HIV-1表面糖蛋白gp120 DNA疫苗质粒的构建与表达

目的 构建含HIV-1表面糖蛋白基因的真核表达质粒,并在Hela细胞内表达。方法 在核酸疫苗载体质粒 pVAX1中插入gp120基因,构建真核表达质粒pVAXGP。在体外用脂质体法将重组质粒转染Hela细胞,并用间接免疫荧光试验、免疫印迹试验和Dot-ELISA对表达产物进行检测。结果 间接免疫荧光试验结果显示,转染重组质粒的细胞表面有绿色荧光。免疫印迹试验和Dot-ELISA结果均显示,重组质粒转染细胞的裂解物中存在表达的gp120蛋白。结论 已成功地构建了真核表达质粒,且表达的蛋白具有良好的反应原性和特异性。     

抗HIV-1gp120单链抗体的原核表达与初步纯化

目的 在原核细胞表达抗HIV-1gp120单链抗体基因,纯化后检测其活性。方法 将单链抗体基因插入pET28原核表达载体进行诱导表达,对包涵体进行变性复性处理后,利用Ni-NTA金属螯合层析柱对表达的蛋白进行初步纯化,纯化后的单链抗体与gp120标准抗原膜条反应。结果 表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在,最高表达量占菌体总蛋白量的51％,金属螯合层析一步纯化后纯度超过85％。纯化后的单链抗体可以特异地识别gp120标准抗原。结论 在原核细胞表达的单链抗体,复性纯化后具有生物学活性。     

治疗性HIV-1重组DNA疫苗的构建与免疫效果评价

目的　构建编码HIV- 1多表位抗原基因 (MEG)与p2 4基因嵌合的核酸疫苗 ,并评价其免疫效果。方法　将编码HIV -1多表位抗原基因 (MEG)与p2 4基因插入到真核表达载体pVAXI中 ,构建HIV- 1治疗性重组核酸疫苗质粒。通过ELISA试剂盒检测免疫恒河猴血清中HIV -1特异性抗体 ,并通过淋巴细胞转化实验检测HIV -1特异性T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果　构建的重组核酸疫苗质粒pVAXI -MEGp2 4免疫恒河猴后 ,能有效地刺激产生T淋巴细胞特异性增殖反应 ,并诱导产生抗HIV -1特异性抗体。结论　所构建的重组核酸疫苗质粒能诱导机体产生免疫反应。     

表达HIV-1 gp160膜蛋白靶细胞的制备及鉴定

目的获得表达INV-1 gp160膜蛋白的靶细胞,用于HIV-1特异性细胞毒性淋巴细胞(CTL)和抗HIV-1重组毒素细胞杀伤活性检测。方法采用PCR方法,从质粒pJen 10中扩增HIV-1 gp160基因,插入pGEM-T载体,测序后克隆入pIRESl neo载体中构建成重组质粒pIRE160,酶切鉴定正确后,转染人肝癌细胞(SMMG-7721),CA18加压筛选至细胞不再死亡为止,并采用Western blot和间接免疫荧光法对制备的靶细胞进行检测。结果HIV-1 gp160在SMMC7721表面表达,并裂解为gp120和gp41蛋白。结论已成功得到稳定表达HIV-1 gp160的靶细胞,且表达的蛋白具有良好的特异性。     

Phages and HIV-1: From Display to Interplay

The complex hide-and-seek game between HIV-1 and the host immune system has impaired the development of an efficient vaccine. In addition, the high variability of the virus impedes the long-term control of viral replication by small antiviral drugs. For more than 20 years, phage display technology has been intensively used in the field of HIV-1 to explore the epitope landscape recognized by monoclonal and polyclonal HIV-1-specific antibodies, thereby providing precious data about immunodominant and neutralizing epitopes. In parallel, biopanning experiments with various combinatorial or antibody fragment libraries were conducted on viral targets as well as host receptors to identify HIV-1 inhibitors. Besides these applications, phage display technology has been applied to characterize the enzymatic specificity of the HIV-1 protease. Phage particles also represent valuable alternative carriers displaying various HIV-1 antigens to the immune system and eliciting antiviral responses. This review presents and summarizes the different studies conducted with regard to the nature of phage libraries, target display mode and biopanning procedures.     

HIV-1 Tat蛋白的生物学特性及其致病效应

Tat蛋白是HIV-1编码的重要调控蛋白,在病毒复制和感染致病中起重要作用。在感染细胞内,Tat蛋白与多种细胞分子相互作用,启动病毒基因组的转录,促进转录延伸,从而激活和促进病毒复制;分泌和释放至细胞外的Tat蛋白,具有独特的穿膜功能,可到达宿主多个部位,作用于多种细胞,产生多样的Tat蛋白胞外活性,如参与免疫抑制、神经系统损伤及卡波济肉瘤形成等致病过程,被称为"病毒毒素"。本文对Tat蛋白的生物学特性及其致病效应作一综述。     

