HF radar wave and wind measurement over the Eastern China Sea

High-frequency (HF) radar can be employed to measure sea surface state parameters such as waveheight, wind field, and surface current velocity. This paper describes the application of the HF ground wave radar in remote sensing the surface conditions over the Eastern China Sea in October 2000. The radar, referred to as the OSMAR2000, was developed by Wuhan University. Preliminary wave spectra, waveheights, and wind fields estimated from the collected data are presented and compared with ship-recorded measurements where such are available. The range for wind direction sensing is up to 200 km. Wave information and wind speed can be provided up to a range of 120 km. The mean difference between radar- and ship-measured significant waveheight is 0.323 m; wind direction is measured within 20/spl deg/; and wind speed to within 0.6 m/s. With such agreement being fairly reasonable, the feasibility of the inversion algorithm and the ocean state real-time sensing capability of OSMAR2000 are demonstrated.     

对海雷达多维图像特征融合智能检测方法

海面目标检测是雷达信号处理中的重要内容,在军事、民用领域内都有重要应用价值。在海面目标雷达信号处理中,海杂波的存在对检测算法的性能有很大影响,传统的雷达信号处理方法多基于统计理论,对于复杂环境条件和多样的目标特性检测性能下降明显。近年来深度学习技术发展迅速,为可靠的海面目标的检测方法提供了技术支持。本文对近年来目标检测算法、深度学习方法的发展进行总结,从雷达信号数据结构和维度出发,采用深度学习理论,分别提出了基于二维图像、三维视频雷达信号、多维雷达信号多通道融合的智能处理框架,并以导航雷达图像海上目标智能检测为例,提出一种Precise ROI?Faster R?CNN雷达图像检测算法,通过构建的导航雷达数据集训练和测试,相比经典恒虚警检测和Faster R?CNN检测方法有更高的检测精确度和更好的泛化能力,从而为对海雷达智能导航和目标检测提供了有效的技术途径。     

Radio wave scintillations in the ionosphere

The phenomenon of scintillation of radio waves propagating through the ionosphere is reviewed in this paper. The emphasis is on propagational aspects, including both theoretical and experimental results. The review opens with a discussion of the motivation for stochastic formulation of the problem. Based on measurements from in-situ, radar, and propagation experiments, ionospheric irregularities ate found to be characterized, in general, by a power-law spectrum. While earlier measurements indicated a spectral index of about 4, there is recent evidence showing that the index may vary with the strength of the irregularity and possibly a two-component spectrum may exist with different spectral indices for large and small structures. Several scintillation theories including the Phase Screen, Rytov, and Parabolic Equation Method (PEM) are discussed next. Statistical parameters of the signal such as the average signal, scintillation index, rms phase fluctuations, correlation functions, power spectra, distributions, etc., are investigated. Effects of multiple scattering are discussed. Experimental results concerning irregularity structures and signal statics are presented. These results are compared with theoretical predictions. The agreements are shown to be satisfactory in a large measure. Next, the temporal behavior of a transionospheric radio signal is studied in terms of a two-frequency mutual coherence function and the temporal moments. Results including numerical simulations are discussed. Finally, some future efforts in ionospheric scintillation studies in the areas of transionospheric communication and space- and geophysics are recommended.     

Incoherent Scatter Radar Probing of the 60-100-km Atmosphere and Ionosphere

All current incoherent backscatter radars can make mesospheric or D region measurements (60-90-km altitude) under at least some conditions. This paper, which is tutorial in nature, develops the basic concepts of incoherent scatter radar measurements in the D region and the conditions under which measurements are possible are derived and shown for each radar. Conditions examined include overall system sensitivity, electron and ion spectral line widths and power distributions, and time/height averaging effects. The appropriate form of the radar equation is derived and calibration of the radar system is discussed along with the various aspects of signal processing involved. Total power only and combined total power and ion line spectral measurements are described in terms of ease of use, applicability to various radars, and parameters of aeronomic interest derivable from the measurements.     

