静电纺丝法制备TiO2-WO3纳米纤维及光催化脱汞的研究

采用静电纺丝法成功制备了TiO2-WO3纳米纤维,利用X-射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、紫外可见吸收光谱(ultraviolet-visible,UV-Vis)及比表面积及孔径分析仪(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller,BET)对其进行表征。使用制备的纤维脱除模拟烟气中的元素汞,研究了TiO2-WO3分别在无光、紫外光和可见光下的脱汞率;考察了WO3的最佳掺杂比;并分析了TiO2-WO3光催化脱汞的机制。结果表明TiO2-WO3纤维中TiO2以锐钛矿相形态存在,纤维的直径约为200nm;当WO3的掺杂含量为7%时,TiO2-WO3在紫外光下的汞脱除率可达到100%;TiO2-WO3脱汞效率的稳定性好,在420 min时紫外光下的脱汞率仍保持在100%。表面酸性和有效的电荷转移是TiO2-WO3纳米纤维光催化活性提高的主要原因。     

活性炭纤维负载TiO2同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

为实现烟气同时脱硫脱硝,制备了以活性炭纤维(activated carbon fiber, ACF)为载体,TiO2为光催化剂的复合型光催化剂。在自制的光催化反应器上,用可见光为激发光源,进行了同时脱硫脱硝实验,研究了影响光催化剂同时脱硫脱硝的若干因素。实验结果表明,反应温度、烟气湿度、氧气含量等是影响脱硫脱硝光催化的主要因素,利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)和X–射线电子能谱(energy spectrometer, EDS)分析了反应前后光催化剂的微观性质,利用离子色谱分析了尾气吸收液的成分,探讨了光催化剂脱硫脱硝的反应机理。在最佳反应温度为100 ℃,烟气湿度为0.006 m3/m3时,SO2和NO的脱除效率分别为97.5%和49.6%。     

预测TiO2光催化烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率的遗传程序设计方法研究

影响TiO2光催化烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率的因素包括温度、催化剂、含湿量、氧浓度、光、SO2和NOx浓度等,它们呈复杂的非线性关系.在紫外光下,利用催化剂及混合烟气中氧气浓度为8%的条件下,以TiO2光催化烟气同时脱硫脱硝的试验数据为样本,采用遗传程序设计(GP)方法自动找出脱硫脱硝效率随各主要影响因素变化的规律,并通过检验样本数据对模型进行了预测.结果表明,该方法避免了事先确定变量之间函数关系的主观性,预测数据的准确度较高.     

硝酸氧化法脱硫脱硝的实验研究

为了控制NO和SO2的排放,利用小型鼓泡反应器研究硝酸溶液的脱硫脱硝特性.研究结果表明,随着硝酸浓度或NO浓度增大,脱硝率提高;随反应温度提高,脱硝率轻微下降;3%～5%的氧气含量下,脱硝率变化不明显,氧浓度为8%时,脱硝率达到62%;硝酸吸收SO2效率为100%,SO2的存在抑制NO的氧化吸收;添加高锰酸钾能有效提高脱硝率.因此,硝酸溶液对NO和SO2具有良好的脱除效果.     

改性粉煤灰吸收剂对单质汞的脱除研究

利用粉煤灰、石灰和少量氧化性添加剂制备了不含添加剂和含有不同添加剂的高活性吸收剂A、M和N,含氧化性添加剂的吸收剂外覆一层氧化性活性物质,具有催化氧化性能。利用汞蒸气发生器产生的单质汞和其他烟气主要气体成分模拟烟气条件,在固定床实验台上进行了同时脱硫脱硝脱汞的实验研究。实验结果表明,吸收剂A的脱硫脱硝和脱汞效率分别为84%,0%和18%;吸收剂M对3种污染物脱除效率分别为86%,64%和39%;吸收剂N对3种污染物脱除效率分别为100%,98%和43%。改性后的粉煤灰吸收剂M和N具有较好的同时脱硫脱硝和脱汞性能,其中N更为理想。     

利用NaClO2/CaCO3浆液同时脱硫、脱硝的试验研究

在筛板式喷淋塔内,利用NaClO2/CaCO3浆液同时进行脱硫、脱硝试验.分析入口NO浓度、NaClO2加入量、浆液pH值、液气比、入口SO2浓度等因素对脱硫、脱硝效率的影响.结果表明,SO2的脱除效率随液气比的增大而升高,随入口SO2浓度的升高略有降低;入口NO浓度、NaClO2加入量、浆液pH值的变化对SO2的脱除效率影响甚微;NO的脱除效率随NaClO2加入量、液气比和入口SO2浓度的增大而升高,随入口NO浓度的增大而降低,浆液pH值的变化对脱硝效率影响甚微.     

