川中紫色土地区不同集水区暴雨氮流失特征分析

农业区域非点源污染排放引起的水体污染是我国水体污染控制与流域治理的重要内容。迄今为止,丘陵区农业小流域内不同土地利用方式下氮素污染机理的径流驱动过程仍不明晰。选择川中紫色土丘陵区3种典型集水区(集镇、农林复合区、林地区),对暴雨过程中非点源氮素迁移特征进行了实地观测和分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式下非点源氮迁移机制及负荷变化特征。分析结果表明:(1)集镇集水区径流对暴雨事件反应最迅速;农林复合区响应较慢,波动幅度较缓;林地集水区植被覆盖度较高,由于植被截留等原因,其响应最慢。(2)集镇集水区总氮(TN)、可溶性氮(DN)及硝态氮(NN)含量最高,且呈多峰值特点;农林复合集水区TN含量相对稳定;林地集水区TN,DN,NN及颗粒态氮(PN)波动最小,且浓度最低。(3)集镇和农林复合区PN和铵态氮(AN)迁移过程呈现一定"初期冲刷效应";而林地TN,DN,NN迁移呈现一定的"初期冲刷效应",且PN迁移"末期冲刷效应"显著。研究成果可为丘陵区复杂小流域污染源识别、污染负荷估算与预测提供科学基础。     

水文过程对农业小流域氮素迁移的影响

以江西低丘红壤区农业小流域为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下对小流域内试验小区、上游灌渠和小流域出口径流中的氮素浓度进行监测,旨在从小区尺度和小流域尺度阐明农业小流域氮素流失与降雨和径流的关系。结果表明:在小区坡面流中,硝态氮浓度随降雨径流的变化趋势不明显,铵态氮和全氮浓度随降雨径流的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;壤中流对硝态氮的流失有主要影响,而坡面流对全氮的流失作用不可忽视。小流域的氮素流失主要发生在4~6月,其间氮素NH4 -N、NO3--N和TN的流失量在上游干旱地灌渠分别占年流失量的74%、61%和62%;在小流域出口分别占年流失量的82%、70%和79%。年全氮流失量达43.8kg/hm2,占氮素施用量的22.6%。     

紫色丘陵区典型小流域暴雨径流氮磷迁移过程与通量

对紫色丘陵区盐亭截流小流域2007年3次暴雨径流的全过程进行了连续监测,测定了径流量及降雨—径流过程中氮、磷的形态、浓度与通量变化。结果表明,N、P各形态浓度变化曲线与流量曲线趋势大致相同,总氮(TN)浓度迅速达到峰值后缓慢下降,而后期又略呈上升趋势,硝态氮(NN)浓度变化总体呈上升趋势,颗粒态氮(PN)与颗粒态磷(PP)浓度在径流过程中迅速达到峰值后陡然下降,氨态氮(AN)及磷酸盐(PO43-P)含量较低且波动较小。暴雨径流前期氮素迁移以PN为主,主要来源于地表径流,受降雨强度控制。后期以NN为主,来源于土壤硝酸盐随壤中流淋失。磷素主要以地表径流迁移的PP为主。暴雨径流导致的N、P流失负荷巨大,说明初期冲刷效应明显。     

紫色土丘陵区不同土地利用类型小流域氮素流失规律初探

摘要： 以紫色土丘陵区3个土地利用类型各异的小流域为研究对象,监测了20场自然降雨侵蚀下径流氮素的流失 过程,旨在为流域尺度养分流失预测模型的发展与校正提供依据。结果表明,次降雨过程中硝态氮的流失浓度随 着流量的增加而降低,峰值流量处浓度一般达到最低;此后,随着流量的减小,硝态氮的流失浓度又呈现增加趋 势。铵态氮流失过程表现为波浪形变化,径流初期其流失浓度一般较高,随着时间的延长逐渐降低并趋于稳定。 硝态氮是紫色土小流域氮素流失的主要形式,其占到径流无机氮流失的50%~97%。单一农田土地利用将导致流 域     

紫色土丘陵区小流域非点源氮迁移特征研究

对长江上游紫色土丘陵区盐亭县林山乡典型的集镇小流域和农林复合小流域的非点源氮迁移过程进行了同步监测，比较分析了两不同类型小流域的径流过程及降雨-径流过程中氮素各形态浓度、负荷变化特征。结果表明了集镇小流域和农林复合小流域径流过程与非点源氮迁移过程均存在较大差异：（1）集镇小流域径流过程与降雨过程迅速响应，径流过程呈现“暴涨暴落”的特点。相反，农林复合小流域径流过程显著滞后于降雨过程，呈现出显著的“滞后效应”。（2）集镇小流域总氮（TN）、颗粒态氮（PN）以及铵态氮（NH4+-N）浓度在降雨径流初期迅速升高，而后迅速下降，呈现明显的“单峰”。相反，农林复合小流域在小雨事件中氮素浓度变化较小，但在中雨和暴雨事件过程中，初期径流中氮浓度较低，而中后期逐渐升高。（3）集镇小流域TN、PN、NH4+-N迁移过程体现了显著的“初始冲刷效应”，其中初期25%的径流量平均携带了50%的TN负荷、71%的PN负荷、64%的NH4+-N负荷，而农林复合小流域TN、可溶性氮（DN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）则体现了一定的“末期冲刷”的特点。     