The effect of ionospheric reflected noise on the performance of anorbital-debris radar system

An orbital-debris radar system was designed to detect the presence of small objects in low Earth orbit by reflecting radio waves off the objects. The author provides a rigorous derivation of the ionospheric reflected noise power and provides an integration over the complete pulse period. Free electrons and ions contained in the ionosphere cause incoherent scatter of the radar signal. This ionospheric reflection tends to increase the noise at the terrestrial radar receiver. A parameter called the ionospheric scattering cross section per unit volume, which is a function of altitude, is useful for computing the power of the ionospheric reflection signal. The Doppler frequency speed of the ionospheric reflected signal is also a function of altitude. The ionospheric noise of a 9-GHz orbital-debris radar receiver is computed using these concepts. Annual and diurnal variations of the noise are included     

深度学习在雷达中的研究综述

雷达通过发射天线发射电磁波,经过不同物体反射接收到相应的反射波,对其接收结果进行分析,能得到物体距雷达的位置,径向运动速度等信息,所以对雷达信号的分析具有重要的研究意义。近些年深度学习成为各个领域的研究热点,而在雷达领域同样可通过深度学习算法实现对信号的相应的信息处理。与传统方法相比,深度学习算法具有自动提取深层特征、获取较高准确率等优势。该文具体介绍了近期典型的深度学习算法在雷达信号处理中的应用及研究情况。此外,该文介绍了两个在雷达领域中应用深度学习亟待解决的问题,即过拟合和可解译性。      

基于和差波束极化特性的目标极化散射矩阵测量方法研究

该文建立了一种基于常规单脉冲体制的目标全极化散射矩阵测量算法。首先证明了该型雷达天线具有复杂的极化结构,并且对回波信号的极化特性有一定的敏感性。利用单脉冲雷达和差通道的极化特性在获取目标角度信息的同时利用一个脉冲重复周期即可完成目标极化散射矩阵的测量,降低了全极化单脉冲雷达研发的系统复杂度和设计成本,通过电磁计算和仿真分析验证了上述研究的正确性。这对于开发现有雷达装备的极化测量处理能力、提升其抗干扰和目标识别能力具有一定的启发和指导意义。     

A test of ocean surface-current mapping with over-the-horizon radar

A two-day test with a decametric over-the-horizon (OTH or ionospheric) radar in Virginia attempted to map the radial component of ocean surface currents over a 210 000 km² area that includes the Florida Straits and parts of the Gulf of Mexico as distant as 1500 km. Ionospheric motions distort and bias individual measurements, but their effects are mitigated by a combination of strategies that take advantage of the different space and time scales of oceanic and ionospheric motions. In addition, nearby land echoes are used as zero Doppler references to correct for ionospheric shifts. The result is a composite picture of the Florida Current and ancillary surface flows with 10-15-km resolution. The picture agrees quantitatively with known currents in the region, but reveals dynamical features with new detail. Concurrent sea-surface topography in the Gulf of Mexico, derived using tandem altimetric observations from the TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 satellites, confirms that a region where the OTH radar measures a southwestward current greater than 1 m/s^-1 coincides with the confluence of the Tortugas Gyre and the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current. These results suggest that consistent surface current maps can be constructed by using OTH radar to repeatedly interrogate a region of interest, perhaps over several days     

Determination of space and time sea wave structure from frequency characteristics of the radio signal scattered by the sea

A method of determining sea-wave parameters from frequency characteristics of an RF signal scattered by the sea surface is considered. The method is based on the Doppler frequency shift due to orbital velocity of motion of long sea waves. It is shown that by measuring the frequency shift ofS-band signals scattered by a small (as compared to the sea-wave length) site on the sea surface, one is able to determine both integrated sea-wave parameters (e.g., rms waveheight and mean period) and the space-time structure of energy-carrying sea components. Results of field tests are presented substantiating the efficiency of the method and allowing measurement accuracy to be evaluated. The main systematic errors of the method are discussed.     

Potential Accuracy of Estimation and Compensation of Ionospheric Errors of Radar Measurements of the Ranges of Space Objects Using Chirp Pulses

The expression for the complex envelope of the reflected chirp pulse at the input of the radar receiver is derived taking into account the dispersion distortions in the ionosphere in the geometric optics approximation. The relations for the lower limits of the rms values of fluctuation errors of estimates of the radar range and the ionospheric correction as functions of the signal-to-noise ratio, the wavelength, and the relative deviation frequency are obtained. The possibilities of refinement of estimates of the ionospheric correction with the use of empirical models of the ionosphere are considered.     