气体放电光催化法去除模拟烟气中的SO2

为探讨等离子体协同TiO2光催化剂的脱硫机理,利用填充床反应器将低温等离子体技术有机结合纳米TiO2光催化技术进行模拟烟气中脱硫实验,分别研究了外加电压、气体流量和SO2初始质量浓度等因素对脱硫效率的影响。采用二次回归正交法设计实验步骤,使外加电压、气体流量和SO2初始质量浓度等因素在限定范围内达到最优组合。经拟合,当SO2初始质量浓度为535 mg/m3,输入电压为5.8 kV,气体流量为0.2 m3/h时,SO2脱除率可达87.1%。实验证明了气体放电等离子体技术与光催化技术相结合的可行性。     

燃煤烟气组分对喷射稻壳活性炭脱汞的影响

在0.3 MW循环流化床燃煤中试试验装置上，以卤化铵盐改性稻壳活性炭为汞吸附剂，进行了燃煤烟气喷射脱汞试验研究，考察了烟气温度、SO₂浓度、NO浓度等对脱汞效率的影响。采用ASTM标准D 6784—02（安大略法）对烟气中汞浓度进行测定。试验结果表明，随着烟气温度的升高，汞脱除效率和元素汞的转化效率均随之增加；烟气中NO可促进汞的脱除，而SO₂则抑制汞的脱除；在SCR脱硝装置入口温度为351~370℃，活性炭喷射烟气温度为191~210℃，SO₂体积分数为（293~602）×10^-6，NO体积分数为（588~893）×10^-6，活性炭喷射量为0.5 kg/h，反应空速为4 000 h^-1，烟气流量为400~500 m³/h工况下，卤化铵盐改性稻壳活性炭燃煤烟气喷射脱汞效率可达90%左右。     

超低排放改造后燃煤烟气净化设备协同脱汞潜力分析

燃煤机组完成超低排放改造后,原有的烟气净化设备在设备容量、装备水平上有较大提升。为了给汞排放治理提供决策依据,分析了超低排放改造后烟气净化设备的汞脱除潜力。研究结果表明：SCR烟气脱硝系统改造能够增大Hg⁰的氧化效率,因而能促进后续烟气净化设备的脱汞效率;低低温电除尘和电袋复合除尘技术的协同脱汞效率显著,可达40%;安装高效除尘除雾器的脱硫塔对汞的协同脱除效率可达96%。然而,由于超低排放改造后除尘器出口Hg²⁺含量低,且粉尘浓度低、粒径小,脱硫系统单塔提效增容改造及湿式电除尘器对烟气中汞的脱除效率影响有限;还有可能出现单塔提效增容改造后脱硫系统出口汞的排放浓度较入口略有增加的情况。     

采用UV/H2O2体系进行烟气脱硫脱硝的实验研究

为寻求一种高效的烟气多污染物脱除技术,采用UV/H2O2体系进行烟气脱硫脱硝实验研究。在自制的鼓泡反应器上考察模拟烟气成分、H2O2溶液浓度和催化剂等影响因素对脱硫脱硝效率的影响,得出了最佳实验条件。当pH值保持在3.3左右,氧气体积浓度大于6%,溶液温度在45℃以下,加入金属催化离子时,SO2及NOx的脱除效率可达到95%以上。对实验结果进行了讨论和分析,认为该技术有望用于现有传统湿式脱硫技术的改造,使其具有同时脱硫脱硝功能。     

A Novel Alkali-activated Magnesium Slag-based Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen

Alkali-activated magnesium slag-based nanocomposite (AMSN) by loaded about 5wt% CuO was synthesized and firstly employed as a novel catalyst for production of hydrogen by photocatalytic water-splitting. The XRD and XPS results indicated that there was principally mineralogical phase of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in AMSN, and CuO with a mean particle size of 15 nm dispersed on the surface of AMSN. The UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum and photoluminescence spectrum revealed that the CuO/AMSN sample showed a strong absorption edge at 1.4 eV and a weak photoluminescence peak at 394 nm, respectively. The CuO/AMSN catalyst showed the highest H₂ evolution in amount of 102.95μL/g by photocatalytic water-splitting for 6 h due to the synergistic effect between CSH skeleton network and CuO nanoparticles. A mechanism of photocatalytic H₂ production was suggested.     