城西试验流域水文特性及水文过程模拟

水文试验是认识水文规律的重要基础工作。根据我国东部低山丘陵区城西试验流域的实测资料,分析不同尺度降雨径流之间的响应关系,再利用新安江流域水文模型进行径流模拟,进一步探讨该模型在我国东部低山丘陵区的适用性。结果表明:在试验流域空间尺度(几十平方公里)的暴雨洪水过程中,洪水峰现时间一般滞后雨峰3～4 h;场次和月尺度上的降雨径流具有较好的正相关关系;在日尺度上,降雨径流关系散乱,以10和70 mm降雨量为阈值呈U型分布; 3种时间尺度上,径流均受到前期退水过程的影响,其中,时间尺度越短,受前期退水过程的影响越显著;新安江流域水文模型在我国东部低山丘陵区具有较好的水文模拟能力,且月尺度水文过程的模拟效果优于日尺度,对天然流域的模拟效果优于人类活动扰动的流域。     

紫色土丘陵区小流域非点源氮迁移特征研究

对紫色土丘陵区典型集镇小流域和农林复合小流域非点源氮迁移过程进行同步监测,比较2种不同类型小流域的径流过程及径流中各形态氮素浓度、负荷变化特征。结果表明：（1）集镇小流域径流过程与降雨过程迅速响应,径流过程呈现“暴涨暴落”的特点,而农林复合小流域径流过程显著滞后于降雨过程,呈现显著的“滞后效应”。（2）集镇小流域总氮（TN）、颗粒态氮（PN）及铵态氮（AN）浓度在径流初期迅速升高,达到“峰”值后迅速下降;而农林复合小流域在小雨事件中氮浓度变化较小,中雨和暴雨事件过程中,初期径流氮浓度较低,中后期逐渐升高,     

川中丘陵区小尺度范围非点源氮素流失特征分析

为研究自然降雨条件下紫色土地块-小流域尺度农业非点源氮素随径流流失的特征,采用野外径流观测法,对2011年川中某紫色土丘陵区12次典型降雨产流事件进行了监测,测定径流量及径流中氮素浓度与负荷变化情况。结果表明:旱地流失负荷值远大于林地流失负荷值,且旱地氮素流失主要集中在施肥后的初期降水事件中,占流失总量的76.1%;壤中流氮素平均浓度为0.98~54.1mg/L;旱地氮素迁移有显著月变化特征,明显受到当地施肥习惯和汛期降雨量影响。陈家湾农林复合小流域氮素迁移特点分析表明,该小流域受到多种土地利用类型影响,径流氮素浓度波动范围不大;但在大雨降雨事件中,浓度在降雨后期有所升高,体现了"末期冲刷效应"。研究结果可为调控长江上游紫色土丘陵区氮素流失提供参考。     

基于改进型DNDC 模型的小流域非点源氮迁移过程模拟与空间拓展应用

以长江上游紫色土区截流堰小流域和大兴小流域为研究对象,应用改进型DNDC（Enhanced Denitrification Decomposition Model）模型对紫色土区小流域径流、泥沙和氮流失过程进行模拟研究。采用截流堰小流域2007-2009年和2010-2011年径流、泥沙及氮迁移监测数据分别进行模型参数率定和验证,检验模型在紫色土区的适用性,然后利用大兴小流域2011年水文、水质监测数据对该模型进行拓展验证,探讨模型在具相似空间结构特征的小流域尺度拓展的可行性。结果显示：率定期和验证期月径流、土壤侵蚀、氮流失Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数大多超过0.80,相对误差均在16.36%以内。拓展验证期,月径流、土壤侵蚀、总氮（TN）和颗粒态氮（PN）的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别为0.70、0.55、0.76和0.71,相对误差分别为6.2%、31.2%、9.5%和30.4%。改进型DNDC模型能较好模拟紫色土区小流域径流、泥沙和氮迁移过程,但尺度拓展过程中泥沙、颗粒态氮的模拟偏差有所增大。     

紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测,测定了径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度,以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期,其峰值出现在雨强最大时;集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期,是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因;降雨-径流过程中,颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中 PN/DN 多小于1,而 PP/DP 范围为1.1~30.2,说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式,而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。