基于外辐射源的雷达目标探测与跟踪技术研究

利用外部辐射源探测与跟踪雷达系统，由于自身不发射电磁波，因而不容易被敌方侦察系统所发现，可免受反辐射导弹的攻击，具有很强的系统生存能力，这种系统正在成为防空情报系统的一种重要探测手段，文中介绍了基于调频广播信号的雷达目标探测与跟踪系统特性和研究实例。结合实际的雷达试验系统，描述并分析了调频广播信号的波形和频谱特点、雷达布站、雷达系统探测目标距离速度模糊图、恒虚警处理、目标航迹图，分析了雷达关键技术和本雷达系统的探测威力。     

电离层空时相位特性对天波海态雷达影响研究

电离层空时相位随机变化特性使天波海态雷达方位波束宽度和杂波频谱展宽,降低雷达方位分辨率和频谱分辨率,影响海态参数反演精度。针对这一问题,近年来发展了诸多解电离层相位污染信号处理算法,但均受一定的适用条件限制。首次引入相延时和群延时,深入分析了电离层空时相位变化对天波海态雷达方位波束形成、杂波频谱影响,并利用仿真方法进行了验证。最后,分别采用空、时信号处理对上述展宽进行了抑制,提高了方位分辨率,谱峰明显锐化。     

An empirical model and an inversion technique for radar scatteringfrom bare soil surfaces

Polarimetric radar measurements were conducted for bare soil surfaces under a variety of roughness and moisture conditions at L -, C-, and X-band frequencies at incidence angles ranging from 10° to 70°. Using a laser profiler and dielectric probes, a complete and accurate set of ground truth data was collected for each surface condition, from which accurate measurements were made of the rms height, correlation length, and dielectric constant. Based on knowledge of the scattering behavior in limiting cases and the experimental observations, an empirical model was developed for σ°_hh, σ°_vv, and σ° _hv in terms of ks (where k=2π/λ is the wave number and s is the rms height) and the relative dielectric constant of the soil surface. The model, which was found to yield very good agreement with the backscattering measurements of the present study as well as with measurements reported in other investigations, was used to develop an inversion technique for predicting the rms height of the surface and its moisture content from multipolarized radar observations     

Estimation of bare surface soil moisture and surface roughnessparameter using L-band SAR image data

An algorithm based on a fit of the single-scattering integral equation method (IEM) was developed to provide estimation of soil moisture and surface roughness parameter (a combination of rms roughness height and surface power spectrum) from quad-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements. This algorithm was applied to a series of measurements acquired at L-band (1.25 GHz) from both AIRSAR (Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and SIR-C (Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C) over a well-managed watershed in southwest Oklahoma. Prior to its application for soil moisture inversion, a good agreement was found between the single-scattering IEM simulations and the L-band measurements of SIR-C and AIRSAR over a wide range of soil moisture and surface roughness conditions. The sensitivity of soil moisture variation to the co-polarized signals were then examined under the consideration of the calibration accuracy of various components of SAR measurements. It was found that the two co-polarized backscattering coefficients and their combinations would provide the best input to the algorithm for estimation of soil moisture and roughness parameter. Application of the inversion algorithm to the co-polarized measurements of both AIRSAR and SIR-C resulted in estimated values of soil moisture and roughness parameter for bare and short-vegetated fields that compared favorably with those sampled on the ground. The root-mean-square (rms) errors of the comparison were found to be 3.4% and 1.9 dB for soil moisture and surface roughness parameter, respectively     

基于块稀疏恢复的高频雷达空间角谱和极化谱联合估计方法

高频地波雷达（high-frequency surface wave radar,HFSWR）中电离层杂波的存在,会极大地影响雷达系统的性能,降低对目标的探测能力.为了精确获得杂波参数,从而更好地抑制电离层杂波,提出了一种基于压缩感知（compressive sensing,CS）的单快拍参数估计方法,用于对电离层杂波的空域和极化域参数估计.该方法基于极化敏感阵列的块稀疏估计模型,应用块正交匹配追踪（block orthogonal matching pursuit,BOMP）算法实现距离-多普勒域的单快拍空间角度和极化参数联合估计,并进一步获得目标和杂波的空间角谱和极化谱.该方法适用于任意极化敏感阵列,在距离-多普勒域单快拍条件下,其估计性能优于传统方法,且计算复杂度极低,可以实现实时处理.仿真结果和某HFSWR系统实测数据处理结果表明了参数估计方法的有效性.     