LED散热用镜面铝不同表面处理的性能

为改善LED散热基板铝材的高温下反射率衰减、防硫化性、表面镀层粘接力。本文采用阳极氧化和、电镀以及溅射工艺在纯铝基材表面制备Nb2O5和Al2O3镀层作为铝材表面的防氧化层,将该镀层结构在LED灯光照射下180℃高温持续2000 h下的全反射率、450 nm、550 nm单波长的反射率和防硫化以及镀层结合力测试,并与目前常用的SiO2和TiO2,TiO2和Al2O3两种防氧化镀层进行对比研究。采用Nb2O5和Al2O3镀层处理的镜面铝在LED灯光照射下180℃高温持续2000 h全反射衰减3.6%,450 nm单波长反射率测试衰减4.38%,550 nm单波长反射率衰减3.5%,防硫化性能优异,镀层粘接力优异,3M胶带测试无镀层脱落;采用TiO2和SiO2镀层处理的镜面铝全反射衰减26.5%,450 nm单波长反射率测试衰减31%,550 nm单波长反射率衰减27%,防硫化性能差,镀层粘接力差,3M胶带测试镀层脱落;采用TiO2和Al2O3镀层处理的镜面铝全反射衰减13.9%,450 nm单波长反射率测试衰减16.2%,550 nm单波长反射率衰减13.8%,防硫化性能较差,镀层粘接力差较差,3M胶带测试镀层轻微脱落。实验结果表明,由Al2O3和Nb2O5作为防氧化层的镜面铝基板可有效改善基板在防硫化、高温反射衰减、镀层粘接力方面的性能。     

TiO2纳米微球的制备及其性能研究

采用熔盐法于700℃制备了TiO2纳米材料,通过XILD、SEM和荧光光谱对样品的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明：产物形貌规整,平均粒径约20nm。组装锂离子模拟电池,通过恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗等方法研究TiO2的电化学性能。电化学测试结果表明,在1．0～2．5V,0．25C下,Li^＋嵌入和脱嵌过程中,在1．73V和1．93V处有两个电压平台。首次嵌锂和脱嵌容量分别为223mAh／g和203．6mAh／g。经过5次循环后放电容量为213．2mAh／g,保持率为95．61％,10次循环后放电容量为183．5mAh／g,保持率为82．29％;15次循环后放电比容量为160．1mAh／g,保持率为71．79％。循环伏安测试显示作为锂电负极的TiO2具有很好的可逆性。     

纳米SiO2/低密度聚乙烯复合介质的击穿特性

聚合物纳米复合介质的击穿强度与纳米填充颗粒的质量分数、粒径和表面处理密切相关。以不同表面处理的纳米SiO2颗粒为填料,制备了不同填充质量分数、粒径的纳米SiO2/低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene,LDPE)复合介质,测试了其在交流、直流正极性和直流负极性3种不同类型电场下的击穿场强。结果表明:在所研究范围内,填充纳米SiO2颗粒可以提高低密度聚乙烯的击穿场强,并且随着填充质量分数的增加,复合介质的击穿场强有升高的趋势。纳米颗粒填充质量分数相同时,在12~16 nm粒径下,复合介质的击穿场强有随纳米SiO2粒径的升高而降低的趋势;在7 nm小粒径下,可能由于纳米颗粒容易团聚,导致击穿场强较粒径大时要低。另外,纳米SiO2颗粒表面经疏水性处理后,能够有效提高复合介质的击穿场强。     

羰基铁/TiO2薄膜的制备及磁性能

在常压下用溶胶-凝胶法(不用酸作催化剂)制备了羰基铁/TiO2磁性薄膜,薄膜的颗粒尺寸为几十nm.通过原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法分析材料形貌与微观结构,用振动样品磁强计和Agilent8722ES矢量网络分析仪对其磁性能进行了表征.结果表明,羰基铁粉颗粒表面均匀地包覆非晶态TiO2,钛酸正四丁酯与铁发生了键合作用.包覆后的复合薄膜的饱和磁化强度为163kA/m,矫顽力Hc仅为1.2kA/m.介电损耗型材料二氧化钛与磁损耗型材料羰基铁复合,可调节磁性能.     

Nanocomposites-a review of electrical treeing and breakdown

Polymer nanocomposites are composite materials having several wt% of inorganic particles of nanometer dimensions homogeneously dispersed into their polymer matrix. This new type of polymer composite has recently drawn considerable attention because nanocomposites or nanostructured polymers have the potential of improving the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties as compared to the neat polymers [1]. Polymer nanocomposites are, among other applications, increasingly desirable as coatings, structural, and packaging materials in a wide range of automobile, civil, aerospace, and electrical engineering applications. Also, nanocomposites find applications in medical services, healthcare, and decorative coloring [2], [3]. These new materials show excellent mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, increased hardness and toughness, improved flexural strength modulus, and greater heat and chemical resistance. Polymer nanocomposites are characterized by an enormously large interfacial surface area between the inorganic particles and the polymer matrix into which they are embedded. This ratio is typically more than two orders of magnitude greater than that in traditional microcomposite materials. The percentage by weight of the nanoparticles is usually quite low because of the low nanoparticle percolation threshold, particularly for the commonly used platelet and nanotube particles [4]. However, when the nanoparticle content increases beyond the percolation threshold, the nanocomposite may loose its beneficial properties [5]. Various polymers such as polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), epoxy resin (EP), and silicone rubber (SiR) can be combined with inorganic particles such as layered silicate (LS), silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and magnesia (MgO) [1], and there are a number of papers that describe the tests and the properties of the aforementioned combinations of materials [6]?[10].     

