物理受限冗余机械臂逆运动学凸优化求解

针对冗余机械臂逆运动学求解结果极有可能超过机械臂物理限制的问题,提出一种基于凸优化的逆运动学求解方法使得逆解结果满足物理约束.首先分析了关节速度与力矩关系,采用机械臂动能及重复运动为优化指标,以关节速度、关节力矩为优化变量.然后将逆运动学求解问题转化为凸优化问题,进一步转化为二次规划问题,充分利用冗余特性,实现逆运动学求解时避免关节位置、关节速度、关节力矩极限.最后利用7自由度冗余机械臂KUKA LBR iiwa进行仿真,求解关节量结果符合物理极限及优化准则.结果表明本文提出的方法适用于物理受限冗余机械臂的逆运动学求解.     

一种基于遗传算法的空间机械臂避障轨迹规划方法

针对空间机械臂系统的一系列特殊需求,提出了一种空间机械臂轨迹规划方法.假设机械臂在关节空间下存在一条可以用两段高次样条曲线分段描述、满足所有空间机械臂运动特性要求的理想轨迹.这两段样条轨迹之间的连接点参数能够影响两段样条函数在空间中的扭曲形状,从而使机械臂在遵从样条轨迹运动的同时避开所有障碍.首先建立理想轨迹的分段描述方程,将方程中的未知量用与中间点有关的参数进行描述,将不能够确定的中间点相关参数提取出来作为待定参数,从而将空间机械臂轨迹规划问题转变为一个多目标优化求解问题;其次应用遗传算法进行求解,在分析空间机械臂控制需求和障碍的笛卡儿空间描述的基础上,通过加权系数法建立关于笛卡儿空间机械臂末端轨迹长度、关节空间机械臂运动角度、运动过程中关节最大扭矩、机械臂总运动时间和碰撞情况的遗传算法适应度评定函数.最后应用遗传算法在关节空间下规划出一条无碰撞、动力学特性满足裕度要求、轨迹长度和运动时间较短的理想轨迹.另外,上述方法具有拓展性,通过多次分解轨迹求取中间点,能够使机械臂避开非常复杂的障碍.利用该方法在通过C语言建立的空间机械臂仿真平台上进行验证,结果表明该方法稳定、有效,生成的轨迹满足空间机械臂的性能要求.     

基于PSO的空间机械臂轨迹规划技术研究

研究机器人的机械臂轨迹优化问题,空间机器人系统的机械臂和基座之间存在动力学耦合,基座姿态稳定性容易受到机械臂运动的反作用干扰.为了使空间机器人系统的姿态稳定性不受的影响,提出了一种基于PSO(粒子群优化算法)的参数化5-3-5轨迹规划方法.利用PSO的优化能力找到合适的参数组合,进行关节空间轨迹规划.通过对比实验,运用动力学仿真对方法的有效性进行了验证.仿真结果表明,方法规划出的轨迹运动光滑,且按段轨迹运动机械臂对基座姿态的扰动符合预期要求,证明规划轨迹的有效性.     

基于改进蚁群算法的六自由度机械臂轨迹规划

为了解决六自由度械臂末端轨迹的平稳性和效率的问题,针对多关节机械臂末端轨迹提出了一种基于改进蚁群算法的多关节机械臂轨迹规划。采用了关节空间轨迹方法包括B样条插值、三次多项式插值和五次多项式插值进行实验分析论证,同时根据改进的蚁群算法对机械臂的轨迹进行规划,对比位置的准确性、轨迹的连续性、加速度的变化率,确定最后的轨迹规划算法为改进的蚁群算法与多项式轨迹规划相结合效果最好。     

基于双人工势场非冗余机械臂避障方法研究

对二连杆非冗余自由度机械臂模型避障轨迹规划进行研究,为了解决避障过程中由于最终姿态不合适而无法达到目标点的问题,在原有优化人工势场算法上,调整了斥力在连杆上的作用点,并通过在过度关节处增加第二势场面的方式,对机械臂避障运动轨迹进行了优化,最终通过仿真以及实验证明了该方法的可行性。     