电离层色散效应对线极化雷达信号的影响分析

电离层色散导致穿过电离层传播的无线电脉冲信号畸变与失真,严重影响雷达系统对各种地面和空间目标的探测能力.考虑经过电离层传播的线极化雷达信号的相位色散和极化色散效应,参考他人工作推导了具有高斯幅度谱的发射信号与雷达接收信号的卷积包络的表达式,并分析计算了不同频率和相对带宽下接收包络的脉冲宽度和距离分辨率.结果表明:电离层...     

Ultrawide-band coherent processing

In this paper, we develop an approach for estimating the ultrawide-band (UWB) radar signature of a target by using sparse subband measurements. First, we determine the parameters of an appropriate signal model that best fits the measured data. Next, the fitted signal model is used to interpolate between and extrapolate outside of the measurement subbands. Standard pulse-compression methods are then applied to provide superresolved range profiles of the target. The algorithm can automatically compensate for lack of mutual coherence between the radar subbands, providing the potential for UWB processing of real-world radar data collected by separate wide-band radars, because the processing preserves the phase distribution across the measured and estimated subbands, extended coherent processing can be applied to the UWB compressed radar pulses to generate superresolved radar images of the target. Applications of this approach to static test range and field data show promising results     

基于Xilinx V5的DDR2数据解析功能实现

介绍了一种基于Xilinx V5芯片的硬件板卡上,利用Verilog硬件编程语言,来实现DDR2对数据文件解析的目的：分析了CPCI总线与FPGA之间的通信特点;然后根据收到的数据文件要求,介绍了DDR2的使用方法;最后介绍了对信号波形进行验证的方法.可利用示波器对解析过程中的信号波形进行监测,以验证解析结果.经过实践证明,解析出的数据信号波形信号严格按照文件中的参数要求生成,该信号波形相位稳定,延时准确.能广泛应用于雷达模拟器以及雷达信号处理领域.     

机载正下视SAR探测极地冰川的回波数值模拟

建立了大尺度分层粗糙面散射物理模型, 基于Kirchhoff近似、几何光学和射线追踪方法, 推导给出粗糙面散射场的计算公式, 提出了一种快速模拟机载正下视合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)探测冰川回波的数值仿真方法, 以帮助分析实测数据.对SAR系统设计、雷达回波信号处理算法研究都有很大帮助, 可以应用到星体地下结构探测回波的模拟.理论公式及数值仿真结果验证了此数值仿真方法的正确性.在不同的仿真场景和雷达系统参数下, 数值仿真模拟了冰川散射回波, 定量分析了冰层表面粗糙度、次表面粗糙度、山体倾斜度、雷达系统参数等对天底区域和非天底区域散射回波的影响.本文的仿真方法可以快速计算任意大尺度特定地形所对应的雷达探测仪回波数据.     

Development and use of a GPS ionospheric scintillation monitor

Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite signals provide convenient radio beacons for ionospheric studies. Among other propagation phenomena, the ionosphere affects GPS signal propagation through amplitude scintillations that develop after radio waves propagate through ionospheric electron density irregularities. This paper outlines the design, testing, and operation of a specialized GPS receiver to monitor L-band amplitude scintillations: the Cornell scintillation monitor. The Cornell scintillation monitor consists of a commercial GPS receiver development kit with its software modified to log signal strength from up to 12 channels at a high data rate (50 samples/s). Other features of the receiver include the optional assignment of a channel to monitor the receiver noise level in the absence of signal tracking and the means to synchronize measurements between nearby independent receivers to perform drift measurements and correlation studies. The Cornell scintillation monitor provides characterization of the operational L-band scintillation environment and additionally permits study of the multipath environment of a static antenna, GPS scintillation monitors can provide information about the state of ionospheric irregularities for pure research purposes as well. Their strength lies in the fact that they are inexpensive and compact and therefore can he readily proliferated. Even a single scintillation monitor can supplement radar spatial coverage of irregularities in a limited way because it monitors several satellite lines of sight simultaneously