Power Scaling of Ytterbium-doped Fiber Superfluorescent Sources

Power scaling of ytterbium-doped fiber superfluorescent sources based on single-stage and two-stage cladding-pumped fiber configurations is reported. For the single-stage configuration, a novel fiber-end termination scheme was employed to suppress laser oscillation in combination with a simple all-fiber scheme for achieving a predominantly single-ended output. The fiber was cladding-pumped by a diode stack at 976 nm and yielded ~62 W of single-ended amplified spontaneous emission output for 119 W of launched pump power, limited by the onset of parasitic lasing. At pump powers in excess of 40 W, the slope efficiency with respect to the launched pump power was 67%. The emission spectrum spanned the wavelength range from 1030 to 1100 nm and the bandwidth (FWHM) was 12 nm. Scaling to higher power levels was demonstrated using a two-stage cladding-pumped fiber configuration comprising of a low-power fiber superfluorescent seed source and a high-power amplifier. The two-stage source yielded 122 W of amplified spontaneous emission output (limited by available pump power) in a beam with M² ap 2.1. The slope efficiency for the amplifier with respect to the launched pump power was 77%. The prospects for further improvement in performance and output power are considered.     

基于过氧钛系的SCR低温催化剂性能研究

以工业级偏钛酸为原料制备过氧钛系溶胶(PTC)作为SCR催化剂载体前驱物,选取6种金属元素及其组合作为活性组分,研究SCR低温催化剂的性能。低于220℃时,所有催化剂的脱硝效率都随着反应温度提高而增加。对于单活性组分催化剂,最高脱硝效率依次为98.7%(Ce/TiO2)>92.4%(Mn/TiO2)>89.7%(Fe/TiO2)>83.6%(Cu/TiO2)>66.8%(Zr/TiO2),低于200℃时Mn/TiO2的脱硝性能最佳。因此,基于Mn/TiO2分别掺杂了Ce、Cu和W,最高脱硝效率依次为97.3%(Mn-Ce/TiO2)>93.9%(Mn-Cu/TiO2)>90.0%(Mn-Ce-Cu/TiO2)>86.1%(Mn-W/TiO2)。分别掺杂Ce或Cu都能提高Mn/TiO2性能,同时掺杂却会产生抑制。基于上述结果,进行了BET、SEM及XRD的表征。结果表明,自制载体为锐钛型纳米TiO2,比表面积较大;不同催化剂的低温脱硝性能相差较大,Mn-Ce/TiO2被认为是较有前景的活性组分组合。     

基于TiO_2镀膜材料的自洁净光伏玻璃研制与分析

研究了具备光催化性能和超亲水性能的TiO_2镀膜材料的自清洁作用机理。分别测试不同加水量、涂膜层数和水解时温度对TiO_2镀膜材料性能的影响,优化了传统的溶胶-凝胶镀膜材料的制备方法。基于TiO_2镀膜材料,分析掺入HPC、Si和钒,并分析掺杂后镀膜材料特性的变化。其结果表明,HPC改性导致TiO_2薄膜颗粒纳米化和表面粗糙度增加,使得镀膜材料的光催化性能得到提高,而掺入钒后,使得TiO_2薄膜保持长久的超亲水性。通过实验分析得出,在户外环境下,覆盖掺钒的TiO_2镀膜玻璃和纯TiO_2玻璃光伏组件相比于普通组件能够提升5.87%和2.78%的输出功率。可见这种基于TiO_2的混合镀膜光伏玻璃技术有望在将来的生产中得到具体应用。     

One-pot synthesis of mixed-valence MoO x on carbon nanotube as an anode material for lithium ion batteries

A mixed-valence MoO _x /carbon nanotube nanocomposite was synthesized using a one-pot microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction in which 5 nm MoO _x nanoparticles were coated on the surfaces of carbon nanotube. The MoO _x nanoparticles in the nanocomposite had mixed Mo⁴⁺ and Mo⁶⁺ valence states. Thus, the nanocomposite showed a discharge behavior corresponding to both MoO₂ and MoO₃. The nanocomposite had a reversible discharge capacity of 900 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 90 mA g^?1, and could deliver discharge capacities of 770, 700, and 570 mAh g^?1 at current densities of 450, 900, and 1800 mA g^?1, respectively.