基于能耗优化的深海电动机械臂轨迹规划

由于深海电动机械臂动力学模型较为复杂,难以基于动力学模型构建精确的能耗优化目标函数,因此,本文提出一种利用径向基函数（RBF）神经网络构建机械臂功耗模型的方法．首先,利用机械臂水下运动实验数据集训练所构建的RBF神经网络．利用基于该神经网络的功耗模型,结合机械臂关节空间轨迹规划多项式,建立机械臂能耗目标函数．然后,采用自适应粒子群优化（PSO）算法求解最优轨迹参数．结果显示,RBF功耗网络均方根误差（RMSE）为20.89 W;经过优化的轨迹的能耗比实验轨迹的能耗均值降低410.8 J（18.3%）．实验结果表明基于自适应PSO算法的轨迹规划方法实现了能耗优化的目标．     

基于ROS的六自由度机械臂运动规划

针对传统机器人在复杂环境下的安全问题以及运动规划问题,采用开源机器人操作系统ROS搭建了机器人仿真平台,并进行运动规划。在ROS平台下,利用URDF文件完成机械臂3D建模;利用Movelt配置助手(setup assistant)配置机械臂模型并且生成启动文件。在Rviz中显示三维模型;利用Movelt完成对六自由度机械臂的运动规划,以及避障轨迹规划。结果表明,通过Rqt_plot导出机械臂运动过程中六个关节的位置关系信息,可为进一步改善和研究机械臂轨迹规划提供更加直观的方法。     

基于终态神经网络的冗余机械臂重复运动规划

为解决冗余机械臂在运动过程中出现的关节角漂移现象,提出了一种终态吸引优化指标,形成冗余机械臂重复运动规划的二次优化方法。采用具有有限值激活函数的终态神经网络来求解,在初值位置偏移目标位置的情形下,实现冗余机械臂有限时间收敛的重复运动规划任务。同时,分别以新型的终态神经网络(TNN)和其加速网络(ATNN)求解运动规划问题,该网络求解方法具有终态吸引特性,能够在有限的时间内得到有效解。相比具有渐近收敛动态特性的神经网络(ANN),终态神经网络方法不仅改变了收敛速度,而且提高了收敛的精度。基于冗余机械臂PUMA560的计算机仿真结果表明了所提方法的有效性和实时性。     

一种冗余机械臂的多运动障碍物避障算法

冗余机械臂的避障问题一直是工业机器人应用领域的研究热点之一;为了改进传统避障算法的不足,提出了一种多运动障碍物的避障算法;该算法利用各障碍物的运动状态得到与机械臂之间的最小预测距离,并将其利用雅可比转置矩阵转化为机械臂对应杆件上的躲避速度,再将躲避速度引入梯度投影法中求得机械臂的关节角速度,并通过积分得到避障运动中机械臂的关节角度值,在完成末端轨迹跟踪的同时实现冗余机械臂的实时避障;利用一款七自由度冗余机械臂对该算法进行了仿真验证,结果表明该算法能有效实现冗余机械臂对多运动障碍物的避障。     

基于解析法和遗传算法的机械手运动学逆解

研究优化机械手轨迹规划问题,机械手运动时要具有稳定性避障性能。针对平面3自由度冗余机械手优化控制问题,建立机械手的结构模型。提出用解析法和遗传算法相结合满足具有计算量小和适应性强的特点。在给定机械手末端执行器的运动轨迹,按着机械手冗余自由度,运动轨迹上每个点对应的关节角有无穷多个解。而通过算法可以找到一组最优的关节角,可得到优化机械手运动过程中柔顺性和避障点。仿真结果表明,该算法可以快速收敛到全局最优解,可用于计算冗余机械手运动学逆解,并可实现机器人的轨迹规划和避障优化控制。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.