HIV-1 GP120主要抗原性片段的制备及其在HIV诊断中的应用

目的研制HIV中国流行株RL42GP120主要抗原性片段,以便进一步开发HIV抗体检测试剂。方法克隆RL42毒株GP120蛋白C-端250个氨基酸的编码序列,克隆入大肠杆菌表达载体pBV220进行表达。通过包涵体处理和离子交换层析纯化目的蛋白。将纯化后的蛋白用狭缝电转技术转印硝酸纤维素膜,利用HIV参考品血清检测其灵敏度和特异性。结果目的蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的10%左右。纯化后其纯度高于95%,HIV参考品血清检测显示出良好的灵敏度和特异性,检测8份阳性临床标本无一漏检,而7份阴性临床标本无交叉反应。结论已研制出具有良好灵敏度和特异性的HIV-1GP120主要抗原性片段。为开发HIV抗体检测试剂创造了条件。     

HIV-1 Gag蛋白在重组痘苗病毒中的高效表达及其特性分析

在构建3株人Ⅰ型免疫缺陷病毒（HIV－1）Gag基因重组痘苗病毒的基础上,实现了Gag蛋白的高效表达,3株重组病毒在感染细胞中表达量分别为14．7、6．0和4.5μg／106细胞／20h,接近杆状病毒的表达水平。表达的重组蛋白可形成病毒样粒子（VLP）,并可诱导小鼠产生抗HIV抗体。     

Design and Evaluation of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing Phenols or Polyphenols as P2 Ligands with High Activity against DRV-Resistant HIV-1 Variants

With the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant variants, novel potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multidrug-resistant causative viruses are urgently needed. Herein, we designed and synthesized a new series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with phenols or polyphenols as the P2 ligands and a variety of sulfonamide analogs as the P2′ ligands. A number of these new inhibitors showed superb enzymatic inhibitory activity and antiviral activity. In particular, inhibitors 15d and 15f exhibited potent enzymatic inhibitory activity in the low picomolar range, and the latter showed excellent activity against the Darunavir-resistant HIV-1 variant. Furthermore, the molecular modeling studies provided insight into the ligand-binding site interactions between inhibitors and the enzyme cavity, and they sparked inspiration for the further optimization of potent inhibitors.     

重组HIV-1 CN54 Nef抗原的制备及鉴定

目的原核表达HIV-1CN54调控蛋白Nef,并进行纯化、复性及鉴定。方法将CN54 Nef基因克隆至pThio-HisA载体,构建非融合表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21 Codonplus-RIL,IPTG诱导表达,通过尿素梯度洗涤包涵体纯化Nef蛋白,透析复性。Western blot检测目的蛋白的特异性。结果Nef蛋白以包涵体的形式表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的40%以上。用尿素洗涤法可直接纯化Nef,纯度达到90%以上。Nef蛋白透析后溶解于PBS缓冲液中。Western blot检测显示了良好的特异性。结论HIV-1 CN54 Nef抗原蛋白可在大肠杆菌中高效表达,采用的纯化和复性Nef蛋白的工艺简便、快捷,为开发针对Nef基因的HIV-1疫苗奠定了基础。     

Exploring Viral Interference Using Peptides: Molecular Determinants of HIV-1 Inhibition by a Peptide Derived from Human Pegivirus-1 Envelope Protein E2

Co-infection with the human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) often has a beneficial effect on disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. Several HPgV-1 proteins and peptides, including a 20-mer peptide (P6-2) derived from the N-terminal region of the HPgV-1 surface protein E2, have been associated with this phenomenon, which is referred to as viral interference. We identified the cysteine residues, the hydrophobic core tetrapeptide, as well as the C-terminal negative charge as key factors for the HIV-1 inhibitory activity of P6-2. Analysis of mutations in P6-2-resistant HIV-1 indicated a binding site for the peptide in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. In fact, P6-2 was shown to bind to soluble gp120, as well as to a peptide presenting the gp120 V3 loop. Furthermore, the HIV-1 inhibitory activity of P6-2 could be revoked by the V3 loop peptide, thus indicating a molecular mechanism that involves interaction of P6-2 with the gp120 V3 loop.     

Complex Relationships between HIV-1 Integrase and Its Cellular Partners

RNA viruses, in pursuit of genome miniaturization, tend to employ cellular proteins to facilitate their replication. HIV-1, one of the most well-studied retroviruses, is not an exception. There is numerous evidence that the exploitation of cellular machinery relies on nucleic acid-protein and protein-protein interactions. Apart from Vpr, Vif, and Nef proteins that are known to regulate cellular functioning via interaction with cell components, another viral protein, integrase, appears to be crucial for proper virus-cell dialog at different stages of the viral life cycle. The goal of this review is to summarize and systematize existing data on known cellular partners of HIV-1 integrase and their role in the HIV-1 life cycle.     

