 Da. The hydrolysates treated by Alcalase for ?1.5 h (hydrolysis time) showed that the relative proportion of <1000 Da fraction was more than 60%. For the biochemical properties, hydrolysis by both enzymes increased protein solubility to above 75% over a wide pH range; and when the hydrolysis time was prolonged (>3 h), the colour of the hydrolysates turned yellowish. The protein hydrolysates exhibited significant hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation. For Alcalase treatment, the hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation of hydrolysates appeared to reach a maximum level for 1.5, 2.0 h of hydrolysis, respectively; and their antioxidant activity was close to that of α-tocopherol in a linoleic acid emulsion system, and carnosine in the 2-deoxyribose oxidation system. The hydrolysate with lower molecular weight distribution possessed stronger Fe²⁺ chelation ability at a sample concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. The results suggested that the antioxidant activity of silver carp protein hydrolysates were related to its degree of hydrolysis (DH), hydrolysis time and molecular weight.     

“冻脆肉鲩鱼片”生产工艺的设计

基于动物福利原则开展\     

脆肉鲩冷藏保鲜过程中暗色肉颜色的变化

通过分析脆肉鲩在冷藏过程中质构、a*值、高铁肌红蛋白、脂肪氧化的变化以及抗氧化剂处理下a*值和高铁肌红蛋白的变化,探讨冷藏过程中a*值与高铁肌红蛋白的相关性。结果表明,在冷藏过程中,a*值随着冷藏时间的延长逐渐减小,高铁肌红蛋白的含量随冷藏时间的延长而增大,肌红蛋白含量随冷藏时间的延长而下降,并且a*值与高铁肌红蛋白含量和TBA值显著性负相关。通过D-最优设计分析及回归分析发现,肌肽、VC和烟酰胺复配对肌肉暗色肉颜色影响明显,肌肽的作用最大,8mmol/L的肌肽与0.04%的VC和0.02%的烟酰胺的复配效果最好。该复配能减慢高铁肌红蛋白的形成,而具有较高的a*值。进一步揭示脆肉鲩暗色肉中a*值与高铁肌红蛋白呈显著的负相关,可用a*值对暗色肉冷藏过程中颜色的改变进行评定。     

Effects of chitosan coating combined with essential oils on quality and antioxidant enzyme activities of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets stored at 4 °C

Effects of chitosan coating combined with essential oils from clove, cinnamon and lemon grass on quality and antioxidant enzyme activities of grass carp fillets stored at 4 ± 0.5 °C were evaluated. The quality parameters (including pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), K value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, shear force and total viable count (TVC)) and antioxidant enzyme activities were analysed periodically. The results indicated that composite chitosan coatings presented better preservation effects than chitosan coating alone. In addition, chitosan–clove essential oil coating had the best quality enhancement effects among treatments by inhibiting deterioration of physicochemical quality and microbial growth and maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities of fillets during refrigerated storage. The negative correlation was observed between the changes in TBA values and antioxidant enzyme activities in fillets. Based on these findings, chitosan–essential oil coatings effectively mitigated oxidative stress and extended shelf life of refrigerated grass carp fillets.