中国流行株HIV-1Gag与IFN-α2b重组质粒的构建与实验免疫研究

目的探讨中国流行株 ＨＩＶ－ １Ｇａｇ与 ＩＦＮ－ α２ｂ共表达重组核酸疫苗质粒的免疫效果。方法以 核酸疫苗质粒ｐＩＲＥＳ１ｎｅｏ为表达载体,构建重组核酸疫苗质粒ｐＩＲＥＳ１－Ｇａｇ、ｐＩＲＥＳ１－Ｇａｇ－ＩＦＮ,通过间接免疫荧光 试验、ＤｏｔＥＬＩＳＡ检测Ｃａｇ／ｈＩＬ－２／ｈＩＬ－６基因的表达产物。另将此重组核酸疫苗质粒免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠,进行淋巴细 胞转化试验、ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ８＋Ｔ淋巴细胞数量测定、细胞毒性Ｔ淋巴细胞（ＣＴＬ）特异性杀伤作用检测及血清抗体检测。 结果构建的重组质粒转染ＢＨＫ细胞后可表达目的基因,免疫小鼠后可有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖,诱导特异性 ＣＴＬ反应,当和 ＩＦＮ－α２ｂ共表达时免疫效果更加显著。结论与 Ｇａｇ蛋白共表达的 ＩＦＮ－ａ２ｂ能够进一步提高细胞 免疫与体液免疫水平,构建的重组质粒为ＨＩＶ－１ＤＮＡ疫苗的研究奠定了一定实验基础。     

Enhancement and Induction of HIV‐1 Infection through an Assembled Peptide Derived from the CD4 Binding Site of gp120

Contact between the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) and its target cell is initiated by the interaction of viral gp120 with cellular CD4. An assembled peptide (CD4bs‐M) that presents the CD4 binding site of gp120 was previously shown to inhibit the gp120–CD4 interaction. Here, we demonstrate that CD4bs‐M selectively enhances infection of cells with HIV‐1, whereas infection with herpes simplex virus remains largely unaffected. The effects of CD4bs‐M variants containing D ‐amino acids, or prolines at selected positions, point to the importance of side chain orientation and spatial orientation of this fragment. Furthermore, CD4bs‐M was shown to assemble into amyloid‐like fibrils that capture HIV‐1 particles, which likely contributes to the infection‐enhancing effect. Beyond infection enhancement, CD4bs‐M enabled HIV‐1 infection of CD4‐negative cells, suggesting that binding of the peptide to gp120 facilitates interaction of gp120 with coreceptors, which might in turn enhance HIV‐1 entry.     

Off-Target-Based Design of Selective HIV-1 PROTEASE Inhibitors

The approval of the first HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HIV-1 PRIs) marked a fundamental step in the control of AIDS, and this class of agents still represents the mainstay therapy for this illness. Despite the undisputed benefits, the necessary lifelong treatment led to numerous severe side-effects (metabolic syndrome, hepatotoxicity, diabetes, etc.). The HIV-1 PRIs are capable of interacting with “secondary” targets (off-targets) characterized by different biological activities from that of HIV-1 protease. In this scenario, the in-silico techniques undoubtedly contributed to the design of new small molecules with well-fitting selectivity against the main target, analyzing possible undesirable interactions that are already in the early stages of the research process. The present work is focused on a new mixed-hierarchical, ligand-structure-based protocol, which is centered on an on/off-target approach, to identify the new selective inhibitors of HIV-1 PR. The use of the well-established, ligand-based tools available in the DRUDIT web platform, in combination with a conventional, structure-based molecular docking process, permitted to fast screen a large database of active molecules and to select a set of structure with optimal on/off-target profiles. Therefore, the method exposed herein, could represent a reliable help in the research of new selective targeted small molecules, permitting to design new agents without undesirable interactions.     

HIV-1 Envelope Spike MPER: From a Vaccine Target to a New Druggable Pocket for Novel and Effective Fusion Inhibitors

Here we highlight a sound and unique work reported by Chen and co-workers entitled “HIV-1 fusion inhibitors targeting the membrane-proximal external region of Env spikes” (Xiao et al., Nat. Chem. Biol. 2020 , 16, 529). In this article, the authors identify, by means of a clever antibody-guided strategy, several small molecules as fusion inhibitors of HIV-1 replication acting at the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike. MPER, which was previously recognized as a vaccine target, emerges as a novel druggable target for the discovery of HIV-1 fusion inhibitors. The compounds (exemplified by dequalinium and dequalinium-inspired analogues) prevent the conformational changes of Env from the prefusion species to the intermediate states required for membrane fusion. This work not only paves the way to novel, specific and useful anti-HIV-1 inhibitors, but also discloses new therapeutic strategies against other infectious diseases.     

The Potential Role of FREM1 and Its Isoform TILRR in HIV-1 Acquisition through Mediating Inflammation

FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1) and its splice variant TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator) have been identified as integral components of innate immune systems. The potential involvement of FREM1 in HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) acquisition was suggested by a genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of HIV-1 resistant and susceptible sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort (PSWC) in Nairobi, Kenya. The studies showed that the minor allele of a FREM1 SNP rs1552896 is highly enriched in the HIV-1 resistant female sex workers. Subsequent studies showed that FREM1 mRNA is highly expressed in tissues relevant to mucosal HIV-1 infection, including cervical epithelial tissues, and TILRR is a major modulator of many genes in the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. In this article, we review the role of FREM1 and TILRR in modulating inflammatory responses and inflammation, and how their influence on inflammatory responses of cervicovaginal tissue could enhance the risk of vaginal HIV-1 acquisition.